CN114685713A - 聚合物、电解质、以及包含其的锂离子电池 - Google Patents
聚合物、电解质、以及包含其的锂离子电池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN114685713A CN114685713A CN202111578860.XA CN202111578860A CN114685713A CN 114685713 A CN114685713 A CN 114685713A CN 202111578860 A CN202111578860 A CN 202111578860A CN 114685713 A CN114685713 A CN 114685713A
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- Prior art keywords
- fluorine
- monomer
- lithium
- electrolyte
- polymer
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- Granted
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 103
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- -1 Polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 50
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Propane sultone Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCO1 FSSPGSAQUIYDCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013458 LiC6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GJEAMHAFPYZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[S] Chemical compound [C].[S] GJEAMHAFPYZYDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ZYMKZMDQUPCXRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoro prop-2-enoate Chemical compound FOC(=O)C=C ZYMKZMDQUPCXRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021397 glassy carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PEXNRZDEKZDXPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium selenidolithium Chemical compound [Li][Se][Li] PEXNRZDEKZDXPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium sulfide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[S-2] GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GKWAQTFPHUTRMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium telluride Chemical compound [Li][Te][Li] GKWAQTFPHUTRMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Propyl acetate Natural products CCCOC(C)=O YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 claims 2
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethoxyethane Chemical group CCOCCOCC LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- GDXHBFHOEYVPED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-butoxyethoxy)butane Chemical compound CCCCOCCOCCCC GDXHBFHOEYVPED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- HNAGHMKIPMKKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzylpyrrolidine-3-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(C(=O)N)CCN1CC1=CC=CC=C1 HNAGHMKIPMKKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- MALIONKMKPITBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-n-[2-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)ethyl]acetamide Chemical compound C1=CC(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC=C1CCNC(=O)CC1=CC=C(O)C(Cl)=C1 MALIONKMKPITBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isothiocyanatocyclopropane Chemical compound S=C=NC1CC1 JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910013098 LiBF2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910010937 LiGaCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910013398 LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910013406 LiN(SO2CF3)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910013426 LiN(SO2F)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910012423 LiSO3F Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- LFMFPKKYRXFHHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N R24 Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(C)=CC=C1NC1=NC(N)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=N1 LFMFPKKYRXFHHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanoic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OCC OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyric acid octyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCC PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229930188620 butyrolactone Natural products 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyric acid methyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OC UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2'-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile Substances N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- YIJYFLXQHDOQGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2,4,6-trioxo-3,5-bis(2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl)-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl]ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCN1C(=O)N(CCOC(=O)C=C)C(=O)N(CCOC(=O)C=C)C1=O YIJYFLXQHDOQGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 27
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 21
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 20
- GVEUEBXMTMZVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluorohex-1-ene Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=C GVEUEBXMTMZVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 16
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- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 11
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- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
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- ISAOCJYIOMOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoin Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(O)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ISAOCJYIOMOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 125000003866 trichloromethyl group Chemical group ClC(Cl)(Cl)* 0.000 description 7
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- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 244000028419 Styrax benzoin Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000000126 Styrax benzoin Nutrition 0.000 description 5
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- 125000003356 phenylsulfanyl group Chemical group [*]SC1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- OUPZKGBUJRBPGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-tris(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione Chemical compound O=C1N(CC2OC2)C(=O)N(CC2OC2)C(=O)N1CC1CO1 OUPZKGBUJRBPGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HMXSIEIEXLGIET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-heptadecafluorononyl)oxirane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)CC1CO1 HMXSIEIEXLGIET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004182 2-chlorophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(Cl)=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 4
- FYQFWFHDPNXORA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooct-1-ene Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=C FYQFWFHDPNXORA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetophenone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanuric acid Chemical compound OC1=NC(O)=NC(O)=N1 ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 4
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 4
- YRHRIQCWCFGUEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioxanthen-9-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 YRHRIQCWCFGUEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CDAVUOSPHHTNBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluorohept-1-ene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F CDAVUOSPHHTNBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KOMNUTZXSVSERR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-tris(prop-2-enyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione Chemical compound C=CCN1C(=O)N(CC=C)C(=O)N(CC=C)C1=O KOMNUTZXSVSERR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-VAWYXSNFSA-N AIBN Substances N#CC(C)(C)\N=N\C(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-VAWYXSNFSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910013075 LiBF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzophenone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012965 benzophenone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
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- C08F271/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of nitrogen-containing monomers as defined in group C08F26/00 on to polymers of monomers containing heterocyclic nitrogen
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
本发明提供一种聚合物、电解质、以及包含其的锂离子电池。根据本发明实施方式，该聚合物是组合物经聚合反应的产物，其中该组合物包含第一单体以及第二单体。第一单体具有式(I)所示结构，以及该第二单体是含氟丙烯酸酯、含氟烯、含氟环氧化合物、或上述的组合，其中n、m、以及l独立地为1、2、3、4、5、或6；以及，R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、以及R6如说明书所定义。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及聚合物、电解质、以及包含其的锂离子电池。
背景技术
锂离子电池已成为商业化电池的主流，并朝向更轻薄短小、能量密度更高、寿命更长及更安全的方向努力。
现行液态锂离子电池的重量能量密度偏低，循环寿命有限，导致单位蓄电成本居高不下。但是单方面提升电池的能量密度，容易加速诱发电化学电池一连串安全问题，其中包括漏液、膨罐、发热、冒烟、燃烧、或爆炸等问题，严重限制使用性。
此外，当提升锂离子电池的操作电压时，易使得电解质的氧化反应加速，导致电池在高电压充电时的稳定性差。虽然，业界进一步提出加入聚合物作为电解质添加剂来改善稳定性，但传统用于电解质的聚合物其于电解质系统中的界面阻抗仍然偏高，且亦无法有效抑制电解质的氧化反应。
因此，业界需要一种新颖的电解质，以应用于锂离子电池中解决上述问题。
发明内容
根据本发明实施方式，本发明提供聚合物。该聚合物可为组合物经反应(例如聚合反应)的产物。根据本发明实施方式，该组合物可包含第一单体以及第二单体。该第一单体可具有式(I)所示结构。该第二单体可为含氟丙烯酸酯(fluorine-containing acrylate)、含氟烯(fluorine-containing alkene)、含氟环氧化合物(fluorine-containingepoxide)、或上述的组合。
其中，n、m、以及l可独立为1、2、3、4、5、或6，R1、R2、以及R3可独立为-OH、
R4、R5、以及R6可独立为氢、或C1-3烷基。
根据本发明其他实施方式，本发明提供电解质，例如用于锂离子电池的电解质。该电解质可包含锂盐、溶剂、以及上述聚合物(例如作为电解质添加剂)。根据本发明实施方式，该聚合物的含量可为2wt％至20wt％，以该溶剂、锂盐以及聚合物的总重为基准。
根据本发明其他实施方式，本发明提供锂离子电池，例如锂离子二次电池。该锂离子电池可包括正极、负极、隔膜、以及上述电解质。其中，该隔膜配置于该正极与该负极之间；以及，该电解质可设置于该正极与负极之间。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施方式所述锂离子电池的示意图。
具体实施方式
以下针对本发明的聚合物、电解质、以及锂离子电池作详细说明。应了解的是，以下的叙述提供许多不同的实施方式或例子，用以实施本发明的不同样态。以下所述特定的组件及排列方式仅为简单描述本发明。当然，这些仅用以举例而非本发明的限定。此外，在不同实施方式中可能使用重复的标号或标示。这些重复仅为了简单清楚地叙述本发明，不代表所讨论的不同实施方式及/或结构之间具有任何关连性。本发明中，用词“约”是指所指定的量可增加或减少本领域技术人员可认知为一般且合理的大小的量。
必需了解的是，为特别描述或图标的组件可以本领域技术人员所熟知的各种形式存在。此外，当某层在其它层或基板“上”时，有可能是指“直接”在其它层或基板上，或指某层在其它层或基板上，或指其它层或基板之间夹设某层。
且在附图中，实施方式的形状或是厚度可扩大，并以简化或是方便标示。再者，附图中各组件的部分将以分别描述说明之，值得注意的是，图中未绘示或描述的组件，为所属技术领域中具有通常知识者所知的形式，此外，特定的实施方式仅为揭示本发明使用的特定方式，其并非用以限定本发明。
本发明提供聚合物。通过具有三个反应官能团的异氰脲酸酯单体(即第一单体)与特定比例的含氟可反应性单体(即第二单体)反应，使得本发明所述聚合物可具有较松散的立体网状结构(三维网络结构，three-dimensional network structure)以及较佳的热稳定性。另一方面，本发明所述聚合物为含氟的聚合物，因此具有疏水的性质可降低水气通过，避免电池效能降低。本发明亦提供电解质(例如锂离子电池的电解质)。该电解质可为类固态(quasi-solid state)电解质，可通过添加包含第一单体及第二单体的组合物至具有锂盐的溶液中并进行加热制程后所得。由于所导入的聚合物具有较松散的立体网状结构，因此在本发明所述电解质中，该聚合物可利用分子间作用力吸附锂盐及溶剂，可降低电解质的界面阻抗、提升电解质的离子传导率(例如可具有近似液态电解质的离子传导率(1x10-2 S/cm～9x10-3S/cm))、并增加电解质的电化学窗口。此外，由于该聚合物导入了含氟可反应性单体，使得该电解质整体的阻燃性提升，并可使电解质同时具有抑制高电压氧化反应的效能。在该电解质中，聚合物以特定的比例搭配锂盐以及溶剂，以确保所得电解质符合耐高电压锂离子电池的需求。根据本发明实施方式，本发明亦提供锂离子电池。该锂离子电池系包括上述电解质。通过本发明所述电解质，可进一步改善锂离子电池的倍率放电性能以及延长锂离子电池的循环寿命。
根据本发明实施方式，本发明提供聚合物。该聚合物可为组合物经反应(例如聚合反应)的产物。根据本发明实施方式，该组合物可包含第一单体以及第二单体。该第一单体可具有式(I)所示结构。该第二单体可为含氟丙烯酸酯、含氟烯、含氟环氧化合物、或上述的组合。
其中，n、m、以及l可独立为1、2、3、4、5、或6；R1、R2、以及R3可独立为-OH、
R4、R5、以及R6可独立为氢、或C1-3烷基。根据本发明实施方式，本发明所述C1-3烷基可为直链或支链(linear or branched)的烷基。举例来说，C1-3烷基可为甲基(methyl)、乙基(ethyl)、丙基(propyl)、或其异构体(isomer)。
根据本发明实施方式，该第一单体可进行自聚合(均聚)，或与该第二单体进行共聚合，使得该聚合物具有立体网状结构。根据本发明实施方式，该第一单体与该第二单体的重量比可为约5:1至1:2，例如4:1、3:1、2:1、1:1、或2:3。当第一单体与该第二单体的重量比过高时，所得的聚合物具有较为致密的立体网状结构，且使得聚合物的氟含量下降。如此一来，将使得后续包含该聚合物的电解质的界面阻抗增加、降低电解质离子传导率，并且使所得的电解质在高电压操作下易发生氧化反应。此外，当第一单体与该第二单体的重量比过低时，将导致聚合物无法固化电解质，使电解质高电压操作易产生氧化反应，增加不可逆容量损失与劣化电池循环寿命。
根据本发明实施方式，该第一单体可为
根据本发明实施方式，该第一单体可为1,3,5-三烯丙基异氰脲酸酯(1,3,5-triallyl isocyanurate，TAIC)、三甲基烯丙基异氰脲酸酯(1,3,5-三甲基烯丙基异氰脲酸酯，1,3,5-trimethallyl isocyanurate，TMAIC)、1,3,5-三(2-羟乙基)异氰脲酸酯(1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate)、异氰脲酸三缩水甘油酯(triglycidylisocyanurate)、三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、或上述的组合。
根据本发明实施方式，该第二单体可为含氟丙烯酸酯。根据本发明实施方式，该第二单体可为具有丙烯酸酯基的含氟化合物。该第二单体可为具有一个丙烯酸酯基的含氟化合物、或具有二个丙烯酸酯基的含氟化合物。根据本发明实施方式，该含氟丙烯酸酯可具有式(II)所示结构，
其中i为0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、或9；R7、R8、R9、R10、R11、以及R12独立地为氢、氟、C1-3烷基、或C1-3氟烷基，且R7、R8、R9、R10、R11以及R12的至少一者为氟或C1-3氟烷基。根据本发明实施方式，当i为2、3、4、5、6、7、8、或9时，R10独立地为氢、氟、C1-3烷基、或C1-3氟烷基，以及R11独立地为氢、氟、C1-3烷基、或C1-3氟烷基。根据本发明实施方式，该含氟丙烯酸酯可具有式(III)所示结构
j为1、2、3、4、5、或6；R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19、以及R20独立地为氢、氟、C1-3烷基、或C1-3氟烷基，且R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19、以及R20的至少一者为氟或C1-3氟烷基。根据本发明实施方式，当j为2、3、4、5、或6时，R16独立地为氢、氟、C1-3烷基、或C1-3氟烷基，以及R17独立地为氢、氟、C1-3烷基、或C1-3氟烷基。本发明所述C1-3氟烷基是指碳上的氢全部或部分被氟取代的烷基，且可为直链或支链的，例如氟甲基、氟乙基、氟丙基、或其异构体。在此，本发明所述氟甲基可为单氟甲基、二氟甲基、或全氟甲基；而氟乙基可为单氟乙基、二氟乙基、三氟乙基、四氟乙基、或全氟乙基。
根据本发明实施方式，该含氟丙烯酸酯可为2-氟丙烯酸甲酯(methyl 2-fluoroacrylate)、2-氟丙烯酸乙酯(ethyl 2-fluoroacrylate)、4,4,4-三氟巴豆酸乙酯(ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorocrotonate)、1,6-二(丙烯酰氧基)-2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟己烷(1,6-bis(acryloyloxy)-2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorohexane)、全氟辛基乙基丙烯酸酯(1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate)、丙烯酸1H,1H,2H,2H-九氟己酯(1H,1H,2H,2H-nonafluorohexyl acrylate)、丙烯酸1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟异丙酯(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate)、丙烯酸1H,1H,2H,2H-十七氟癸酯(1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate)、甲基丙烯酸1H,1H,2H,2H-十七氟癸酯(1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate)、丙烯酸1H,1H,3H-六氟丁酯(1H,1H,3H-hexafluorobutyl acrylate)、甲基丙烯酸1H,1H,3H-六氟丁酯(1H,1H,3H-hexafluorobutyl methacrylate)、甲基丙烯酸1H,1H,3H-四氟丙酯(1H,1H,3H-tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate)、丙烯酸1H,1H,5H-八氟戊酯(1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentyl acrylate)、甲基丙烯酸1H,1H,5H-八氟戊酯(1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentyl methacrylate)、甲基丙烯酸1H,1H,7H-十二氟庚酯(1H,1H,7H-dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate)、丙烯酸1H,1H-七氟丁酯(1H,1H-heptafluorobutylacrylate)、丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate)、甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)、甲基丙烯酸六氟异丙酯(hexafluoro-iso-propyl methacrylate)、或上述的组合。
根据本发明实施方式，该第二单体可为含氟烯。根据本发明实施方式，该第二单体可为具有烯基的含氟化合物。根据本发明实施方式，该含氟烯可具有式(IV)所示结构，
其中k为1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、或9；以及，R21、R22、以及R23独立地为氢、或氟。根据本发明实施方式，R21、R22、以及R23的至少一者为氟。
根据本发明实施方式，该含氟烯可为全氟丙基乙烯(perfluoropropylethylene)、全氟丁基乙烯(perfluorobutyl ethylene)、全氟戊基乙烯(perfluoropentylethylene)、全氟己基乙烯(perfluorohexyl ethylene)、全氟庚基乙烯(perfluoroheptylethylene)、全氟辛基乙烯(perfluorooctyl ethylene)、或上述的组合。
根据本发明实施方式，该第二单体可为含氟环氧化合物。根据本发明实施方式，该第二单体可为具有环氧基的含氟化合物。该含氟环氧化合物可具有式(V)所示结构，
其中p为1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、或9；R24为氢、氟、或C1-3烷基；以及，R25、R26、以及R27独立地为氢、或氟。根据本发明实施方式，R24、R25、R26、以及R27的至少一者为氟。根据本发明实施方式，该含氟环氧化合物为3-(全氟正辛基)-1,2-环氧丙烷(3-perfluorooctyl-1,2-epoxypropane)。
根据本发明实施方式，该第二单体可为2-氟丙烯酸甲酯(methyl 2-fluoroacrylate)、2-氟丙烯酸乙酯(ethyl 2-fluoroacrylate)、4,4,4-三氟巴豆酸乙酯(ethyl 4,4,4-trifluorocrotonate)、1,6-二(丙烯酰氧基)-2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟己烷(1,6-bis(acryloyloxy)-2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorohexane)、全氟辛基乙基丙烯酸酯(1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate)、丙烯酸1H,1H,2H,2H-九氟己酯(1H,1H,2H,2H-nonafluorohexyl acrylate)、丙烯酸1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟异丙酯(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate)、丙烯酸1H,1H,2H,2H-十七氟癸酯(1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate)、甲基丙烯酸1H,1H,2H,2H-十七氟癸酯(1H,1H,2H,2H-heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate)、丙烯酸1H,1H,3H-六氟丁酯(1H,1H,3H-hexafluorobutyl acrylate)、甲基丙烯酸1H,1H,3H-六氟丁酯(1H,1H,3H-hexafluorobutyl methacrylate)、甲基丙烯酸1H,1H,3H-四氟丙酯(1H,1H,3H-tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate)、丙烯酸1H,1H,5H-八氟戊酯(1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentyl acrylate)、甲基丙烯酸1H,1H,5H-八氟戊酯(1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentyl methacrylate)、甲基丙烯酸1H,1H,7H-十二氟庚酯(1H,1H,7H-dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate)、丙烯酸1H,1H-七氟丁酯(1H,1H-heptafluorobutylacrylate)、丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate)、甲基丙烯酸2,2,2-三氟乙酯(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)、甲基丙烯酸六氟异丙酯(hexafluoro-iso-propyl methacrylate)、全氟丙基乙烯(perfluoropropyl ethylene)、全氟丁基乙烯(perfluorobutyl ethylene)、全氟戊基乙烯(perfluoropentyl ethylene)、全氟己基乙烯(perfluorohexyl ethylene)、全氟庚基乙烯(perfluoroheptyl ethylene)、全氟辛基乙烯(perfluorooctyl ethylene)、3-(全氟正辛基)-1,2-环氧丙烷(3-perfluorooctyl-1,2-epoxypropane)、或上述的组合。
根据本发明实施方式，当该第一单体为
时，该第二单体为含氟丙烯酸酯、或含氟烯。
根据本发明实施方式，当该第一单体为
时，该第二单体为含氟丙烯酸酯、或含氟烯。
根据本发明实施方式，其中当该第一单体为
时，该第二单体为含氟环氧化合物。
根据本发明实施方式，当该第一单体为
时，该第二单体为含氟环氧化合物。
根据本发明实施方式，用来形成该聚合物的组合物可还包含引发剂(起始剂)。根据本发明实施方式，该引发剂的含量可为约0.01wt％至10wt％(例如：0.1wt％、0.5wt％、1wt％、2wt％、3wt％、4wt％、5wt％、6wt％、7wt％、8wt％、或9wt％)，以该第一单体以及第二单体的总重为基准。根据本发明实施方式，该引发剂可为光引发剂、热引发剂、电子束聚合引发剂、或上述的组合。
根据本发明实施方式，该引发剂可以为安息香系(benzoin-based)化合物、苯乙酮系(acetophenone-based)化合物、噻吨酮系(thioxanthone-based)化合物、缩酮(ketal)化合物、苯甲酮系(二苯甲酮系，benzophenone-based)化合物、α-氨基苯乙酮(α-aminoacetophenone)化合物、酰基氧化膦(acylphosphineoxide)化合物、二咪唑系(biimidazole-based)化合物、三嗪系(triazine-based)化合物或上述的组合。安息香系化合物，例如安息香(benzoin)、安息香甲基醚(benzoin methyl ether)、或安息香二甲醚(苄基二甲基缩酮，benzyl dimethyl ketal)；苯乙酮系化合物，例如对二甲基氨基苯乙酮(p-dimethylamino-acetophenone)、α,α’-二甲氧基氧化偶氮苯乙酮(α,α’-dimethoxyazoxy-acetophenone)、2,2’-二甲基-2-苯基苯乙酮(2,2’-dimethyl-2-phenyl-acetophenone)、对甲氧基苯乙酮(p-methoxy-acetophenone)、2-甲基-1-(4-甲基硫代苯基)-2-吗啉代-1-丙酮(2-methyl-1-(4-methylthiophenyl)-2-morpholino-1-propanone)、2-苄基-2-N,N-二甲基氨基-1-(4-吗啉代苯基)-1-丁酮(2-benzyl-2-N,N-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-1-butanone)；苯甲酮系化合物，例如二苯甲酮(benzophenone)、4,4-双(二甲基氨基)二苯甲酮(4,4-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone)、4,4-双(二乙基氨基)二苯甲酮(4,4-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone)、2,4,6-三甲基氨基二苯甲酮(2,4,6-trimethylaminobenzophenone)、邻苯甲酰苯甲酸甲酯(methyl-o-benzoyl benzoate)、3,3-二甲基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮(3,3-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzophenone)、及3,3,4,4-四(叔丁基过氧化羰基)二苯甲酮(3,3,4,4-tetra(t-butylperoxycarbonyl)benzophenone)；噻吨酮系化合物，例如噻吨酮(thioxanthone)、2,4-二乙基噻吨酮(2,4-diethyl-thioxanthanone)、噻吨酮-4-砜(thioxanthone-4-sulfone)；二咪唑系化合物，例如2,2’-双(邻-氯苯基)-4,4’,5,5’-四苯基二咪唑[2,2’-bis(o-chlorophenyl)-4,4’,5,5’-tetraphenyl-biimidazole]、2,2’-双(邻-氟苯基)-4,4’,5,5’-四苯基二咪唑[2,2’-bis(o-fluorophenyl)-4,4’,5,5’-tetraphenyl-biimidazole]、2,2’-双(邻-甲基苯基)-4,4’,5,5’-四苯基二咪唑[2,2’-bis(o-methylphenyl)-4,4’,5,5’-tetraphenyl-biimidazole]、2,2’-双(邻-甲氧基苯基)-4,4’,5,5’-四苯基二咪唑[2,2’-bis(o-methoxyphenyl)-4,4’,5,5’-tetraphenyl-biimidazole]、2,2’-双(邻-乙基苯基)-4,4’,5,5’-四苯基二咪唑[2,2’-bis(o-ethylphenyl)-4,4’,5,5’-tetraphenyl-biimidazole]、2,2’-双(对甲氧基苯基)-4,4’,5,5’-四苯基二咪唑[2,2’-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-4,4’,5,5’-tetraphenyl-biimidazole]、2,2’-双(2,2’,4,4’-四甲氧基苯基)-4,4’,5,5’-四苯基二咪唑[2,2’-bis(2,2’,4,4’-tetramethoxyphenyl)-4,4’,5,5’-tetraphenyl-biimidazole]、2,2’-双(2-氯苯基)-4,4’,5,5’-四苯基二咪唑[2,2’-bis(2-chlorophenyl)-4,4’,5,5’-tetraphenyl-biimidazole]、2,2’-双(2,4-二氯苯基)-4,4’,5,5’-四苯基二咪唑[2,2’-bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4’,5,5’-tetraphenyl-biimidazole]；氧化膦系化合物，例如2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基二苯基氧化膦(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide)及双(2,6-二甲氧基苯甲酰基)-2,4,4-三甲基戊基氧化膦(bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphineoxide)；三嗪系化合物，例如为3-{4-[2,4-双(三氯甲基)-s-三嗪-6-基]苯硫基}丙酸(3-{4-[2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-s-triazine-6-yl]phenylthio}propionic acid)、1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟异丙基-3-{4-[2,4-双(三氯甲基)-s-三嗪-6-基]苯硫基}丙酸酯(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl-3-{4-[2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-s-triazine-6-yl]phenylthio}propionate)、乙基-2-{4-[2,4-双(三氯甲基-s-三嗪-6-基]苯硫基}乙酸酯(ethyl-2-{4-[2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-s-triazine-6-yl]phenylthio}acetate)、2-环氧乙基-2-{4-[2,4-双(三氯甲基)-s-三嗪-6-基]苯硫基}乙酸酯(2-epoxyethyl-2-{4-[2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-s-triazine-6-yl]phenylthio}acetate)、环己基-2-{4-[2,4-双(三氯甲基)-s-三嗪-6-基]苯硫基}乙酸酯(cyclohexyl-2-{4-[2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-s-triazine-6-yl]phenylthio}acetate)、芐基-2-{4-[2,4-双(三氯甲基)-s-三嗪-6-基]苯硫基}乙酸酯(benzyl-2-{4-[2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-s-triazine-6-yl]phenylthio}acetate)、3-{氯-4-[2,4-双(三氯甲基)-s-三嗪-6-基]苯硫基}丙酸(3-{chloro-4-[2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-s-triazine-6-yl]phenylthio}propionic acid)、3-{4-[2,4-双(三氯甲基)-s-三嗪-6-基]苯硫基}丙酰胺(3-{4-[2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-s-triazine-6-yl]phenylthio}propionamide)、2,4-双(三氯甲基)-6-对甲氧基苯乙烯基-s-三嗪(2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-6-p-methoxystyryl-s-triazine)、2,4-双(三氯甲基)-6-(1-对-二甲基氨基苯基)-1,3-丁二烯基-s-三嗪(2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-6-(1-p-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,3,-butadienyl-s-triazine)、或2-三氯甲基-4-氨基-6-对甲氧基苯乙烯基-s-三嗪(2-trichloromethyl-4-amino-6-p-methoxystyryl-s-triazine)。
根据本发明实施方式，该引发剂可以为偶氮类(azo)化合物、氰基戊酸系(cyanovaleric-acid-based)化合物、过氧化物(peroxide)或上述的组合。该偶氮类化合物，例如2,2’-偶氮双(2,4-二甲基戊腈)(2,2’-azobis(2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile))、二甲基-2,2’-偶氮双(2-丙酸甲酯)(dimethyl2,2’-azobis(2-methylpropionate))、2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile，以下简称AIBN)、2,2-偶氮双(2-甲基异丁腈)(2,2-azobis(2-methylisobutyronitrile))、1,1’-偶氮双(环己烷-1-腈)(1,1’-azobis(cyclohexane-1-carbonitrile))、2,2’-偶氮双[N-(2-丙烯基)-2-甲基丙酰胺](2,2’-azobis[N-(2-propenyl)-2-methylpropionamide])、1-[(氰基-1-甲基乙基)-偶氮基]甲酰胺(1-[(cyano-1-methylethyl)azo]formamide)、2,2’-偶氮双(N-丁基-2-甲基丙酰胺)(2,2’-azobis(N-butyl-2-methylpropionamide))、或2,2’-偶氮双(N-环己基-2-甲基丙酰胺)(2,2’-azobis(N-cyclohexyl-2-methylpropionamide))；该过氧化物，例如苯甲酰基过氧化物(benzoyl peroxide)、1,1-双(叔丁基过氧基)环己烷(1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane)、2,5-双(叔丁基过氧基)-2,5-二甲基环己烷(2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylcyclohexane)、2,5-双(叔丁基过氧基)-2,5-二甲基-3-环己炔(2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-3-cyclohexyne)、双(1-(叔丁基过氧基)-1-甲基乙基)苯(bis(1-(tert-butylpeorxy)-1-methy-ethyl)benzene)、叔丁基过氧化氢(tert-butyl hydroperoxide)、叔丁基过氧化物(tert-butyl peroxide)、过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯(tert-butyl peroxybenzoate)、氢过氧化枯烯(cumene hydroperoxide)、过氧化环己酮(cyclohexanone peroxide)、二茴香基过氧化物(dicumyl peroxide)、或月桂基过氧化物(lauroyl peroxide)。在一些实施方式中，该引发剂可以为离子化合物，例如二氟草酸硼酸锂(lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate，LiBF2(C2O4))(LiDFOB)。
根据本发明实施方式，用来形成该聚合物的组合物由该第一单体、该第二单体、及该引发剂所组成。
根据本发明实施方式，该组合物可在50℃至150℃下反应60分钟至600分钟，以使该组合物进行聚合反应，得到该聚合物。
根据本发明实施方式，本发明所述该聚合物的重量平均分子量(Mw)可为约1,000至200,000，例如2,000至150,000、或3,000至100,000。举例来说，本发明所述聚合物的重量平均分子量(Mw)若低于约40,000时，可以凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)测得(以聚苯乙烯作为标准品制作检量线)。
根据本发明实施方式，本发明亦提供电解质，其中该电解质包含锂盐、溶剂、以及上述聚合物，其中该聚合物的含量为约2wt％至20wt％(例如约2wt％、3wt％、4wt％、5wt％、6wt％、7wt％、8wt％、9wt％、10wt％、11wt％、12wt％、13wt％、14wt％、15wt％、16wt％、17wt％、18wt％、或19wt％)，以该溶剂、锂盐以及聚合物的总重为基准。若该聚合物的含量过高，则所得电解质具有较低的离子传导率、及较高的界面阻抗。若该聚合物的含量过低，则所得电解质的阻燃性无法提升，且不具有抑制高电压氧化反应的效能。
根据本发明实施方式，该锂盐在该溶剂中的浓度为约0.8M至1.6M，例如约0.9M、1.0M、1.1M、1.2M、1.3M、1.4M、或1.5M。
根据本发明实施方式，该电解质的制备方式包含以下步骤。首先，将锂盐、溶剂、以及组合物混合，得到混合物。接着，对该混合物进行加热制程(温度可为50℃至150℃、以及时间可为60分钟至600分钟)，得到本发明所述电解质。根据本发明实施方式，该组合物包含该第一单体、以及该第二单体。根据本发明实施方式，该组合物包含该第一单体、该第二单体、以及该引发剂。根据本发明实施方式，该组合物由该第一单体、该第二单体、及该引发剂所组成。
根据本发明实施方式，该锂盐与该溶剂的重量比可为约1:19至7:13，例如约2:18、3:17、4:16、5:15、或6:14。根据本发明实施方式。该锂盐为六氟磷酸锂(lithiumhexafluorophosphate，LiPF6)、高氯酸锂(lithium perchlorate，LiClO4)、双(氟磺酰)亚胺锂(bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide lithium，LiN(SO2F)2)(LiFSI)、二氟草酸硼酸锂(lithiumdifluoro(oxalato)borate，LiBF2(C2O4))(LiDFOB)、四氟硼酸锂(lithiumtetrafluoroborate，LiBF4)、三氟甲磺酸锂(lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate，LiSO3CF3)、双(三氟甲磺酰)亚胺锂(bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium，LiN(SO2CF3)2)(LiTFSI)、双(五氟乙磺酰)亚胺锂(lithium bisperfluoroethanesulfonimide，LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2)、六氟砷酸锂(LiAsF6)、六氟锑酸锂(LiSbF6)、四氯铝酸锂(LiAlCl4)、四氯镓酸锂(LiGaCl4)、硝酸锂(LiNO3)、三(三氟甲磺酰)甲基锂(tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)methyllithium，LiC(SO2CF3)3)、硫氰酸锂水合物(lithium thiocyanate hydrate，LiSCN)、LiO3SCF2CF3、LiC6F5SO3、LiO2CCF3、氟磺酸锂(lithiumfluorosulfonate，LiSO3F)、四(五氟苯基)硼酸锂(Lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate，LiB(C6H5)4)、二草酸硼酸锂(lithium bis(oxalato)borate，LiB(C2O4)2)(LiBOB)、或上述的组合。
根据本发明实施方式，该溶剂可为有机溶剂，例如酯类溶剂、酮类溶剂、碳酸酯类溶剂、醚类溶剂、烷类溶剂、酰胺类溶剂、或上述的组合。根据本发明实施方式，该溶剂可为1,2-二乙氧基乙烷(1,2-diethoxyethane)、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷(1,2-dimethoxyethane)、1,2-二丁氧基乙烷(1,2-dibutoxyethane)、四氢呋喃(tetrahydrofuran)、2-甲基四氢呋喃(2-methyl tetrahydrofuran)、二甲基乙酰胺(dimethylacetamide，DMAc)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮，N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone，NMP)、乙酸甲酯(methyl acetate)、乙酸乙酯(ethyl acetate)、丁酸甲酯(methyl butyrate)、丁酸乙酯(ethyl butyrate)、丙酸甲酯(methyl proionate)、丙酸乙酯(ethyl proionate)、乙酸丙酯(propyl acetate，PA)、丁内酯(γ-丁内酯，γ-butyrolactone，GBL)、碳酸亚乙酯(ethylene carbonate，EC)、碳酸亚丙酯(propylene carbonate，PC)、碳酸二乙酯(diethyl carbonate，DEC)、碳酸甲乙酯(ethylmethyl carbonate，EMC)、碳酸二甲酯(dimethyl carbonate，DMC)、碳酸亚乙烯酯(vinylene carbonate)、碳酸亚丁酯(butylene carbonate)、1,3-丙磺酸内酯(1,3-propanesultone)、碳酸二丙酯(dipropyl carbonate)、或上述的组合。
根据本发明实施方式，本发明亦提供锂离子电池，包括上述电解质。请参照图1，该锂离子电池100包括负极10、正极20、以及隔膜30，其中该负极10以该隔膜30与该正极20相隔。根据本发明实施方式，该电池100可包括电解质40，且该电解质40设置于该负极10与正极20之间。换言之，该负极10、隔膜30与正极20的相互堆栈结构是浸泡于该电解质40中。根据本发明实施方式，电解质是散布于整个电池100内。
根据本发明实施方式，该负极10包含负极活性层，其中该负极活性层包含负极活性材料。根据本发明实施方式，该负极活性材料可为锂金属、锂合金、过渡金属氧化物、稳相球状碳(MCMB)、碳纳米管(CNT)、石墨烯、焦炭、石墨(例如人造石墨、天然石墨)、碳黑、碳纤维、中间相碳微球、玻璃质碳、含锂化合物、含硅化合物、锡、含锡化合物、或上述的组合。根据本发明实施方式，该含锂化合物可包含LiAl、LiMg、LiZn、Li3Bi、Li3Cd、Li3Sb、Li4Si、Li4.4Pb、Li4.4Sn、LiC6、Li3FeN2、Li2.6Co0.4N、或Li2.6Cu0.4N。根据本发明实施方式，该含硅化合物可包含氧化硅、碳修饰的氧化硅、硅碳或纯硅材料、或上述的组合。根据本发明实施方式，该含锡化合物可包含锡锑合金(SnSb)和锡氧化物(SnO)。根据本发明实施方式，该过渡金属氧化物可包含Li4Ti5O12、或TiNb2O7。根据本发明实施方式，该锂合金可例如为含铝锂的合金(aluminum-lithium-containing alloy)、含锂镁的合金(lithium-magnesium-containingalloy)、含锂锌的合金(lithium-zinc-containing alloy)、含锂铅的合金(lithium-lead-containing alloy)、或含锂锡的合金(lithium-tin-containing alloy)。
根据本发明实施方式，该负极活性层可更包含导电添加剂，其中该导电添加剂可例如为碳黑、导电石墨、碳纳米管、碳纤维、或石墨烯。根据本发明实施方式，该负极活性层可更包含黏着剂，其中该黏着剂可包含聚乙烯醇、聚四氟乙烯、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚偏氟乙烯、苯乙烯丁二烯共聚物、氟化橡胶、聚氨酯、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚丁二烯、聚丙烯酸、或上述的组合。
根据本发明实施方式，该负极10可更包含负极集电层，而该负极活性材料配置于该负极集电层之上。根据本发明实施方式，该负极活性材料可配置于该隔膜及该负极集电层之间。根据本发明实施方式，该负极集电层可为导电性碳基材、金属箔、或具有多孔结构的金属材料，例如碳布、碳毡、或碳纸、铜箔、镍箔、铝箔、镍网、铜网、钼网、发泡镍、发泡铜、或发泡钼。根据本发明实施方式，具有多孔结构的金属材料可具有孔隙率约为10％至99.9％(例如：约60％、或70％)。
根据本发明实施方式，该负极活性层可由负极浆料所制备而得。根据本发明实施方式，该负极浆料可包含负极活性材料、导电添加剂、黏着剂、以及溶剂，其中该负极活性材料、导电添加剂、黏着剂分散于该溶剂中，其中该负极浆料的固含量可为40wt％至80wt％。根据本发明实施方式，该负极的制备方式可包含以下步骤。首先，将负极浆料以涂布制程形成在该负极集电层的表面，形成涂层。接着，对该涂层进行干燥制程(制程温度可为50℃至180℃)，得到具有负极活性层的负极。根据本发明实施方式，该溶剂可为N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)、吡咯烷酮(pyrrolidone)、N-月桂基吡咯烷酮(N-dodecylpyrrolidone)、γ-丁内酯(γ-butyrolactone)、水(water)、或上述的组合。根据本发明实施方式，该涂布制程可为网印、旋转涂布法(spin coating)、棒状涂布法(bar coating)、刮刀涂布法(blade coating)、滚筒涂布法(roller coating)、溶剂浇铸法(溶剂流延法，solvent casting)、或浸渍涂布法(dip coating)。
根据本发明实施方式，在该负极活性层中，该负极活性材料可具有重量百分比为约80wt％至99.8wt％、该导电添加剂可具有重量百分比为约0.1wt％至10wt％、以及该黏着剂可具有重量百分比为约0.1wt％至10wt％，以该负极材料、该导电添加剂、及该黏着剂的总重为基准。
根据本发明实施方式，该正极10包含正极活性层，其中该正极活性层包含正极活性材料。根据本发明实施方式，该正极活性材料可为硫、有机硫化物、硫碳复合物(sulfur-carbon composite)、含金属的氧化锂、含金属的硫化锂、含金属的硒化锂、含金属的碲化锂、含金属的磷化锂、含金属的硅化锂、含金属的硼化锂、或上述的组合，其中该金属选自由铝、钒、钛、铬、铜、钼、铌、铁、镍、钴、及锰所组成的族群中的至少一者。根据本发明实施方式，该正极材料可为氧化锂钴(lithium cobalt oxide)、氧化锂镍(lithium nickleoxide)、氧化锂锰(lithium manganese oxide)、氧化锂钴锰(lithium cobalt manganeseoxide)、氧化锂镍钴(lithium nickel cobalt oxide)、氧化锂锰镍(lithium nicklemanganese oxide)、氧化锂镍锰钴(lithium nickle manganese cobalt oxide)、磷酸锂钴(lithium cobalt phosphate)、氧化锂锰铬(lithium-chromium-manganese oxide)、氧化锂镍钒(lithium-nickel-vanadium oxide)、氧化锂锰镍(lithium-manganese-nickeloxide)、氧化锂钴钒(lithium-cobalt-vanadium oxide)、氧化锂镍钴铝(lithium-nickle-cobalt-aluminum oxide)、磷酸锂铁(lithium iron phosphate)、磷酸锂锰铁(lithiummanganese iron phosphate)、或上述的组合。
根据本发明实施方式，该正极活性层可更包含导电添加剂，其中该导电添加剂可例如为碳黑、导电石墨、碳纳米管、碳纤维、或石墨烯。根据本发明实施方式，该正极活性层可更包含黏着剂，其中该黏着剂可包含聚乙烯醇、聚四氟乙烯、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚偏氟乙烯、聚苯乙烯丁二烯共聚物、氟化橡胶、聚氨酯、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚丁二烯、聚丙烯酸、或上述的组合。
根据本发明实施方式，该正极可更包含正极集电层，而该正极活性材料配置于该正极集电层之上。根据本发明实施方式，该正极活性材料可配置于该隔膜及该正极集电层之间。根据本发明实施方式，该正极集电层可为导电性碳基材、金属箔、或具有多孔结构的金属材料，例如碳布、碳毡、或碳纸、铜箔、镍箔、铝箔、镍网、铜网、钼网、发泡镍、发泡铜、或发泡钼。根据本发明实施方式，具有多孔结构的金属材料可具有孔隙率约为10％至99.9％(例如：约60％、或70％)。
根据本发明实施方式，该正极活性层可由正极浆料所制备而得。根据本发明实施方式，该正极浆料可包含正极活性材料、导电添加剂、黏着剂、以及溶剂，其中该正极活性材料、导电添加剂、黏着剂分散于该溶剂中，其中该正极浆料的固含量可为40wt％至80wt％。根据本发明实施方式，该正极的制备方式可包含以下步骤。首先，将正极浆料以涂布制程形成在该正极集电层的表面，形成涂层。接着，对该涂层进行干燥制程(制程温度可为90℃至180℃)，得到具有正极活性层的正极。根据本发明实施方式，该溶剂可为N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)、吡咯烷酮(pyrrolidone)、N-月桂基吡咯烷酮(N-dodecylpyrrolidone)、γ-丁内酯(γ-butyrolactone)、或上述的组合。根据本发明实施方式，该涂布制程可为网印、旋转涂布法(spin coating)、棒状涂布法(barcoating)、刮刀涂布法(blade coating)、滚筒涂布法(roller coating)、溶剂浇铸法(solvent casting)、或浸渍涂布法(dip coating)。
根据本发明实施方式，在该正极活性层中，该正极活性材料可具有重量百分比为约80wt％至99.8wt％、该导电添加剂可具有重量百分比为约0.1wt％至10wt％、以及该黏着剂可具有重量百分比为约0.1wt％至10wt％，以该正极材料、该导电添加剂、及该黏着剂的总重为基准。
根据本发明实施方式，该隔膜30可为绝缘材料，例如聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(polypropylene，PP)、聚四氟乙烯膜、聚酰胺膜、聚氯乙烯膜、聚二氟乙烯膜、聚苯胺膜、聚酰亚胺膜、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate)、聚苯乙烯(polystyrene，PS)、纤维素(cellulose)、或上述组合。举例来说，该隔膜可例如为PE/PP/PE多层复合结构。根据本发明实施方式，该隔膜的厚度并无特别限制，所属技术领域中具有通常知识者可视实际需要加以调整。根据本发明实施方式，该隔膜的厚度可为，举例来说，该隔膜30的厚度可约为1μm至1,000μm(例如约10μm、50μm、100μm、200μm、300μm、400μm、500μm、600μm、700μm、800μm、或900μm)。若隔膜的厚度过高，则降低电池的能量密度。若隔膜的厚度过低，则膜材机械强度不足增加正负极短路风险，同时增加电池自放电现象，且影响电池循环稳定性。
为了让本发明的上述和其他目的、特征、和优点能更明显易懂，下文特举数实施例及比较实施例，作详细说明如下：
聚合物的制备
实施例1
将50重量份的三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、50重量份的全氟丁基乙烯(perfluorobutyl ethylene)、以及0.5重量份的2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile，AIBN)溶于乙腈(acetonitrile)中，得到溶液，其中该溶液的固含量为30wt％。接着，将该溶液加热至70℃并反应2小时，得到聚合物。
接着，利用核磁共振光谱分析实施例1所述聚合物，所得的光谱信息如下所示：1HNMR(CDCl3,500MHz)4.32-4.37(m),3.42-3.47(m),2.24-2.30(m),1.66-1.70(m),1.60-1.64(m),1.27-1.32(m),1.12-1.17(m)。
电解质
实施例2：
将89.95wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352，由20wt％碳酸二乙酯、4wt％碳酸亚丙酯、18wt％碳酸二甲酯、15wt％碳酸甲乙酯、22wt％碳酸亚乙酯、6wt％1,3-丙烷磺内酯、以及15wt％六氟磷酸锂所组成)、5wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、5wt％全氟丁基乙烯(perfluorobutylethylene)、以及0.05wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile，AIBN)混合，得到混合物。接着，将该混合物加热至70℃并反应2小时，使得三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯与全氟丁基乙烯进行聚合，得到电解质。
接着，以点火枪分别尝试将实施例2所得电解质与标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)点燃，可观察到实施例2所得电解质无法被点燃，而标准电解液则可轻易被点燃并且持续燃烧。
锂离子电池
实施例3：
将标准锂离子电池正极浆料(包括97.3wt％NMC811(LiNiiMnjCokO2；其中i:0.83～0.85；j:0.4～0.5；k:0.11～0.12)(商品编号为NMC811-S85E，由宁波容百新能源科技公司制造)、1wt％Super-P(导电碳粉，购自Timcal)、1.4wt％PVDF-5130、以及0.3wt％碳纳米管(商品编号为TUBALLTMBATT，购自OCSiAl)；其中，NMC811-S85E、Super-P、PVDF-5130、碳纳米管均匀分散于N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)中)涂布于铝箔(作为正极集电层)(购自安全企业，厚度为12微米)上。干燥后，得到正极。
接着，将标准负极浆料(包含96.3wt％的SiO/C(氧化硅与碳的混合物)(编号为KYX-2，购自凯金新能源)、0.3wt％Super-P(导电碳粉，购自Timcal)、1.5wt％丁苯橡胶(styrene butadiene rubber，SBR)(购自JSR)、1.3wt％的羧甲基纤维素(CMC)(商品编号为CMC-2200，购自Daicel Chemical industries)、以及0.6wt％碳纳米管(商品编号为TUBALLTM，购自OCSiAl)；其中，SiO/C、Super-P、SBR、CMC、以及碳纳米管均匀混合分散于去离子水中)，涂布于铜箔(商品编号BFR-F，购自长春公司)(厚度为12微米)上。干燥后，得到负极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。
接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入混合物(包含89.95wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352，由20wt％碳酸二乙酯、4wt％碳酸亚丙酯、18wt％碳酸二甲酯、15wt％碳酸甲乙酯、22wt％碳酸亚乙酯、6wt％1,3-丙烷磺内酯、以及15wt％六氟磷酸锂所组成)、5wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、5wt％全氟丁基乙烯(perfluorobutyl ethylene)、以及0.05wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile))。封装并加热至70℃反应2小时后(即将该混合物转换成电解质)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表1所示。
高电压氧化电流系以电化学线性扫描伏安法(Linear Sweep Voltammetry,LSV)对电池进行量测，量测条件如下：扫描速率为10mV/s、以及电压范围为3.0V至5.5V，并记录在5.5V的电流数值。电流数值愈大则表示电解质在高电压下的氧化反应活性越高、而稳定性越差。电容保持率是以0.5C/1C的充放电速率分别量测电池第1圈及第80圈的放电克电容量，并计算出第80圈的电容量保持率(％)。
比较例1
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表1所示。
比较例2
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入94.95wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)、5wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、以及0.05wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile)。封装并加热至70℃反应2小时后，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表1所示。
比较例3
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入95wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)以及5wt％全氟丁基乙烯(perfluorobutyl ethylene)。封装形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表1所示。
表1
由表1可知，与比较例1所述的电池相比(使用标准电解液)，实施例3所述的电池(使用本发明所述电解质)其氧化电流明显降低，且电容保持率可达到80％以上。比较例2所述的电池其电解质虽然有进一步添加三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯及引发剂至标准电解液中，但由于比较例2的电解质没有添加全氟丁基乙烯，因此比较例2所述电解质中的聚合物不具有氟原子，因此其具有较高的高电压氧化电流，以及较差的电容保持率(与实施例3所述电池相比)。
实施例4：
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入一混合物(包含91.96wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)、4wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、4wt％全氟丁基乙烯、以及0.04wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile))。封装并加热至70℃反应2小时后(即将该混合物转换成电解质)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，分别量测比较例1、比较例2、以及实施例4所得的电池在2C的放电电容量，结果如表2所示。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表3所示。
表2
由表2可知，与比较例1所述的电池相比(使用标准电解液)，实施例4所述的电池(使用本发明所述电解质)具有较高的放电容量。这表示本发明所述电解质确实可改善电池的高倍率放电性能。比较例2所述的电池其电解质虽然有进一步添加三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯及引发剂至标准电解液中，但由于比较例2的电解质没有添加全氟丁基乙烯，因此比较例2所述电解质中的聚合物具有较致密(或刚性)的网状结构，不易吸附锂盐及溶液，反而导致标准电解液的离子传导性降低。
实施例5：
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入混合物(包含93.96wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)、4wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、2wt％全氟丁基乙烯、以及0.04wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile))。封装并加热至70℃反应2小时后(即将该混合物转换成电解质)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表3所示。
实施例6：
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入混合物(包含94.97wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)、3wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、2wt％全氟丁基乙烯、以及0.03wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile))。封装并加热至70℃反应2小时后(即将该混合物转换成电解质)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表3所示。
实施例7：
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入90.96wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)、4wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、5wt％全氟丁基乙烯、以及0.04wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile)。封装并加热至70℃反应2小时后(即将该混合物转换成电解质)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表3所示。
实施例8：
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入89.96wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)、4wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、6wt％全氟丁基乙烯、以及0.04wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile)。封装并加热至70℃反应2小时后(即将该混合物转换成电解质)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表3所示。
实施例9：
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入85.93wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)、7wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、7wt％全氟丁基乙烯、以及0.07wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile)。封装并加热至70℃反应2小时后(即将该混合物转换成电解质)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表3所示。
实施例10：
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入93.95wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)、5wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、1wt％全氟丁基乙烯、以及0.05wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile)。封装并加热至70℃反应2小时后(即将该混合物转换成电解质)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表3所示。
实施例11：
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入93.98wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)、2wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、4wt％全氟丁基乙烯、以及0.02wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile)。封装并加热至70℃反应2小时后(即将该混合物转换成电解质)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表3所示。
实施例12：
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入约79wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)、约10.45wt％三(2-丙烯酰氧乙基)异氰脲酸酯(tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate)、约10.45wt％全氟丁基乙烯、以及0.1wt％2,2-偶氮双异丁腈(2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile)。封装并加热至70℃反应2小时后(即将该混合物转换成电解质)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表3所示。
表3
实施例13：
依据实施例4所述电池的制备方法，除了将全氟丁基乙烯置换成丙烯酸1H,1H,5H-八氟戊酯(1H,1H,5H-octafluoropentyl acrylate)，得到电池。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表4所示。
表4
由表4可知，与比较例1所述的电池相比(使用标准电解液)，实施例13所述的电池(使用本发明所述电解质)其氧化电流明显降低，且电容保持率可达到80％。
实施例14：
提供实施例3所得的负极以及正极。接着，提供隔膜(型号为Celgard 2320，AsahiKasei)。接着，依照负极/隔膜/正极的顺序排列，并注入93wt％标准电解液(购自台塑、商品编号为EED352)、3wt％异氰脲酸三缩水甘油酯(triglycidyl isocyanurate)、2wt％3-(全氟正辛基)-1,2-环氧丙烷(3-perfluorooctyl-1,2-epoxypropane)、以及2wt％二氟草酸硼酸锂(lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate，LiDFOB)。封装并加热至55℃反应10小时后(即将该混合物转换成电解质)，形成钮扣型电池CR2032(尺寸为3.2mm(厚)x 20mm(宽)x 20mm(长))。接着，量测该电池的高电压氧化电流(mA)以及电容保持率(％)，结果如表5所示。
表5
由表5可知，与比较例1所述的电池相比(使用标准电解液)，实施例14所述的电池(使用本发明所述电解质)其氧化电流明显降低，且电容保持率可达到80％以上。
基于上述，本发明所述具有特定组成的类固态电解质确实具有较佳的阻燃性，并具有可抑制高电压氧化反应的效能。如此一来，可进一步改善锂离子电池的高电压操作、倍率性能与安全特性，以及延长锂离子电池的循环寿命。
虽然本发明已以数个实施例发明如上，然其并非用以限定本发明，任何本技术领域中具有通常知识者，在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内，当可作任意的更动与润饰，因此本发明的保护范围当视后附的申请专利范围所界定者为准。
【符号说明】
10 负极
20 正极
30 隔膜
40 电解质
100 锂离子电池
Claims (18)
1.聚合物，其为组合物经聚合反应的产物，其中该组合物包含第一单体以及第二单体，其中该第一单体具有式(I)所示结构，以及该第二单体是含氟丙烯酸酯、含氟烯、含氟环氧化合物、或上述的组合，
其中n、m、以及l独立地为1、2、3、4、5、或6；R1、R2、以及R3独立地为-OH、
以及，R4、R5、以及R6独立地为氢、或C1-3烷基。
2.如权利要求1所述的聚合物，其中该第一单体与该第二单体的重量比为5:1至1:2。
3.如权利要求1所述的聚合物，其中该含氟丙烯酸酯具有式(II)或式(III)所示结构，
其中i为0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、或9；j为1、2、3、4、5、或6；R7、R8、R9、R10、R11、以及R12独立地为氢、氟、C1-3烷基、或C1-3氟烷基，且R7、R8、R9、R10、R11以及R12的至少一者为氟或C1-3氟烷基；R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19、以及R20独立地为氢、氟、C1-3烷基、或C1-3氟烷基，且R13、R14、R15、R16、R17、R18、R19、以及R20的至少一者为氟或C1-3氟烷基。
4.如权利要求1所述的聚合物，其中该含氟烯具有式(IV)所示结构，
其中k为1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、或9；以及，R21、R22、以及R23独立地为氢、或氟，且R21、R22、以及R23的至少一者为氟。
5.如权利要求1所述的聚合物，其中该含氟环氧化合物具有式(V)所示结构，
其中p为1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、或9；R24为氢、氟、或C1-3烷基；以及，R25、R26、以及R27独立地为氢、或氟，且R24、R25、R26、以及R27的至少一者为氟。
6.如权利要求1所述的聚合物，其中该组合物还包含引发剂，其中该引发剂的含量为0.01wt％至10wt％，以该第一单体以及第二单体的总重为基准。
7.如权利要求1所述的聚合物，其中该第一单体为
以及该第二单体为含氟丙烯酸酯、或含氟烯。
8.如权利要求1所述的聚合物，其中该第一单体为
以及该第二单体为含氟丙烯酸酯、或含氟烯。
9.如权利要求1所述的聚合物，其中该第一单体为
以及该第二单体为含氟环氧化合物。
10.如权利要求1所述的聚合物，其中该第一单体为
以及该第二单体为含氟环氧化合物。
11.电解质，包含：
锂盐；
溶剂；以及
权利要求1所述的聚合物，其中该聚合物的含量为2wt％至20wt％，以该溶剂、锂盐以及聚合物的总重为基准。
12.如权利要求11所述的电解质，其中该锂盐与该溶剂的重量比为1:19至7:13。
13.如权利要求11所述的电解质，其中该锂盐为LiPF6、LiClO4、LiN(SO2F)2、LiBF2(C2O4)、LiBF4、LiSO3CF3、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、LiGaCl4、LiNO3、LiC(SO2CF3)3、LiSCN、LiO3SCF2CF3、LiC6F5SO3、LiO2CCF3、LiSO3F、LiB(C6H5)4、LiB(C2O4)2、或上述的组合。
14.如权利要求11所述的电解质，其中该溶剂为1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二丁氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯(PA)、丁内酯(GBL)、碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸亚乙烯酯、碳酸亚丁酯、1,3-丙磺酸内酯、碳酸二丙酯、或上述的组合。
15.锂离子电池，包含：
正极；
负极；
隔膜，其中该隔膜配置于该正极与该负极之间；以及
电解质设置于该正极与负极之间，其中该电解质为权利要求11所述的电解质。
16.如权利要求15所述的锂离子电池，其中该负极包含负极活性材料，且该负极活性材料为锂金属、锂合金、过渡金属氧化物、稳相球状碳(MCMB)、碳纳米管(CNT)、石墨烯、焦炭、石墨、碳黑、碳纤维、中间相碳微球、玻璃质碳、含锂化合物、含硅化合物、锡、含锡化合物、或上述的组合。
17.如权利要求16所述的锂离子电池，其中该正极包含正极活性材料，且该正极活性材料包括硫、有机硫化物、硫碳复合物、含金属的氧化锂、含金属的硫化锂、含金属的硒化锂、含金属的碲化锂、含金属的磷化锂、含金属的硅化锂、含金属的硼化锂、或上述的组合，其中该金属选自铝、钒、钛、铬、铜、钼、铌、铁、镍、钴、及锰。
18.如权利要求17所述的锂离子电池，其中该隔膜为聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚四氟乙烯膜、聚酰胺膜、聚氯乙烯膜、聚二氟乙烯膜、聚苯胺膜、聚酰亚胺膜、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚苯乙烯(PS)、纤维素、或上述组合。
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| JP2022104580A (ja) | 2022-07-08 |
| CN114685713B (zh) | 2024-04-09 |
| TWI815251B (zh) | 2023-09-11 |
| US20220216511A1 (en) | 2022-07-07 |
| JP7491893B2 (ja) | 2024-05-28 |
| TW202226661A (zh) | 2022-07-01 |
| KR20220095128A (ko) | 2022-07-06 |
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