CN114618495B - 一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114618495B CN114618495B CN202210221480.9A CN202210221480A CN114618495B CN 114618495 B CN114618495 B CN 114618495B CN 202210221480 A CN202210221480 A CN 202210221480A CN 114618495 B CN114618495 B CN 114618495B
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- cobalt
- sulfur
- nitrogen
- catalyst
- protein
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- PFRUBEOIWWEFOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[S] Chemical compound [N].[S] PFRUBEOIWWEFOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 title description 19
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- -1 nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 150000002828 nitro derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910001429 cobalt ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002149 hierarchical pore Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000009904 heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 108010058846 Ovalbumin Proteins 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940092253 ovalbumin Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical group [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 3
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- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940011182 cobalt acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 34
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 19
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical compound [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
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- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
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- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 21
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 17
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- 229940050906 magnesium chloride hexahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 4
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- GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium sulfide (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-2] GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂及其制备方法和应用。将包含钴盐与含硫蛋白在内的原料在溶液中进行配位组装,形成蛋白‑钴离子交联网络;蛋白‑钴离子交联网络依次经过热解和干燥,即得催化剂。该催化剂中蛋白的硫和氮实现原位掺杂,同时通过氮、硫元素与钴离子的共配位以实现钴离子的锚定,经高温热解后使得钴以钴单原子形式存在,从而表现出超高的原子利用率和催化活性。该催化剂可在温和条件下用于硝基化合物和含氮杂环化合物的多相催化加氢反应,在120℃时转化率大于99%,产物选择性大于99%。且该催化剂合成方法简单,成本低廉,有利于工业化生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种钴催化剂,具体涉及一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂,还涉及其制备方法,以及涉及钴单原子催化剂在硝基化合物和/或含氮杂环化合物的多相催化加氢反应中的应用,属于多相催化剂技术领域。
背景技术
加氢催化是有机化工中最重要的生产工艺之一,例如,用于生产大宗和高价值的精细化学品的硝基加氢工艺,而氮杂环化加氢工艺则在生产医药、农药、染料、基础化工领域,特别是医药分子的合成领域具有广泛的应用。以氢气为还原剂,贵金属如Pt、Pd等为催化剂的催化加氢技术是当前使用最为广泛的加氢工艺。但贵金属催化剂存在价格昂贵、储量稀少,催化选择性差等的问题。相比较而言,铁系金属(Fe,Co和Ni)储量大,价格低廉,是理想的贵金属替代品。但非贵金属催化剂通常活性低、易失活等问题。因此,研究一种以非贵重金属为活性组分的活性高、选择性好、不易失活的加氢催化剂具有重要意义。
单原子催化剂具有极高的原子利用率,独特的物理化学性质,在加氢催化领域展现出极大的应用前景。在现有技术当中,已有大量的单原子过渡金属催化剂被成功制备,但仍存在制备成本高、活性低,生产工艺繁琐,极大限制了其工业化应用。
发明内容
针对现有的技术中存在的不足,本发明的第一个目的旨在提供一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的单原子催化剂,该催化剂以含氮硫共掺杂的多级孔碳为载体,而钴以单原子形式与氮、硫通过共配位锚固在载体上,钴原子高度分散,稳定负载,且处于氮和硫双配位环境,使得该催化剂表现出催化活性和选择性,且具有良好的稳定性,满足工业化生产要求。
本发明的第二个目的旨在提供一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂的制备方法,该制备方法通过金属离子与蛋白质上的氮和硫元素配位形成蛋白-金属离子网络后,再经过热处理工艺实现了钴原子通过氮和硫共配位形式锚定于蛋白形成的多级孔碳载体上,使其具有孔结构丰富和钴单原子稳定负载等优点,且该制备方法简单,成本低,有利于大规模生产。
本发明的第三个目的旨在提供一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的单原子催化剂的应用,该催化剂可以在温和条件下实现以氢气为氢源的多相催化加氢反应,包括催化硝基化合物和/或含氮杂环化合物加氢反应。该催化反应过程简单,成本低廉,催化活性高,选择性好,在120℃时底物催化加氢转化率大于98%,选择性大于99%。
为了实现上述技术目的,本发明提供了一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂的制备方法,将包含钴盐与含硫蛋白在内的原料在溶液中进行配位组装,形成蛋白-钴离子交联网络;所述蛋白-钴离子交联网络依次经过热解和干燥,即得。
本发明利用钴离子与含硫蛋白质通过配位形成蛋白-钴离子交联网络,一方面,能够将钴离子通过蛋白中的硫和氮等配位而锚定,从而在后续热解过程中实现了钴离子的高度分散化并形成钴单原子,表现出高催化活性,另外一方面,蛋白-钴离子交联网络经过高温热解形成了多级孔碳,为钴单原子提供了良好的载体,同时含氮和硫的蛋白质在高温热解过程中实现了氮和硫的原位掺杂,且氮和硫与钴原子形成共配位环境,提高催化剂活性和选择性。
作为一项优选的方案,所述钴盐为硝酸钴、硫酸钴、乙酸钴和氯化钴中的至少一种。
作为一项优选的方案,所述含硫蛋白包括卵清蛋白、牛血清白蛋白、酪蛋白、角蛋白和大豆蛋白中的至少一种,和/或包含含硫蛋白的鸡蛋清、大豆、奶酪、肉制品、血制品中的至少一种。含硫蛋白不仅为活性组分钴提供了稳定的锚定位点,还为该催化剂提供了构相稳定的氮元素和硫元素,可形成原位的氮和硫共掺杂,与钴原子形成共配位环境,有效改善材料的电导率和电子迁移效果,宏观表现为进一步提高活性组分的催化活性。
作为一项优选的方案,所述钴盐与含硫蛋白的质量比为0.05:1~0.5:1。
作为一项优选的方案,所述原料还包含造孔剂;所述造孔剂为镁盐、锌盐和含硅氧化物中至少一种。
作为一项优选的方案,所述镁盐为氯化镁、溴化镁、硝酸镁和硫酸镁中的至少一种。
作为一项优选的方案,所述锌盐为氯化锌、溴化锌、硝酸锌和硫酸锌中的至少一种。
作为一项优选的方案,所述含硅氧化物为粒径为2~50nm的氧化硅。
作为一项优选的方案,所述造孔剂与含硫蛋白的质量比为3~8:1。造孔剂的添加可以进一步丰富材料的孔结构,增大材料的比表面积,使活性钴单原子可以更好地与反应物接触,提高催化活性。
作为一项优选的方案,所述热解的温度为400~1200℃,时间为1~4h,热解气氛为氩气或氮气等惰性气体。
作为一项优选的方案,所述原料中包含造孔剂时,热解所得产物需进行酸洗过程,所述酸洗过程为搅拌酸洗,介质为稀盐酸、稀硫酸和稀硝酸中的至少一种,浓度为0.1~2M,时间为4~12h,酸洗温度为40~120℃。酸洗的主要目的是为了脱除造孔剂,防止孔洞堵塞,从而获得孔结构更加丰富的多级孔结构。
作为一项优选的方案,所述一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂的具体制备过程为:1)按质量设定比称取钴盐与氮和硫的蛋白质溶解在去离子水中,形成蛋白金属离子网络。2)紧接着,按质量设定比称取镁盐溶于去离子水中,并将该溶液加入到上述蛋白-金属离子网络中。3)搅拌混合均匀后,进行干燥得到浅蓝色固体复合物。4)将该复合物样品冷冻后研磨成粉末,在惰性气体气氛下热解处理并冷却。5)收取热解处理后所得的黑色粉末样品,充分研磨后,加入到稀酸溶液中洗涤,并进行抽滤和干燥即得。
本发明还提供了一种依据上述制备方法所制得的多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂。
作为一项优选的方案,本发明还提供了一种上述钴单原子催化剂的应用:应用于硝基化合物和/或含氮杂环化合物的多相催化加氢反应。本发明所提供的技术方案以硝基化合物或含氮杂环化合物为底物,氢气为氢源进行加氢反应。钴单原子催化剂中的钴可以催化氢气裂解成活性氢[H],实现随后的加氢反应。
作为一项优选的方案,所述多相催化加氢反应的条件为:氢气压力为0.1~5MPa,温度70~150℃,时间为1~36h。
作为一项优选的方案,上述应用的主要过程为:将钴单原子催化剂、硝基化合物和/或含氮杂环化合物、氢气和溶剂加入反应釜中,保温反应,所得产物经冷却、压缩、冷冻分离和精馏即得。
作为一项优选的方案,所述硝基化合物和/或含氮杂环化合物包括:硝基苯、4-硝基氟苯、4-硝基氯苯、4-硝基溴苯、4-硝基碘苯、2,4-二氯硝基苯、4-硝基三氟甲苯、4-硝基茴香硫醚、2-氯-四硝基甲苯、3-硝基氯苯、3-硝基苯甲醚、4-硝基苯甲醚、4-硝基苯酚、4-硝基苯胺、对硝基苯乙醇、1,3-二甲基-4-硝基苯、2,5-二甲基-4-硝基苯、2-硝基甲苯、3-硝基甲苯、4-硝基甲苯、2-硝基乙基苯、4-硝基乙基苯、1-硝基萘、硝基环己烷、1-硝基丙烷、对硝基苯乙炔、对硝基苯乙烯、对硝基苯甲醛、对硝基苯甲胺、对硝基苯甲酸乙酯、对硝基苯甲腈、对硝基苯乙腈、对硝基肉桂酸、对硝基苯甲酸、氟他胺、对硝基苯乙酸、4-硝基二苯甲酮、4-(2-氟-4-硝基苯基)吗啉、4-(4-硝基苄基)吡啶、6-、硝基喹啉、3-硝基吡啶、8-硝基喹啉、6-硝基吲哚、4-(4-硝基甲苯)-3-吗啉、2-硝基-5-氯吡啶、喹啉、嘌呤、吡啶、吡喃、3-甲基喹啉、6-甲基喹啉、8-甲基喹啉、7-溴喹啉、7-氯喹啉8-氟喹啉、8-氯喹啉和8-溴喹啉喹啉-6-甲醛中的至少一种
作为一项优选的方案,所述钴单原子催化剂与硝基化合物和/或含氮杂环化合物的质量比为1:1~50。
作为一项优选的方案,所述溶剂为THF、EA、DMF、MeCN、EtOH、MeOH、H2O和MeOH/H2O中的任意一种。
本发明技术方案的关键是在于利用钴离子与含硫蛋白在溶液体系中的自组装过程,通过金属离子与蛋白中氮、硫等元素之间的相互作用从而形成蛋白-金属离子网络,一方面,钴离子能够被蛋白中的氮、硫杂原子锚定,有利于钴元素的高度分散和稳定负载,在高温碳化过程中能够有效避免钴原子的团聚作用,从而使钴元素以高催化活性的钴单原子形式存在,大大提高了钴活性材料的利用率;另外一方面,利用钴离子与蛋白交联形成的蛋白-金属离子网络具有发达的网孔结构,有利于后续构建多级孔结构。此外,蛋白中富含的硫和氮元素实现了原位掺杂,且氮和硫与钴原子形成共配位环境,可以对钴原子活性位点进行调节,进一步提高催化活性中心的催化活性和选择性。综上所述,通过本发明制备的钴单原子催化剂表现出较高的催化活性和催化选择性,以及超高的原子利用率。
相对于现有技术,本发明的技术方案带来的有效成果是:
1)本发明所提供的多孔碳负载的氮、硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂具有分层多孔结构和良好金属分散性,利用蛋白质金属离子网络,通过热处理工艺形成均一的氮、硫掺杂并提供分散良好的活性单钴原子位点,大大提高催化剂的催化活性和选择性。此外,本发明所提供的催化剂还具有抗高浓度一氧化碳中毒,硫化物中毒和抗酸抗碱性能,在强酸、强碱、高浓度硫化物和一氧化碳的反应条件下均保持良好活性。
2)本发明所提供的钴单原子催化剂的制备方法,工艺简单,易于操作,采用无毒,价廉的原料,无需大型复杂器件,环保,可满足大规模工业化生产。
3)本发明所提供的技术方案利用上述钴单原子催化剂可在温和条件下以氢气为氢源完成对于硝基化合物和含氮杂环化合物的多相催化加氢反应。催化过程简单,成本低廉,催化活性高,选择性好,在120℃时转化率大于98%,选择性大于99%。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1、2、3、4制备的Co-1、Co-2、Co-Mg-1、Co-Mg-2催化剂的X射线衍射(XRD)图谱:a)Co-1和Co-2;b)Co-Mg-1和Co-Mg-2;图1b)中Co-Mg-2的XRD图谱在25°和43°处两个明显的宽峰,对应于无定形碳的(002)和(010)面,Co-Mg-2没有检测到其他尖峰,热解样品通过酸处理后,没有检测出MgO或Co,证明已经移除了MgO或Co表明酸蚀刻有效去除了大颗粒金属或金属氧化物。
图2为本发明实施例1、2、3、4制备的Co-1、Co-2、Co-Mg-1、Co-Mg-2催化剂的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)的图像;如图2所示,Co-1和Co-2催化剂呈现出片状的几何结构,Co-Mg-1催化剂的形貌是堆叠的超薄二维纳米片而Co-Mg-2催化剂的形貌是均匀分散的超薄二维纳米片,其原因主要归结于Mg造孔剂的加入形成了多级孔结构,改变了其几何结构。多级孔形成的关键因素是氯化镁分解过程中氯化氢气体的膨胀刻蚀,生成的氧化镁模板剂的造孔,最后酸洗移除模板剂形成多级孔,呈现超薄二维纳米片。
图3为本发明实施例5制备的Co-Mg-3催化剂的高透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)的图像;如图3所示,本实施例5制备的Co-Mg-3催化剂可以明显的观察到钴原子(许多的钴原子用红色的圈标记以便于识别),元素扫描图证明C,N,S,Co是均匀分布的,说明Co是呈现出单原子形态,而其他实施例(如实施例4、6)也可以制备单原子,只是单原子的活性位点的多少与多级孔中,微孔介孔的比例不同,具体表现为活性的差异性。
图4为本发明实施例4制备的Co-Mg-2催化剂的循环回收图;如图4所示,本实施例4制备的Co-Mg-2催化剂在十次运行后,仍然保持较高的催化活性(C:99%,S:99%),体现了Co-Mg-2催化剂在加氢反应中的耐用性。
图5为本发明实施例5制备的Co-Mg-3催化剂催化氢化硝基苯的转化及产率分布图,反应条件:硝基化合物0.5mmol,催化剂40mg,溶剂(水/甲醇=1:1)10ml,85℃,3h,H25bar;用高效液相色谱法测定反应物的转化率和选择性;如图5所示,本实施例4制备的Co-Mg-2催化剂催化氢化硝基苯时,氨基苯的产率随着反应时间的延长而增加,而苯羟胺在催化加氢反应中的产率很小,此外,在催化加氢过程中,只检测到苯羟胺,没有发现偶氮苯。
图6为利用实施例4所制备的Co-Mg-2催化剂将硝基化合物催化氢化成相应胺类化合物的转化率和选择性;如图6所示,本实施例4所制备的Co-Mg-2催化剂可以将硝基化合物催化氢化成具有高转化率和选择性的相应胺类化合物,包括酯、酰胺、羟基、烷基、羧基、醚和硫醚取代的硝基化合物在内的正常底物,大多数加氢反应在温和条件下(85℃,5bar)可在3h内完成,转化率大于98%,对相应胺化合物的选择性均大于99.0%之间;对于卤代硝基化合物的氢化,转化率大于99.9%,选择性均大于99.9%,无需脱卤化。
图7为利用实施例5所制备的Co-Mg-3催化剂将硝基化合物催化氢化成相应胺类化合物的转化率和选择性;如图7所示,本实施例5所制备的Co-Mg-3催化剂可以将硝基化合物催化氢化成具有高转化率和选择性的相应胺类化合物,包括含有其他不饱和化合物(如醛、氰基、炔和酮)的硝基化合物等,Co-Mg-3在所有评价样品中均表现出较高的活性。大多数加氢反应在温和条件下(95℃,5bar)可在3h内完成,转化率达99%。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例对本发明技术方案进行进一步的说明。应理解,本发明中提到的多个方法步骤不排斥在所述组合步骤前后加入其它方法步骤或在组合步骤之间插入其它方法步骤;应理解,列举的实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围;应理解,本发明涉及的各方法步骤编号仅为便利识别各步骤的有效工具,而不限制各方法步骤的排列次序或限定本发明可实施范围;应理解,在无实质变更技术内容的情况下,当亦视为本发明可实施的范围。
实施例1
1.240mg六水合氯化钴、15ML去离子水、1.2g卵清蛋白,配制蛋白金属离子网络。
2.将上述蛋白金属离子网络溶液干燥得到浅蓝色固体复合物。
3.将样品研磨成粉末后,在氮气、800℃、2h的条件下进行热解处理,然后自然冷却至室温,即得催化剂Co-1。
4.将上述催化剂装于釜式反应器中,通入底物(硝基苯,质量比例为1:1)、氢气(分压为0.5MPa)、溶剂(水/甲醇=1:1)10ml,在100℃下反应6h,得到的硝基苯转化率大于98.0%,苯胺选择性大于99.0%。
实施例2
1.240mg六水合氯化钴、15ML去离子水、1.2g卵清蛋白,配制蛋白金属离子网络。
2.将上述蛋白金属离子网络溶液干燥得到浅蓝色固体复合物。
3.将样品研磨成粉末后,在氮气、800℃、2h的条件下进行热解处理,然后自然冷却至室温。
4.将样品充分研磨后,加入1M盐酸溶液30ml进行洗涤、抽滤后干燥,即得几何片状结构催化剂Co-2。SEM和TEM如图2所示。
5.将上述催化剂装于釜式反应器中,通入底物(硝基苯,质量比例为1:1)、氢气(分压为0.5MPa)、溶剂(水/甲醇=1:1)10ml,在100℃下反应6h,得到的硝基苯转化率大于96.0%,苯胺选择性大于99.9%。
实施例3
1.240mg六水合氯化钴、15g六水合氯化镁、20ML去离子水、1.2g卵清蛋白,配制蛋白金属离子网络。
2.将上述蛋白金属离子网络溶液干燥得到浅蓝色固体复合物。
3.将样品研磨成粉末后,在氮气、800℃、2h的条件下进行热解处理,然后自然冷却至室温,即得催化剂Co-Mg-1。
4.将上述催化剂装于釜式反应器中,通入底物(硝基苯,质量比例为1:1)、氢气(分压为1MPa)、溶剂(水/甲醇=1:1)10ml,在120℃下反应6h,得到的硝基苯转化率大于95.0%,苯胺选择性大于98.0%。
实施例4
1.240mg六水合氯化钴、15g六水合氯化镁、20ML去离子水、1.2g卵清蛋白,配制蛋白金属离子网络。
2.将上述蛋白金属离子网络溶液干燥得到浅蓝色固体复合物。
3.将样品研磨成粉末后,在氮气、800℃、2h的条件下进行热解处理,然后自然冷却至室温。
4.将样品充分研磨后,加入1M盐酸溶液30ml进行洗涤、抽滤后干燥,即得超薄二维纳米片状结构催化剂Co-Mg-2。SEM和TEM如图2所示。
5.将上述催化剂装于釜式反应器中,通入底物(质量比例为1:1.2)、氢气(分压为0.5MPa)、溶剂(水/甲醇=1:1)10ml,在85℃下反应3h。对于包括酯、酰胺、羟基、烷基、羧基、醚和硫醚取代的硝基化合物在内的正常底物,转化率大于98%,对相应胺化合物的选择性均大于99.0%之间;对于卤代硝基化合物的氢化,转化率大于99.9%,选择性均大于99.9%,无需脱卤化。循环回收性如图4所示,催化氢化硝基苯转化及产率分布如图5所示,硝基化合物催化氢化成相应胺类化合物的转化率和选择性如图6所示。
实施例5
1.240mg六水合氯化钴、15g六水合氯化镁、20ML去离子水、1.2g卵清蛋白,配制蛋白金属离子网络。
2.将上述蛋白金属离子网络溶液干燥得到浅蓝色固体复合物。
3.将样品研磨成粉末后,在氮气、700℃、3h的条件下进行热解处理,然后自然冷却至室温。
4.将样品充分研磨后,加入1M盐酸溶液30ml进行洗涤、抽滤后干燥,即得单原子催化剂Co-Mg-3。
5.将上述催化剂装于釜式反应器中,通入底物(质量比例为1:1)、氢气(分压为0.5MPa)、溶剂(水/甲醇=1:1)8ml,在95℃下反应3h。对于含有其他不饱和化合物(如醛、氰基、炔和酮)的硝基化合物,硝基被选择性地还原成相应的氨基化合物(转化率大于99.9%,选择性均大于99.9%),而不影响不饱和基团。另外,对于含有稠环的底物,可获得具有高转化率和高选择性(转化率大于99.5%,选择性均大于99.9%)的相应产物。硝基化合物催化氢化成相应胺类化合物的转化率和选择性如图7所示。,高透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)的图像如图5所示。
实施例6
1.240mg六水合氯化钴、15g六水合氯化镁、20ML去离子水、1.2g卵清蛋白,配制蛋白金属离子网络。
2.将上述蛋白金属离子网络溶液干燥得到浅蓝色固体复合物。
3.将样品研磨成粉末后,在氮气、850℃、2.5h的条件下进行热解处理,然后自然冷却至室温。
4.将样品充分研磨后,加入1M盐酸溶液30ml进行洗涤、抽滤后干燥,即得催化剂Co-Mg-4。
5.将上述催化剂装于釜式反应器中,通入底物(质量比例为1:1)、氢气(分压为2MPa)、溶剂(水/甲醇=1:1)10ml,在120℃下反应6h。对于包括喹啉、嘌呤、吡啶、吡喃等含氮杂化合物底物,转化率大于99.5%,对相应加氢产物的选择性均大于99.8%之间。
6.将上述催化剂装于釜式反应器中,通入底物(质量比例为1:1)、氢气(分压为2MPa)、一氧化碳(分压为0.5MPa)溶剂(水/甲醇=1:1)10ml,在120℃下反应6h。对于包括硝基苯、喹啉、糠醛、吡啶、吡喃等含氮杂化合物底物,转化率大于99.5%,对相应加氢产物的选择性均大于99.8%之间。
7.将上述催化剂装于釜式反应器中,通入底物(质量比例为1:1)、氢气(分压为2MPa)、硫化钠(和底物质量比为1:1)溶剂(水/甲醇=1:1)10ml,在120℃下反应6h。对于包括硝基苯、喹啉、糠醛、吡啶、吡喃等含氮杂化合物底物,转化率大于99.5%,对相应加氢产物的选择性均大于99.8%之间。
表1实施例1、2、3、4、5、6制备的Co-1、Co-2、Co-Mg-1、Co-Mg-2、Co-Mg-3、Co-Mg-4催化剂将硝基化合物和含氮杂环化合物催化氢化成相应加氢产物的转化率和选择性
如表1所示,实施例1和实施例2均不含造孔剂,但实施例2增加了酸洗步骤,其催化效果反而低于实施例1,主要是因为酸洗并没有显著增加暴露的钴单原子,反而洗掉了表面的钴或氧化钴颗粒,导致活性下降;实施例1和实施例3均未酸洗,但实施例3添加了造孔剂,但实施例3的催化效果也低于实施例1,其原因是因为未酸洗时,实施例3的大量活性位点被氧化镁堵塞,导致其没有多级孔特征,对于钴单原子催化剂而言,氯化镁的热分解过程有利于钴的分散,从而有更高的催化活性。
通过以上实施实例,证明了多孔碳负载的氮、硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂的制备方法及其在温和条件下对硝基化合物和含氮杂环化合物选择性加氢的应用。以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,本发明的保护范围不限于上述的实施案例,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变化和修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围,本申请所要求的保护范围如本申请权利要求书所示。
Claims (7)
1.一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:将包含钴盐与含硫蛋白在内的原料在溶液中进行配位组装,形成蛋白-钴离子交联网络;所述蛋白-钴离子交联网络依次经过热解和干燥,即得;所述钴盐与含硫蛋白的质量比为0.2:1;
所述原料还包含造孔剂;所述造孔剂为镁盐;
所述含硫蛋白为卵清蛋白。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:
所述钴盐为硝酸钴、硫酸钴、乙酸钴和氯化钴中至少一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述热解的温度为400~1200℃,时间为1~4h,热解气氛为氩气和/或氮气。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述原料中包含造孔剂时,热解所得产物需进行酸洗过程,所述酸洗过程为搅拌酸洗,介质为稀盐酸、稀硫酸和稀硝酸中的至少一种,时间为4~12h,酸洗温度为40~120℃。
5.一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂,其特征在于:由权利要求1~4任一项所述制备方法得到。
6.权利要求5所述的一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂的应用,其特征在于:应用于硝基化合物和/或含氮杂环化合物的多相催化加氢反应。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种多级孔碳负载的氮硫共配位的钴单原子催化剂的应用,其特征在于:所述多相催化加氢反应的条件为:氢气压力为0.1~5MPa,温度70~150℃,时间为1~36h。
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