CN114558575B - 一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法及其水处理应用 - Google Patents
一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法及其水处理应用 Download PDFInfo
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- STZCRXQWRGQSJD-GEEYTBSJSA-M methyl orange Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1\N=N\C1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 STZCRXQWRGQSJD-GEEYTBSJSA-M 0.000 description 4
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法及其水处理应用。本发明围绕秸秆的多级开发利用,以氯化胆碱和乳酸作为低共熔溶剂,对秸秆粉末进行脱除木质素处理,分别得到秸秆残渣与木质素‑低共熔溶剂混合液;将秸秆残渣加入氯化铁和氯化镁组成的前驱体溶液中形成共沉淀,得到固体A;固体A经热解得到生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂;木质素‑低共熔溶剂混合液与丙酮水溶液混合,除去大部分木质素后,浓缩得浓缩木质素‑低共熔溶剂,再进行水热反应制得木质素基碳点溶液。本发明借由废弃秸秆全利用高价转化水体污染治理的催化剂与荧光碳量子点溶液,提高秸秆综合利用率并应用于复杂水体的药物污染物治理与重金属离子传感,具有显著的资源与环境价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物质材料与水处理技术领域,更具体地,涉及一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法及其水处理应用。
背景技术
秸秆是一种含碳有机大分子功能体,是一种由纤维素,半纤维素和木质素交联结合形成具有天然多孔结构的木质纤维资源,年产量超过全球生物质总量的90%,不仅来源广泛,价格便宜,是唯一一种能参与运储的绿色可再生资源,具有巨大的能源潜力。然而,现阶段我国大部分秸秆资源以直接燃烧的形式使用,不仅能量利用效率低、品位低,也对环境造成污染。因此,国家“十四五”规划推进探索建立农作物秸秆综合利用长效机制,提高农作物秸秆综合利用率,以降低资源与环境的双重压力。秸秆热解作为目前最为成熟有效的再利用技术广受关注。但是,秸秆的直接热解会损失大量有价值的木质纤维组分。为了提高秸秆综合利用率,人们不断从富含木质纤维素的秸秆内部出发,通过各种预处理技术,分理出更高价值的木质纤维素,其中木质素作为自然界中总量仅次于纤维素的天然芳香族高分子聚合物由于提取困难,利用率低于纤维素和半纤维素而被大量废弃。
近年来,随着水污染治理技术的不断发展,不断完善,工业染料、医药废水、重金属离子等污染物杂乱且复杂,以过硫酸盐活化的类芬顿反应应用广泛,其强氧化性能直接氧化降解各种有机污染物,存在稳定性差、难以回收、高能耗、高成本等诸多问题。除了一般有机污染物的降解,水体中重金属离子的污染也很严重,目前主要采取沉淀法和吸附法回收,但对于残余废液的金属离子浓度监测比较匮乏。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是针对上述现有技术存在的不足而提供一种利用秸秆多级转化制备一种具有磁性易回收的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂和一种稳定性高且具有良好荧光传感效果的木质素基碳量子点的方法。
本发明为解决上述提出的问题所采用的技术方案为:
一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将氯化胆碱和乳酸混合加热搅拌,制得无色透明的粘稠的低共熔溶剂;
(2)将秸秆粉末加入低共熔溶剂中进行脱除木质素处理,反应完毕后固液分离,分别得到秸秆残渣与木质素-低共熔溶剂混合液;
(3)将氯化铁和氯化镁混合溶于水,得到前驱体溶液;然后将步骤(2)所得秸秆残渣加入所述前驱体溶液中进行充分浸渍吸附,接着加碱调pH形成共沉淀,过滤洗涤,得到固体A;
(4)将固体A在保护气氛下热解,之后研磨,水洗至中性,得到生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物(FeMg2O4)催化剂,即生物炭双金属催化剂;
(5)将步骤(2)所得木质素-低共熔溶剂混合液中加入丙酮水溶液,搅拌后静置沉降,经过滤可除去大部分木质素,剩余溶液蒸发浓缩除去丙酮和水分得浓缩木质素-低共熔溶剂;
(6)将步骤(5)所得浓缩木质素-低共熔溶剂倒入水热反应釜中进行水热反应,反应结束后过滤去掉大颗粒,之后透析处理,再用滤头过滤得到具有蓝色荧光的木质素基碳点溶液,即木质素荧光碳点溶液。
按上述方案,步骤(1)中,乳酸和氯化胆碱的摩尔比为(10-20):1;加热温度为80-100℃,采用水浴恒温磁力搅拌,搅拌1-2h。
按上述方案,步骤(2)中,秸秆粉末与低共熔溶剂的固液质量比为1:(10-20);脱除木质素处理时,采用90-100℃水浴恒温搅拌,搅拌6-12h。
按上述方案,步骤(3)中,前驱体溶液中,氯化铁浓度为0.2-0.4M,氯化镁的浓度为0.2-0.4M。
按上述方案,步骤(3)中,秸秆残渣(以质量计)和前驱体(以体积计)之间的固液比为1g:(40-60)ml。
按上述方案,步骤(3)中,浸渍吸附分为两个阶段,第一个阶段采用超声处理进行浸渍吸附,时间为0.5-1h;第二阶段采用室温磁力搅拌过夜的方式进行浸渍吸附。
按上述方案,步骤(3)中,加碱调pH至10-11;共沉淀的条件为水浴40-60℃,时间4-6h。
按上述方案,步骤(4)中,热解温度为400-800℃,热解时间为1-2h;以升温速率5-7℃/min升至热解温度。
按上述方案,步骤(5)中,木质素-低共熔溶剂混合液和丙酮水溶液的体积比为1:(1-3),搅拌后室温12-24h静置沉降;其中丙酮水溶液由丙酮和水按体积比(1-2):1混合而成。
按上述方案,步骤(6)中,水热反应条件为160-200℃反应6-12h;透析采用500-3000分子量透析膜透析6-12h。
本发明还要求保护上述方法农作物秸秆分级制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂和木质素基碳点溶液。
上述方法制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂在去除水体中污染物方面的应用。应用方法为:将所述生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂与过硫酸盐同时加入到污染物水体中,水浴恒温振荡反应一段时间,从而实现水体中污染物的降解去除。本发明主要是利用生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂活化过硫酸盐产生强氧化性自由基来降解污染物,通过强氧化性自由基与表面电子转移协同作用可以降解绝大部分污染物,包括传统有机染料污染物如罗丹明B、甲基橙、亚甲基蓝等和医药抗生素如环丙沙星、盐酸四环素等两类污染物。
上述方法制备的制备木质素基碳点在监测水体中Fe3+浓度方面的应用。应用方法为:根据碳点的荧光强度随着Fe3+浓度的增加而降低且呈线性相关性,可以将少量待监测Fe3+浓度的水体加入木质素基碳点溶液中,根据荧光强度的变化,获得水体中的Fe3+浓度。一般情况下,待监测水体中Fe3+浓度在10-1200μM范围内,碳点的荧光强度随着Fe3+浓度的增加而降低且呈良好线性相关关系。
总体而言,通过本发明所构思的以上技术方案与现有技术相比,能够取得下列有益效果:
首先,本发明所制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂具有高的比表面积和多的催化活性位点,通过铁镁双金属的协同改性作用实现过硫酸盐的高效活化快速降解水中医药有机污染物;所制备的木质素基碳点具有良好的荧光稳定性以及荧光传感性能,能高效针对性检测水溶液中Fe3+浓度;并且,本发明在热解秸秆之前使用可重复利用的低共熔溶剂将木质素提取出来,无毒无害,绿色环保。本发明借由废弃秸秆全利用高价转化水体污染治理的生物炭催化剂与碳量子点溶液,提高秸秆综合利用率的同时推进复杂水体污染的高效治理,具有广阔的实际应用前景。
其次,本发明所制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂与过硫酸盐协同使用来催化活化过硫酸盐,一并解决了传统催化剂稳定性差、难以回收、高能耗、高成本等诸多问题。与此同时,该双金属氧化物催化剂基于其更丰富的活性位点和加速氧化还原循环的基础上,更进一步提升活化效果。
再者,本发明中制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂对药物阿比朵儿和染料甲基橙等污染物的吸附性能很好,且具有较宽的PH适用范围,具有磁性,易于回收。
附图说明
图1是本发明制备流程图。
图2是实施例1制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物FeMg2O4催化剂扫描电子显微镜图(SEM)。
图3是实施例1制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物FeMg2O4催化剂的X射线光电子能谱分析图(XPS)。
图4是实施例1制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物FeMg2O4催化剂在不同PH条件下阿比朵儿药物浓度百分比随时间的变化情况。
图5是实施例1制备的碳量子点在不同激发波长下的荧光光谱图。
图6是实施例1制备的碳量子点在铁离子Fe3+的不同浓度环境下荧光光谱图。
具体实施方式
为了更好地理解本发明,下面结合实施例进一步阐明本发明的内容,但本发明不仅仅局限于下面的实施例。
实施例1
一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法,具体包括如下步骤:
(1)将氯化胆碱与乳酸按质量比1:15混合,80℃水浴恒温磁力搅拌1h,生成均一透明且具有一定粘度的低共熔溶剂;
(2)将秸秆清洗,干燥,粉碎,得到秸秆粉末;
(3)将步骤(2)中的秸秆粉末和步骤(1)中制备的低共熔溶剂按固液比为1:20混合均匀,90℃水浴恒温搅拌12h,反应完毕后过滤,去离子水清洗残渣,秸秆残渣冷冻干燥,得到秸秆残渣与木质素-低共熔溶剂混合液;
(4)将FeCl3·6H2O与MgCl2·6H2O混合于水中溶解,控制FeCl3·6H2O浓度为0.4M,MgCl2·6H2O浓度为0.2M,得到前驱体溶液;
(5)将2.5g秸秆残渣倒入100ml前驱体溶液中超声1h,然后磁力搅拌过夜,实现充分浸渍吸附;
(6)步骤(5)所得体系用5M NaOH调节PH至10,60℃恒温水浴磁力搅拌4h形成共沉淀,过滤,用大量去离子水冲洗,80℃烘箱烘干,得到固体A;
(7)将固体A转移至管式炉中,在氮气气氛保护下,以7℃/min的升温速率升至800℃保温1h,自然冷却至室温后,水洗至中性烘干后得脱木素秸秆生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物FeMg2O4催化剂,即生物炭双金属催化剂;
(8)将步骤(3)所得木质素-低共熔溶剂混合液中加入其3倍体积的丙酮水溶液(丙酮与水体积比为1:1),搅拌后静置沉降,过滤可除去大部分再生木质素,剩余溶液蒸发浓缩除去丙酮和水分得浓缩木质素-低共熔溶剂;
(8)将步骤(8)所得木质素-低共熔溶剂浓缩液取100ml倒入水热反应釜中,180℃反应6h得粘稠褐色液体;
(9)将上述粘稠褐色液体抽滤除去大颗粒,滤液用500分子量得透析膜透析6h,再用0.22微米滤头过滤得木质素基碳点(碳量子点)溶液,即木质素荧光碳点溶液。
图2是实施例1制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物FeMg2O4催化剂扫描电子显微镜图(SEM)。由图2可知:双金属氧化物很好的负载在秸秆生物炭孔道间隙之中。
图3是实施例1制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物FeMg2O4催化剂的X射线光电子能谱分析图(XPS)。由图3可知:铁镁双金属成功负载上去。
图4是实施例1制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物FeMg2O4催化剂在不同PH条件下阿比朵儿药物浓度百分比随时间的变化情况。由图4可知:本发明制备的催化剂在较宽的PH范围内对阿比朵儿有较高的去除效率。
图5是实施例1制备的碳量子点在不同激发波长下的荧光光谱图。由图5可知:本发明制备的碳量子点在350-450nm的紫外激发波长下具有显著的荧光特性;在410nm激发波长下发射出472nm较稳定的蓝色荧光。
将本实施例制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂用于去除水体中的阿比朵儿,具体过程如下:在100mg/l(即100ppm)阿比朵儿药液中加入0.5mM过硫酸铵与2.0g/l本实施例制备的催化剂,30℃水浴恒温振荡,60min降解反应结束可以达到96.28%的阿比朵儿去除率;同样条件下,20-200ppm浓度范围内的阿比朵儿降解率均达到80%以上。
将本实施例制备的生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂用于去除水体中的甲基橙,具体过程如下:在50ppm甲基橙溶液中加入0.5mM过硫酸铵与2.0g/l本实施例制备的催化剂,30℃水浴恒温振荡,60min降解反应结束可以达到86.7%的甲基橙去除率。
将本实施例制备的木质素基碳点溶液用于检测水溶液中Fe3+的浓度,具体过程如下:2.7ml木质素基碳点溶液与0.3ml氯化铁溶液混合摇匀,得到混合溶液;该混合溶液中Fe3+的浓度为10-1200μM,然后在410nm激发波长下依次测定的发射光谱,荧光谱图如图6所示。
图6是实施例1制备的木质素基碳点在铁离子Fe3+的不同浓度环境下(10-1200μM)荧光光谱图。由图6可知:Fe3+对本发明制备的碳量子点有较好的荧光猝灭效果,碳纳米点的荧光强度随着Fe3+浓度的增加而降低且呈线性相关性R2=0.98405,针对Fe3+具有优异的荧光传感性能,说明本发明制备的荧光碳纳米点在环境监测及传感分析等领域有应用前景。
实施例2
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于:100ml前驱体溶液中FeCl3·6H2O为0.2M,MgCl2·6H2O为0.4M。
本实施例所得催化剂在与实施例1相同实验条件下,60min阿比朵儿去除率达到92.23%。
实施例3
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于:步骤(1)中,100ml前驱体溶液中FeCl3·6H2O为0.4M,MgCl2·6H2O为0.4M。
本实施例所得催化剂在与实施例1相同实验条件下,60min阿比朵儿去除率达到95.44%。
实施例4
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于:管式炉以7℃/min加热至400℃保温1h。
所得催化剂在与实施例1相同实验条件下,60min阿比朵儿去除率达到66.03%。
实施例5
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于:管式炉以7℃/min加热至600℃保温1h。
所得催化剂在与实施例1相同实验条件下,60min阿比朵儿去除率达到82.22%。
实施例6
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于:水热反应温度为200℃。
所得碳量子点溶液在与实施例1相同实验条件下,发射出456nm蓝色荧光。
实施例7
本实施例与实施例1的不同之处在于:水热反应温度为160℃。
所得碳量子点溶液在与实施例1相同实验条件下,发射出447nm蓝色荧光。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明创造构思的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和变换,这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
(1)将氯化胆碱和乳酸混合加热搅拌均匀,制得低共熔溶剂;
(2)将秸秆粉末加入低共熔溶剂中进行脱除木质素处理,分别得到秸秆残渣与木质素-低共熔溶剂混合液;
(3)将氯化铁和氯化镁混合溶于水,得到前驱体溶液;然后将步骤(2)所得秸秆残渣加入所述前驱体溶液中浸渍吸附,接着加碱调pH形成共沉淀,过滤洗涤,得到固体A;
(4)将固体A在保护气氛下热解,得到生物炭负载铁镁双金属氧化物催化剂,即生物炭双金属催化剂;
(5)将步骤(2)所得木质素-低共熔溶剂混合液中加入丙酮水溶液,搅拌后静置沉降再过滤,过滤后的剩余溶液进行蒸发浓缩,得到浓缩木质素-低共熔溶剂;
(6)将步骤(5)所得浓缩木质素-低共熔溶剂进行水热反应,经透析、过滤,得到木质素荧光碳点溶液。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法,其特征在于步骤(1)中,乳酸和氯化胆碱的摩尔比为(10-20):1;加热温度为80-100℃,采用水浴恒温磁力搅拌,搅拌1-2h。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法,其特征在于步骤(2)中,秸秆粉末与低共熔溶剂的固液质量比为1:(10-20);脱除木质素处理时,采用90-100℃水浴恒温搅拌,搅拌6-12h。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法,其特征在于步骤(3)中,前驱体溶液中,氯化铁浓度为0.2-0.4M,氯化镁的浓度为0.2-0.4M;秸秆残渣和前驱体溶液之间的固液比为1g:(40-60)ml。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法,其特征在于步骤(3)中,浸渍吸附分为两个阶段,第一个阶段采用超声处理进行浸渍吸附,时间为0.5-1h;第二阶段采用室温磁力搅拌过夜的方式进行浸渍吸附。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法,其特征在于步骤(3)中,加碱调pH至10-11;共沉淀的条件为水浴40-60℃,时间4-6h;步骤(4)中,热解温度为400-800℃,热解时间为1-2h;以升温速率5-7℃/min升至热解温度。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种秸秆分级制备生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点的方法,其特征在于步骤(5)中,木质素-低共熔溶剂混合液和丙酮水溶液的体积比为1:(1-3),搅拌后室温12-24h静置沉降;其中丙酮水溶液由丙酮和水按体积比(1-2):1混合而成;步骤(6)中,水热反应条件为160-200℃反应6-12h;透析采用500-3000分子量透析膜透析6-12h。
8.权利要求1-7中任一项方法制备的生物炭双金属催化剂和木质素荧光碳点。
9.权利要求8所述的生物炭双金属催化剂在去除水体中污染物方面的应用,其特征在于应用方法为:将所述生物炭双金属催化剂与过硫酸盐同时加入到污染物水体中,从而实现水体中污染物的降解去除;其中,所述生物炭双金属催化剂与过硫酸盐在污染水体中的投加浓度分别为1-3g/l和0.2-0.8mM;生物炭双金属催化剂与过硫酸盐的质量比为100:(3-60)。
10.权利要求8所述的木质素荧光碳点在监测水体中Fe3+浓度方面的应用,其特征在于应用方法为:根据木质素荧光碳点的荧光强度随着Fe3+浓度的增加而降低且呈线性相关性,将待监测Fe3+浓度的水体加入木质素荧光碳点溶液中,根据荧光强度的变化,获得水体中的Fe3+浓度。
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