CN1145414C - 控制蜜蜂群落感染的方法 - Google Patents
控制蜜蜂群落感染的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1145414C CN1145414C CNB971971420A CN97197142A CN1145414C CN 1145414 C CN1145414 C CN 1145414C CN B971971420 A CNB971971420 A CN B971971420A CN 97197142 A CN97197142 A CN 97197142A CN 1145414 C CN1145414 C CN 1145414C
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- mite
- thymol
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- honeybee
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/18—Vapour or smoke emitting compositions with delayed or sustained release
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
- A01N37/04—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof polybasic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
Abstract
本发明涉及通过将在缓释制剂中的有效量的精油施用于蜂箱中以控制各种疾病的方法，其中术语油包括(但不限于)由植物提取的油或其精化组分例如薄荷醇、香叶醇、百里酚、月桂酸、柠檬醛、柠檬烯、蒈烯、樟脑、丁香酚或桉树脑(桉油精)；天然油如柠檬油、桉树油或栋树油；或有机酸如甲酸、乙酸或草酸。最优选的为单萜如百里酚或薄荷醇。最优选的为百里酚。
Description
本发明涉及控制蜜蜂螨、鳞翅目、真菌和细菌感染蜜蜂集落的方法，及适用于该目的的控制感染的组合物。
螨病(Varroasis)为由外寄生螨的欧洲蜜蜂群落(意大利蜂(Apismellifera))感染，它属于螨目(order of acaricides)瓦螨属贾螨(Varroajacobsoni)。
Varroa螨起源于亚洲，并由此基本上传播于所有的养殖意大利蜜蜂的国家。
另外，其它螨的感染如武氏螨病(Acarapis Woodii(Tracheal mite))和小蜂螨(Tropilaelaps clareae)鳞翅目感染如大蜡螟(Greater)和小蜡螟(Lesser Wax mothsy)、大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella)和小蜡螟(Achroiagrisella)双翅目感染如Braula caeca，真菌感染如蜜蜂僵死症、蜜蜂球孢菌和细菌感染分别如美国和欧洲的幼虫腐烂病、芽孢幼虫杆菌和Melissococcus pluton，可以对蜜蜂群落的生长造成严重损害。
瓦螨以正在生长的蜜蜂和成虫的血液为食，可以导致蜜蜂生长迟缓，蜜蜂群落的感染和死亡。的确，瓦螨属感染对于现在世界范围的蜜蜂养殖业是最严重的威胁。
现有各种治疗方法可用于控制这种疾病。然而，在欧洲南部的某些地区，瓦螨对于上述治疗的某些活性成份已经产生了耐药性，尤其是对除虫菊酯、氟氯苯菊酯、捷利康和杀螨菊酯为基础的产品，而且对蝇毒磷、双甲脒(amitrag)、马拉硫磷、cymiazole hydrochloride、毒虫畏、溴螨酯、杀螨王及其相关分子产生了耐药性。
已经发现将在缓释剂中一种的有效精油量应用于蜂箱可以有效地控制蜂箱中的各种疾病。
因此，本发明提供了控制蜜蜂群落中螨虫、鳞翅目、真菌和细菌感染的方法，它包括将在缓释剂中一种有效量的精油应用于蜜蜂群落的场所上。
本发明的目的，蜜蜂群落的场所较易理解，但不限于蜂箱，或蜂群所建的饲养或储存食物的类似容器，如蜂窝。
精油可理解为包括提取自植物的油或其基本成份，它有时可以是固体和有机酸。精油的例子有单萜如薄荷醇、香叶醇、百里酚、月桂烯、柠檬醛、柠檬烯、蒈烯、樟脑、丁香酚、桉树脑(桉油精)；天然油如柠檬油、桉树油或栋树油；或有机酸如甲酸、乙酸或草酸。最优选为单萜如百里酚或薄荷醇。最优选为百里酚。
在本文中，缓释剂是指在特定条件下以某一方式发挥特殊作用的制剂，其特点为，与原料活性物质相比，在给定的时间模式内，活性物质较规律地给药。尤其是，与挥发性精油有关的该制剂能够在蜂栖息处如蜂箱的密闭的环境中维持精油的稳定的蒸汽浓度。所以建议的缓释剂能够以恒定的速率释放调整的剂量。优选在选择的时间段内将精油指定的量释放到蜂箱内，如4-6周的时间内，该时间段至少为瓦螨属螨的一个繁殖周期。
活性成份(精油或有机酸)自制剂中通过蒸汽相转移到目标害虫上。在操作中，精油以调整的浓度自制剂中蒸发或升华到蜂环境(bee-enVironment)(如蜂箱)中并维持预先选择的浓度至少4-6周的治疗期。尽管蜂环境并非完全密封，然而自缓释制剂中释放的精油仍能有效地控制所述环境中各种害虫。这也可应用于影响孵化箱中蜜蜂幼虫的害虫，通过上述方法可有效地对其加以保护。
根据本发明，控制瓦螨属感染的方法有二个，一为有效地对抗对除虫菊酯的耐药性，也可提高蜂箱中瓦螨株的敏感性。
在文献中，使用百里酚非缓释剂用于控制瓦螨属感染是已知的。也有建议应用百里酚作为蜜蜂tracheal螨武氏螨病的控制剂。然而，用原料进行蜂箱处理所获得的控制水平是低的，至少是不稳定的。使用原料时，自晶体、粉末或液体形式的蒸发的自然速率主要取决于环境温度，即对蜂箱给药的剂量不能以原料形式充分调整。例如，用百里酚进行蜂群瓦螨属治疗要求多次应用或高应用剂量，这两种方法都能使得蜜蜂放弃蜂箱。高剂量对敏感的蜂幼虫也有毒性。
用本发明所建议的方法可以避免上述缺点。新方法不仅可有效地对抗瓦螨属，也可控制前面提到的所有其它蜜蜂致病生物。
本发明所提供的缓释制剂的例子有凝胶剂，可单独应用或在蜜蜂可接受的载体、浸渍物中；或与上述精油或有机酸结合的聚合基质中。感染蜂群的治疗优选以凝胶的形式、或凝胶条、凝胶丸、凝胶片，或者以充填有任何上述形式的给料盘(dispenser tray)给药，或任何其它类型的缓释分散体系。
缓释基质制剂可以任何类型的分散体系存在，例如浅塑料盘给料器，它具有完全密封的盖子，如塑料或铝的密封盖。基于本发明的方法中所使用的缓释制剂可根据本领域众所周知的方法进行制备。然而，根据本发明的缓释制剂应优选基质组成的凝胶，它包括以纯形式的精油或有机酸或者如液体制剂和凝胶形成量的增稠剂组分和蜜蜂可接受的载体物质。该制剂类型适合于固体或液体精油。
作为增稠剂组分，丙烯酸聚合物特别适合。适用于此目的的商品有：羧聚甲烯、羧乙烯聚合物或卡波姆如CARBOPOL(B.F.GoodrichCorp.，Cleveland，Ohio)。其它适合的增稠剂组分如羧甲基纤维素、聚乙烯乙酯醇如MOWIOL(HOECHST AG，Frankfurt，Germany)、长链铵盐如BENTONE(RHEOX GmbH，Leverkusen，Germany)亲水多糖如RHODOPOL(RH ONE POULENC，Paris)或KELZAN(KELCO COMP.San Diego)、或纤维素衍生物如TYLOSE(HOECHST AG，Frankfurt，Germany)。
根据本发明，缓释制剂的优选实施方案包括活性物质(精油或有机酸)、具有交联剂的增稠剂和水，但不要求存在任何其它的洗涤剂。
缓释剂中增稠剂的一般浓度为组合物总重量的0.01-1.5％，优选为0.1-1.0％、如0.3％、0-4％或0.5％。根据蜂环境中所需精油的浓度和所述环境的大小，本领域工作者可很容易确定其实际浓度。
在所有组合物中，精油的浓度不是关键，但适宜为组合物总重的5-50％之间。优选浓度在10-40％之间，例如20％、25％或30％。
精油与增稠剂的混合比例主要取决于增稠剂的量，它需要将精油或有机酸和载体的混合物转变成凝胶。在给定的成分范围内，它应在3∶1和5000∶1之间，优选在30∶1和90∶1之间，例如40∶1、50∶1、60∶1或70∶1。
在缓释制剂的一般制备中，将液体或固体精油加入到增稠剂如聚丙烯酸(例如CARBOPOLEZI)在水中的分散体中，然后通过加入适当量的季铵或仲胺(如0.01％-2％的三乙醇胺)使上述混合物进行交联。
聚丙烯酸与多官能团的胺的交联使得获得的凝胶具有网状(matrix)样结构。
获得的缓释制剂可在确定的治疗期间内释放有效量的必需酸(essential acid)或有机酸。在有效量下，我们是指精油或有机酸的足够量，它可提供至少80％的寄生虫/病原体感染控制而不会使蜂群产生严重的死亡率。通过日常实验可很容易地确定实际需要的和理想的浓度。
如此制备的新制剂可提供下列优点：
(1)该制剂包括在确定的时间段内和10-40℃的温度范围内将调整剂量的活性物质(精油或有机酸)释放到蜂箱中。
(2)该制剂在控制合成除虫菊酯耐药性和提高瓦螨属贾螨(jacobsoni mites)敏感性方面以及对于蜜蜂上的寄生虫都是高度有效的。
(3)该制剂也可有效地对抗：tracheal螨，武氏螨；大蜡螟(Greater)和小蜡螟(Lesser)，大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella)和小蜡螟(Achroiagrisella)；双翅目害虫Braula caeca；真菌感染分别如蜜蜂僵死症、蜜蜂球孢菌感染，细菌感染如美国和欧洲的幼虫腐烂病、杆菌幼虫和Melissococcus pluton。
本发明的方法优选和理想地应用于蜂群或早春或夏末的蜂环境，例如主要花蜜前或后期，但并不限于这些时间。
缓释制剂应置于蜂箱内部并在特定的时间段内留在此处，治疗期间不应短于4周并不应长于6周，到时应将制剂从蜂箱中取出。
根据气候区域，由于再感染压力的不同，可能必须在本年度晚些时候进行第二次这样的治疗。
实施例1：百里酚缓释制剂的制备
在搅拌下将0.38份的CARBOPOLEZ1缓慢地加到73.86份的水中。将25份的百里酚细粉碎并加到上述搅拌混合物中。对于获得的分散液，加入0.76份的三乙醇胺的50％水溶液用于交联的目的，形成凝胶。
将上述凝胶混合物分成50g每份并转移到浅的塑料盘配料器中。该盘的表面用铝或塑料箔盖完全密封。作为选择，浅铝盘可用凝胶填充并用塑料箔盖密封。
实施例2：分散体-制剂
根据实施例1的方法，制备固体精油的缓释制剂，它具有下列物质的组合物：
| 精油 | CARBOPOLEZ1 | 三乙醇胺(50％溶液) | 水 |
| 百里酚25％百里酚20％百里酚15％百里酚10％百里酚30％百里酚35％百里酚40％樟脑25％ | 0.38％0.38％0.48％0.48％0.38％0.38％0.38％0.38％ | 0.76％0.76％0.96％0.96％0.76％0.76％0.76％0.76％ | 73.86％78.86％83.56％88.56％68.86％63.86％58.86％73.86％ |
| 草酸钙加至25％ | 0.38％ | 0.76％ | 73.86％ |
实施3：混悬液-制剂
在搅拌下将0.38份的CARBOPOLEZ1缓慢地加到73.86份的水中。使用高速搅拌将25份的桉树脑(桉油精)混悬直至得到均匀的混悬液。为了交联的目的，将0.76份三乙醇胺的50％水溶液加到上述获得的混悬液中，形成凝胶。
将上述凝胶混合物分为50g每份并分配到浅塑料盘配料器中。上述盘的表面用铝或塑料箔盖完全密封。作为选择，浅铝盘可用凝胶填充并用塑料箔盖密封。
以相似的方式，制备下列液体精油制剂：
| 精油 | CARBOPOLEZ1 | 三乙醇胺(50％溶液) | 水 |
| 桉树脑25％柠檬烯25％薄荷醇25％*)栋树油25％乙酸30％甲酸25％ | 0.38％0.38％0.38％0.38％0.48％0.48％ | 0.76％0.76％0.76％0.76％0.96％0.96％ | 73.86％73.86％73.86％73.86％68.56％73.56％ |
*过程在40℃进行
实施例4：生物实验
将得自实施例1制备的25％百里酚基质缓释制剂的两个盘子(每一个含有50g的缓释凝胶)除去箔封盖打开上述盘子并置于蜂箱中宽架的上层。将盘子置于蜂箱中开始本实验并持续6周。记录蜂箱内部和外部的平均温度。蜂箱内部的平均温度为33-34℃，而外部的温度变化在17-35℃之间(夜/日)。
4-6周后，通过记录治疗期间所杀死的螨虫的总数，与未处理对照蜂箱相比，评价蜂群的感染，上述总数除以相同总数与最后经杀螨剂治疗后减少的螨数之和，杀灭所有的残存的螨。
结果如下：
| 治疗 | 初始感染 | 4周后感染 | 感染减少百分率％ |
| 百里酚每箱1盘每箱2盘对照 | 324024462873 | 16755572502 | 48.3％77.2％12.9％ |
结论
与对照(未处理)群相比，上述实验的缓释制剂可有效地对抗蜂箱中瓦螨属贾螨感染。
Claims (10)
1.控制蜜蜂群落中螨、鳞翅目、真菌和细菌感染的方法，包括将以缓释凝胶制剂形式的5-50％的单萜类化合物应用于蜂群的场所。
2.根据权利要求1的方法用于控制下列害虫：瓦螨属贾螨、武氏螨(Acarapis Woodii)和小蜂螨(Tropilaelaps clareae)；大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella)和小蜡螟(Achroia grisella)；Braulacaeca；蜜蜂球孢菌(Ascosphaera apis)；幼虫芽孢杆菌和Melissococcus pluton。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法用于控制瓦螨属贾螨。
4.根据权利要求1和2的任何一项的方法，其中单萜类化合物缓释凝胶制剂在蜂群环境中至少保持4-6周的治疗时间。
5.根据权利要求1-4的任何一项的方法，其中单萜类化合物可选自薄荷醇或百里酚。
6.根据权利要求5的方法，其中单萜类化合物选自百里酚。
7.用于控制蜂群中螨、鳞翅目、真菌和细菌感染的缓释凝胶制剂，包括5-50％的单萜类化合物以便于至少在4-6周内给予有效水平的单萜类化合物。
8.根据权利要求7的制剂，其中凝胶为具有完全密封盖的浅底盘配料器形式、凝胶条、凝胶丸、凝胶片、或填充有上述形式的配料盘。
9.根据权利要求7或8的制剂，其中单萜类化合物选自百里酚或薄荷醇。
10.根据权利要求9的制剂，其中单萜类化合物选自百里酚。
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1996
- 1996-06-13 GB GBGB9612403.7A patent/GB9612403D0/en active Pending
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1997
- 1997-06-12 DK DK97929177T patent/DK0869714T3/da active
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| GR3034981T3 (en) | 2001-02-28 |
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| PL330475A1 (en) | 1999-05-24 |
| DE69702960D1 (de) | 2000-10-05 |
| BG64362B1 (bg) | 2004-12-30 |
| CA2257840A1 (en) | 1997-12-18 |
| ATE195843T1 (de) | 2000-09-15 |
| IL127409A0 (en) | 1999-10-28 |
| HUP9903305A2 (en) | 2001-03-28 |
| PL186883B1 (pl) | 2004-03-31 |
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| CA2257840C (en) | 2008-11-18 |
| WO1997047193A1 (en) | 1997-12-18 |
| ES2150262T3 (es) | 2000-11-16 |
| CZ292432B6 (cs) | 2003-09-17 |
| CN1227465A (zh) | 1999-09-01 |
| RU2225727C2 (ru) | 2004-03-20 |
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| US6646014B2 (en) | 2003-11-11 |
| HUP9903305A3 (en) | 2001-10-29 |
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| DE69702960T2 (de) | 2000-12-28 |
| IL127409A (en) | 2001-08-26 |
| UA66761C2 (en) | 2004-06-15 |
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