CN108353936A - 臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,它涉及蜜蜂养殖技术领域。其防治步骤为:将制备的臭椿皮提取物通过熏蒸方式作用于蜂群,每箱用量为2‑10毫升,每隔5‑7天用药一次,每个疗程2‑3次。本发明操作简单,臭椿皮提取物资源广泛易得,不含有抗生素,对大、小蜂螨均有效,杀螨效果好,对蜜蜂毒性小,安全可靠。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及的是蜜蜂养殖技术领域,具体涉及臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法。
背景技术
目前,全世界发现的与蜜蜂有关的螨类(简称蜂螨)已有超过83种,而危害最为严重的是狄斯瓦螨和梅氏热厉螨。中国西方蜜蜂群中,100%感染狄斯瓦螨(Varroadestructor)(俗称“大蜂螨”,以下简称为“大蜂螨”),95%感染梅氏热厉螨(Tropilaclapsmercedesae)(俗称“小蜂螨”,以下简称为“小蜂螨”),使养蜂业遭受重大损失。大蜂螨以成蜂、幼虫或蛹的血淋巴为食,使新出房的蜜蜂体重减少、寿命缩短、采集力下降、雄蜂的交配能力降低等,大蜂螨还是很多病原的携带者和传播者,其与病毒的交叉感染比任何一种单一病毒感染更具危害性,能造成蜂群毁灭性的伤害。在很多地区,小蜂螨因其繁殖周期短,成为西方蜜蜂的一种长期的危害性寄生虫,小蜂螨主要寄生在蜜蜂巢房内,危害封盖幼虫、蛹,并导致后者变形、死亡,勉强出房的成年蜂通常表现出机体和生理上的缺陷。
大蜂螨和小蜂螨对蜜蜂的致病机理不同,造成的伤害也不同,防治大、小蜂螨是我国养蜂管理中必不可少的措施,如果没有周期性的治螨措施,蜂群的越冬死亡率接近100%。目前养蜂生产上防治大蜂螨的药物主要为氟胺氰菊酯、氟氯苯氰菊酯、双甲脒等化学杀螨剂,防治小蜂螨的药物主要为升华硫,但这些药物对蜜蜂影响较大,用药不均或药量大,都能引起蜜蜂中毒,且有可能污染蜂产品;而且这些化学杀螨剂频繁、长期使用,致使蜂螨产生抗药性。为了解决上述问题,设计一种臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法尤为必要。
发明内容
针对现有技术上存在的不足,本发明目的是在于提供一种臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,操作简单,原料易得,对大、小蜂螨均有效,杀螨效果好,对蜜蜂毒性小,安全可靠,易于推广使用。
为了实现上述目的,本发明是通过如下的技术方案来实现:臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,其步骤为:
(1)提取臭椿皮提取物:将从臭椿树枝干上取得的臭椿树皮置于45℃烘箱内烘干,用药碾子仔细碾碎过60目筛,收取细粉状物,用塑料袋装好放入4℃的低温冰箱中保存备用;称取50g臭椿树皮干粉,装入滤纸筒内,用脱脂棉塞入筒的上部,压住试样;将滤纸筒放入索氏提取器的浸提管内,纸筒的高度不要超过索氏提取器虹吸管顶部;向索氏提取器抽提瓶中加入250mL无水乙醚,用脱脂棉塞住冷凝管上口,连接好装置,进行水浴加热抽提,水浴温度为40℃,待提取器支管流下的液体为无色时即停止抽提,取下索氏提取器下部的圆底烧瓶,用旋转蒸发仪在39℃水浴中回收乙醚,即得到油状提取物,将其置于4℃冰箱中冷藏备用。
(2)防治:将制备的臭椿皮提取物通过熏蒸方式作用于蜂群,每箱用量为2-10毫升,每隔5-7天用药一次,每个疗程2-3次。
作为优选,所述的步骤(2)中熏蒸方式为:将臭椿皮提取物置于棉球中,放置在蜜蜂箱底,因棉球体积蓬松,而蜂箱温度在24℃-28℃之间,使臭椿皮提取物在蜂箱中起到较好的熏蒸作用。
作为优选,所述的步骤(2)中臭椿皮提取每箱用量2毫升,每隔7天放置一次,每个疗程3次,用药1个疗程。
作为优选,所述的步骤(2)中臭椿皮提取每箱用量5毫升,每隔6天放置一次,每个疗程2次,用药3个疗程。
作为优选,所述的步骤(2)中臭椿皮提取每箱用量7毫升,每隔5天放置一次,每个疗程3次,用药1个疗程。
本发明的有益效果:本方法操作简单,原料廉价易得,资源广泛,不含有抗生素,对大、小蜂螨均有效,杀螨效果好,对蜜蜂毒性小,安全性好,可靠性高。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解,下面结合具体实施方式,进一步阐述本发明。
本具体实施方式采用以下技术方案:臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,其步骤为:
(1)提取臭椿皮提取物:将臭椿树皮(从臭椿树枝干上取得)置于45℃烘箱内烘干,用药碾子仔细碾碎过60目筛,收取细粉状物,用塑料袋装好放入4℃的低温冰箱中保存备用;称取50g臭椿树皮干粉,装入滤纸筒内,用脱脂棉塞入筒的上部,压住试样;将滤纸筒放入索氏提取器的浸提管内,纸筒的高度不要超过索氏提取器虹吸管顶部;向索氏提取器抽提瓶中加入250mL无水乙醚,用脱脂棉塞住冷凝管上口,连接好装置,进行水浴加热抽提,水浴温度为40℃,待提取器支管流下的液体为无色时即停止抽提,取下索氏提取器下部的圆底烧瓶,用旋转蒸发仪在39℃水浴中回收乙醚,即得到油状提取物,将其置于4℃冰箱中冷藏备用。
(2)防治:将制备的臭椿皮提取物通过熏蒸方式作用于蜂群,每箱用量为2-10毫升,每隔5-7天用药一次,每个疗程2-3次。
值得注意的是,所述步骤(2)中熏蒸方式为:将臭椿皮提取物置于棉球中,放置在蜜蜂箱底,因棉球体积蓬松,而蜂箱温度在24℃-28℃之间,使臭椿皮提取物在蜂箱中起到较好的熏蒸作用。
本具体实施方式以资源广泛且廉价易得的天然植物臭椿树皮作为原料提取,臭椿皮提取物作为一种植物源杀螨剂,不含有抗生素,对蜂产品安全,杀螨效果好,对蜜蜂毒性小,对大、小蜂螨均有效,且臭椿树皮容易获得,可以进行工业化生产;本方法操作简单,具有广阔的市场应用前景。
实施例1:臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,针对一蜂螨感染较轻的蜂群,其防治方法为:在蜂群箱底放置加有2毫升制备好的臭椿皮提取物的棉球,每隔5天放置一次,每个疗程3次,用药1个疗程。
结果:用药一个疗程后,大蜂螨的巢房寄生率由用药前的6.38%下降到2.46%,蜂体寄生率由用药前的4.23%下降到了0.87%;小蜂螨的巢房寄生率由7.56%下降到2.18%,蜂体寄生率由用药前的4.67%下降到了1.17%;无蜜蜂中毒反应。
实施例2:臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,针对一蜂螨感染较重的蜂群,其防治方法为:在蜂群箱底放置加有2毫升臭椿皮提取物的棉球,每隔5天放置一次,每个疗程3次,用药3个疗程。
结果:用药3个疗程后,大蜂螨的巢房寄生率由用药前的8.56%下降到0.87%,蜂体寄生率由用药前的6.26%下降到了0.35%;小蜂螨的巢房寄生率由4.53%下降到0.25%,蜂体寄生率由用药前的4.6%下降到了0.27%;无蜜蜂中毒反应。
实施例3:臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,针对一蜂螨感染严重的蜂群,其防治方法为:在蜂群箱底放置加有7毫升臭椿皮提取物的棉球,每隔5天放置一次,每个疗程3次,用药1个疗程。
结果:用药1个疗程后,大蜂螨巢房寄生率由用药前的8.4%下降到0.88%,蜂体寄生率由用药前的7.58%下降到了0.66%;小蜂螨的巢房寄生率由8.3%下降到1.06%,蜂体寄生率由用药前的4.48%下降到了0.36%;无蜜蜂中毒反应。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理和主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。
Claims (5)
1.臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,其特征在于,其步骤为:
(1)提取臭椿皮提取物:将臭椿树皮置于45℃烘箱内烘干,用药碾子仔细碾碎过 60 目筛,收取细粉状物,用塑料袋装好放入4℃的低温冰箱中保存备用;称取50g臭椿树皮干粉,装入滤纸筒内,用脱脂棉塞入筒的上部,压住试样;将滤纸筒放入索氏提取器的浸提管内,纸筒的高度不要超过索氏提取器虹吸管顶部;向索氏提取器抽提瓶中加入250mL无水乙醚,用脱脂棉塞住冷凝管上口,连接好装置,进行水浴加热抽提,水浴温度为40℃,待提取器支管流下的液体为无色时即停止抽提,取下索氏提取器下部的圆底烧瓶,用旋转蒸发仪在 39℃水浴中回收乙醚,即得到油状提取物,将其置于4℃ 冰箱中冷藏备用;
(2)防治:将制备的臭椿皮提取物通过熏蒸方式作用于蜂群,每箱用量为2-10毫升,每隔5-7天用药一次,每个疗程2-3次。
2.根据权利要求1所述的臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤(2)中熏蒸方式为:将臭椿皮提取物置于棉球中,放置在蜜蜂箱底,因棉球体积蓬松,而蜂箱温度在24℃-28℃之间,使臭椿皮提取物在蜂箱中起到较好的熏蒸作用。
3.根据权利要求1所述的臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤(2)中臭椿皮提取每箱用量2毫升,每隔7天放置一次,每个疗程3次,用药1个疗程。
4.根据权利要求1所述的臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤(2)中臭椿皮提取每箱用量5毫升,每隔6天放置一次,每个疗程2次,用药3个疗程。
5.根据权利要求1所述的臭椿皮提取物防治蜂螨的方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤(2)中臭椿皮提取每箱用量7毫升,每隔5天放置一次,每个疗程3次,用药1个疗程。
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