CN108478545A - 薄荷醇作为防治蜂螨药物的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种薄荷醇作为防治蜂螨药物的方法,它涉及蜜蜂养殖技术领域。其流程为:将薄荷醇通过熏蒸方式作用于蜂群,每箱用量为2毫升,每隔5‑7天用药一次,每个疗程3‑5次即可。本发明操作简单,原料易得,对大、小蜂螨均有效,杀螨效果好,对蜜蜂毒性小,安全可靠,易于推广使用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及的是蜜蜂养殖技术领域,具体涉及一种薄荷醇作为防治蜂螨药物的方法。
背景技术
目前,全世界发现的与蜜蜂有关的螨类(简称蜂螨)已有超过83种,而危害最为严重的是狄斯瓦螨和梅氏热厉螨,中国西方蜜蜂群中,100%感染狄斯瓦螨(Varroadestructor)(俗称“大蜂螨”,以下简称为“大蜂螨”),95%感染梅氏热厉螨(Tropilaclapsmercedesae)(俗称“小蜂螨”,以下简称为“小蜂螨”),使养蜂业遭受重大损失。大蜂螨以成蜂、幼虫或蛹的血淋巴为食,使新出房的蜜蜂体重减少、寿命缩短、采集力下降、雄蜂的交配能力降低等;小蜂螨主要寄生在蜜蜂巢房内,危害封盖幼虫、蛹,并导致后者变形、死亡,勉强出房的成蜂通常表现出机体和生理上的缺陷,在很多地区,大、小蜂螨因其繁殖周期短,成为西方蜜蜂的一种长期的危害性寄生虫。
防治大、小蜂螨是我国养蜂管理中必不可少的措施,如果没有周期性的治螨措施,蜂群的越冬死亡率接近100%。目前养蜂生产上防治小蜂螨的最有效的药物主要为升华硫,防治大蜂螨的药物主要为卫生球、氟胺氰菊酯、氟氯苯氰菊酯、双甲脒等化学杀螨剂,但对蜜蜂影响较大,用药不均或药量大,都能引起蜜蜂中毒,且有可能污染蜂产品;而且这些化学杀螨剂频繁、长期使用,致使蜂螨产生抗药性。基于此,设计一种薄荷醇作为防治蜂螨药物的方法尤为必要。
发明内容
针对现有技术上存在的不足,本发明目的是在于提供薄荷醇作为防治蜂螨药物的方法,操作简单,原料易得,对大、小蜂螨均有效,杀螨效果好,对蜜蜂毒性小,安全可靠,易于推广使用。
为了实现上述目的,本发明是通过如下的技术方案来实现:一种薄荷醇作为防治蜂螨药物的方法,其流程为:将薄荷醇通过熏蒸方式作用于蜂群,每箱用量为2毫升,每隔5-7天用药一次,每个疗程3-5次即可。
作为优选,所述的薄荷醇通过熏蒸方式作用于蜂群的步骤为:将薄荷醇置于棉球中,放置在蜜蜂箱底,因棉球体积蓬松,而蜂箱温度在24℃-28℃之间,使薄荷醇在蜂箱中起到较好的熏蒸作用。
作为优选,所述的薄荷醇每隔7天用药一次,每个周期用药4次。
作为优选,所述的薄荷醇每隔6天用药一次,每个周期用药3次。
本发明的有益效果:本方法操作简单,原料廉价易得,资源广泛,不含有抗生素,对大、小蜂螨均有效,杀螨效果好,对蜜蜂毒性小,安全性好,可靠性高。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解,下面结合具体实施方式,进一步阐述本发明。
本具体实施方式采用以下技术方案:薄荷醇作为防治蜂螨药物的方法,其流程为:将薄荷醇通过熏蒸方式作用于蜂群,每箱用量为2毫升,每隔5-7天用药一次,每个疗程3-5次即可;所述的薄荷醇通过熏蒸方式作用于蜂群的步骤为:将薄荷醇置于棉球中,放置在蜜蜂箱底,因棉球体积蓬松,而蜂箱温度在24℃-28℃之间,使薄荷醇在蜂箱中起到较好的熏蒸作用。
本具体实施方式分别选取群势一致(8脾)、蜂螨寄生水平一致的蜂群各8群,分为两组,分别为试验组(薄荷醇组)各4群和对照组(卫生球防治大蜂螨)、(升化硫防治小蜂螨)组各4群,试验蜜蜂为意大利蜂,运用本方式对蜂螨进行防治,其用药方法为:秋季治螨时,蜂群每隔7天用药一次,一个周期用药3次,试验组在箱底加入含2毫升薄荷醇的棉球,对照组分别使用卫生球和升化硫放在蜂箱底部,每箱用量约3g。试验分析过程及结果如下:
(1)大、小蜂螨寄生率的计算:
①蜂体寄生率的计算:在用药前第1天和第3天、第5天分别统计大、小蜂螨的蜂体寄生率,每次用药结束后统计一次大、小蜂螨的蜂体寄生率。从每群蜜蜂随机取60-100只成年工蜂,放入酒精,待蜜蜂死后,将蜜蜂倒在白纸上,借助于放大镜仔细检查烧杯内壁、底部及白纸上的落螨个数,并用镊子挑动蜜蜂,观察蜂体上的螨,统计在一起叫落螨总数。由下列公式计算蜂体寄生率:
蜂体螨的寄生率(%)=落螨总数/检查蜂数×100%
②巢房寄生率的计算:统计时间同蜂体寄生率。从每群中随机提出一张封盖子脾,抖掉蜜蜂,用镊子挑开60-100个封盖房,夹出幼虫或蛹,检查蜂房中有无螨寄生。由下列公式计算巢房寄生率:
封盖房中螨的寄生率(%)=有螨封盖房数/封盖房检查总数×100%
③落螨数计算:在施药前用一张涂有凡士林的白纸铺在蜂箱底部铺,用药后每天统计白纸上的落满数,并计算每次用药后的总落螨数。
(2)实验结果
①落螨总数实验
表1:每次用药累计大蜂螨落螨数
用药方式 | 第一次用药后 | 第二次用药后 | 第三次用药后 |
卫生球 | 156 | 104.6 | 57 |
薄荷醇 | 102 | 162.5 | 68 |
表2每次用药累计小蜂螨落螨数
用药方式 | 第一次用药后 | 第二次用药后 | 第三次用药后 |
升化硫 | 165.3 | 114 | 46 |
薄荷醇 | 112 | 176.5 | 78.3 |
从表1和表2可以看出,在第一次用药后,卫生球、升化硫的落螨数高于薄荷醇组,但第二次和第三次用药后的落螨数薄荷醇就低于对照组,这是因为化学药物杀螨起效快,但持续性差;相反,源于植物的薄荷醇,对大、小蜂螨起稳定的毒杀作用,安全性高,对蜜蜂毒力低,且对蜂产品没有品质影响,整体效果上优于卫生球、升化硫。
②巢房寄生率
表3:大蜂螨巢房寄生率比较
巢房寄生率 | 用药前 | 第一次用药后 | 第二次用药后 | 第三次用药后 |
卫生球 | 7.8 | 6.56 | 5.76 | 2.96 |
薄荷醇 | 7.5 | 6.3 | 5.42 | 2.87 |
表4:小蜂螨巢房寄生率比较
巢房寄生率 | 用药前 | 第一次用药后 | 第二次用药后 | 第三次用药后 |
升化硫 | 7.6 | 6.76 | 5.85 | 3.1 |
薄荷醇 | 6.8 | 6.35 | 5.54 | 2.9 |
由表3和表4可以看出:经过薄荷醇和卫生球(大)、升华硫(小)处理后大、小蜂螨的寄生率均有下降。其中,薄荷醇的大蜂螨巢房寄生率由用药前的7.50%下降到2.87%,卫生球组的大蜂螨巢房寄生率由7.80%下降到2.96%;薄荷醇的小蜂螨巢房寄生率由用药前的6.80%下降到2.9%,升化硫组的小蜂螨巢房寄生率由7.60%下降到3.1%。薄荷醇组杀螨效果比较缓和,新出房的大、小蜂螨有机会潜入新封盖的巢房,总体效果与卫生球、升化硫组差异并不大。
综上所述,本具体实施方式以资源广泛且廉价易得的天然植物薄荷为原料提取,薄荷醇作为一种植物源杀螨剂,不含有抗生素,对蜂产品安全,杀螨效果好,对蜜蜂毒性小,对大、小蜂螨均有效,且原料易得,可以进行工业化生产,操作简单,具有广阔的市场应用前景。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理和主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。
Claims (4)
1.薄荷醇作为防治蜂螨药物的方法,其特征在于,其流程为:将薄荷醇通过熏蒸方式作用于蜂群,每箱用量为2毫升,每隔5-7天用药一次,每个疗程3-5次即可。
2.根据权利要求1所述的薄荷醇作为防治蜂螨药物的方法,其特征在于,所述的薄荷醇通过熏蒸方式作用于蜂群的步骤为:将薄荷醇置于棉球中,放置在蜜蜂箱底,因棉球体积蓬松,而蜂箱温度在24℃-28℃之间,使薄荷醇在蜂箱中起到较好的熏蒸作用。
3.根据权利要求1所述的薄荷醇作为防治蜂螨药物的方法,其特征在于,所述的薄荷醇每隔7天用药一次,每个周期用药3次。
4.根据权利要求1所述的薄荷醇作为防治蜂螨药物的方法,其特征在于,所述的薄荷醇每隔6天用药一次,每个周期用药4次。
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吴杰,主编: "《蜜蜂病敌害防治手册》", 30 April 2007, 中国农业出版社 * |
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