CN114522683A - 一种碳载Pd-M双金属单原子催化剂及其在C2H2双羰基化反应中应用 - Google Patents
一种碳载Pd-M双金属单原子催化剂及其在C2H2双羰基化反应中应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114522683A CN114522683A CN202011320934.5A CN202011320934A CN114522683A CN 114522683 A CN114522683 A CN 114522683A CN 202011320934 A CN202011320934 A CN 202011320934A CN 114522683 A CN114522683 A CN 114522683A
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- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
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- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
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- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
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- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- HVTICUPFWKNHNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodoethane Chemical compound CCI HVTICUPFWKNHNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- RVIQSSNDHKQZHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonyl diiodide Chemical class IC(I)=O RVIQSSNDHKQZHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
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- 150000004694 iodide salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 37
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
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- 101150003085 Pdcl gene Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 238000000833 X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 11
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- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 11
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- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000000731 high angular annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000000643 oven drying Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
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- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005997 Calcium carbide Substances 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021065 Pd—Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl benzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- CLZWAWBPWVRRGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-[2-[2-[2-[bis[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-bromophenoxy]ethoxy]-4-methyl-n-[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethyl]anilino]acetate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N(CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)C(OCCOC=2C(=CC=C(Br)C=2)N(CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)=C1 CLZWAWBPWVRRGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017147 Fe(CO)5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007259 addition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OIQOECYRLBNNBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide;cobalt Chemical compound [Co].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-].[O+]#[C-] OIQOECYRLBNNBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- DOTMOQHOJINYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N molecular nitrogen;molecular oxygen Chemical compound N#N.O=O DOTMOQHOJINYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
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- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07C67/36—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reaction with carbon monoxide or formates
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
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Abstract
一种碳载Pd‑M双金属单原子催化剂及其在C2H2双羰基化反应中应用。其特征在于,该催化剂含有主催化活性金属Pd和助催化活性金属M(Fe、Cu、V、Mn、Re、W、Mo、K、Li、La)中的第二原子,Pd为催化活性中心,且该两种金属原子均以碘化物或羰基碘化物的单核络合物形式单分散在碳载体表面。在本催化剂以及一定的反应条件下,C2H2、CO、O2、醇可高活性、高选择性的进行双羰基化反应。其创新点在于:(1)相比于单金属Pd催化剂,在没有O2参与的情况下,依然能够实现C2H2羰基化反应生成对应的丙烯酸酯;(2)该催化剂中的主催化活性金属,不仅提高了催化剂的C2H2双羰基化反应活性,还大大抑制单原子Pd单原子催化剂在反应过程中还原成金属态Pd0。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化化工技术领域,具体涉及一种碳载Pd-M双金属单原子催化剂及其在C2H2双羰基化反应中的应用。
背景技术
在工业催化剂中,负载型金属催化剂占比70%以上,尤其负载型贵金属催化剂,广泛用于各种催化剂反应。由于工业生产中,负载型金属催化剂通常为纳米金属催化剂,往往只有表面暴露的原子才具有催化剂活性,造成金属原子利用效率低,贵金属资源浪费。
与纳米金属催化剂相比,单原子催化剂由于其近100%的原子利用率,以及单一孤立的催化活性位点,使得其成为当代研究的新兴热点。
然而,相较于单金属活性位点催化剂,双金属活性位点催化剂更具吸引力,它不仅具有单点催化的本质特性,还具有双催化活性位点,往往表现出更佳的催化活性,可以实现不同反应的在相邻位点上的串联催化。其过程既可以表现为双活性位点协同催化,也可以表现为双活性位点接力催化。在双金属活性位点催化剂中,其不同的金属活性位点之间既能表现出协同催化,又可以表现为串联催化。同时,某些第二金属原子的存在,对于维持催化剂的反应活性,抑制催化剂的过渡还原,以及提高催化剂的稳定性和活性,调变产物的选择性等方面具有突出的作用和意义。
利用纳米金属颗粒的原位原子级单分散策略,使用CO和CH3I对负载型的纳米金属颗粒进行热处理,可以将其进行原位原子级单分散,从而制备出高负载量的碳基载体负载的Pd基双金属单原子催化剂。
乙炔,分子式C2H2,俗称电石气,是重要的有机合成原料,被称为“有机合成的工业之母”。利用电石加水即可轻易制取,我国新疆地区电石丰富,能够大量富产乙炔。
一定条件下乙炔聚合生成苯,甲苯,二甲苯,萘,蒽,苯乙烯,茚等芳烃。通过取代反应和加成反应,可生成一系列极有价值的产品。乙炔和一氧化碳及其他化合物(如水,醇,硫醇)等反应制取丙烯酸及其衍生物。
乙炔类精细化学品是乙炔化工发展的一个方向,它不仅可使乙炔下游产品大幅度增值,而且可以推动现代乙炔化工向纵深方向发展。利用乙炔和CO作为原料,在亲核试剂的进攻下可以发生乙炔羰基化反应。
其中,乙炔羰基化制丙烯酸及酯些研究大多为均相催化,发展了[Ni(CO)4],[Co(CO)4]2,Fe(CO)5和Pd基催化体系。使用Pd基催化体系,在引入氮氧配体、和浓硫酸、磺酸等前体下可以调变产物选择性,生产丁烯二酸酯、丁二酸酯以及马来酸酐等产物。
综上,现有乙炔羰基化主要存在以下几个问题:(1)基本为均相催化体系,存在催化剂容易流失,产物分离困难的问题;(2)反应只能进行单羰基化反应,使得产物大多为丙烯酸和丙烯酸酯;(3)催化剂用量大,效率低。少数负载型金属催化剂是金属纳米金属催化剂,其金属原子利用率低。负载的Pd基催化剂的稳定性还是不够理想,反应一段时候后会变成钯黑团聚,造成金属催化剂的浪费和流失。
发明内容
本发明的技术方案为:提供一种碳载体Pd-M双金属单原子催化剂及其在C2H2双羰基化反应中的应用,工艺新颖简单,条件温和,反应活性好,产物选择性高,收率可达90%以上,具有更高的技术竞争优势。相比于单金属Pd基催化剂,双金属Pd基单原子催化剂不仅提高了C2H2双羰基化的反应活性,极大的减小和抑制了活性Pd物种转成金属态的Pd0,从而增强了催化剂的稳定性和反应活性。
具体方案:需要使用一种碳载载Pd-M双金属单原子催化剂,其特征在于,该催化剂包括碳载体、主催化活性金属Pd,以及助催化活性金属M,M为Fe、Cu、V、Mn、Re、W、Mo、K、Li、La中的一种,Pd和M以卤化物和/或羰基卤化物的单核络合物形式单分散在碳载体表面。
Pd质量百分含量占比为0.1~3%,M和Pd的摩尔比例为0.1~5.0。
根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于,所述碳载体为椰壳炭。
先于碳载体上负载Pd和M,再浸渍、300~500℃焙烧1~5h、300~500℃H2还原1~5h。再利用CO和含卤素物质对其进行热处理,从而制得碳载双金属单原子催化剂。
所述含卤素物质为卤素、氢卤酸或卤代烷烃中的一种或二种以上,包括Cl2、Br2、I2等卤素,或HCl、HBr、HI或CH3Cl、CH3Br、CH3CH2Br、CH3CH2CH2Br、CH3I、CH3CH2I、CH3CH2CH2I、碘苯中的一种或二种以上;优选溴、碘、溴化物或者碘化物中的一种或二种以上,进一步优选碘或碘化物中的一种或二种;含卤素物质既可以通过CO鼓泡引入反应体系中,也可以通过泵引入反应体系中。
热处理条件为:温度100~350℃,压力0.1~3.0MPa,CO和含卤素物质的摩尔比例在0.1~10,处理时间为10min~10h。
所述碳载Pd-M双金属单原子催化剂在C2H2双羰基化反应中的应用。
反应产物为丙烯酸、丙烯酸酯、丁烯二酸、丁烯二酸酯及丁二酸酯中的一种或二种以上;反应温度为40~150℃,乙炔、CO分压分别为0.1~5.0MPa。制备醋酸丙烯酸时,反应组分为C2H2、CO、H2O以及醋酸,其中醋酸为溶剂,水和醋酸的摩尔比为1:2~1:10,乙炔与水的摩尔比为1:2~1:10。制备丙酸酯时,反应组分为C2H2、CO和对应的醇,乙炔与对应醇的摩尔比为1:2~1:10。制备丁烯二酸时,反应组分为C2H2、CO、空气、水以及醋酸,其中醋酸为溶剂,空气分压为0.1~5.0MPa,水和醋酸的摩尔比为1:2~1:10,乙炔与水的摩尔比为1:2~1:10。制备丁烯二酸酯时,反应组分为反应组分为C2H2、CO、空气和对应的醇,空气分压为0.1~5.0MPa,C2H2与对应醇的摩尔比为1:2~1:10。所述对应的醇为甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、戊醇和辛醇中的一种。
反应于釜式反应器中进行,反应底物C2H2和催化剂中Pd的摩尔比为2000~15000。
本申请专利的有益效果包括但不限于:
与现有的技术相比,本发明提供了一种碳载体Pd-M双金属单原子催化剂及其在C2H2双羰基化反应中的应用。该方法中所用到的催化剂Pd-M为负载型的双金属单原子催化剂,属于单原子催化的范畴。金属钯和另一种金属均以碘化物或单核羰基碘化络合物形式原子级单分散在载体表面,并应用于C2H2双羰基化反应中,工艺新颖简单,条件温和,反应活性好,产物选择性高,收率可达90%以上,创新性强,具有更高的技术竞争优势。且相比于碳基载体负载的单金属Pd基催化剂,双金属Pd基单原子催化剂,不仅提高了催化剂的反应活性,还极大的减小和抑制了活性Pd物种转成金属态的Pd0,从而增强了催化剂的稳定性。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例详述本申请,但本申请并不局限于这些实施例。
如无特殊说明,本申请所用原料和试剂均来自商业购买,未经处理直接使用,所用仪器设备采用厂家推荐的方案和参数。
实施例中,所有催化剂评价结果均采用安捷伦公司(Agilent)7890B型液相色谱仪,FID检测器,毛细管柱,内标法分析液相组成,苯甲酸甲酯为内标物。
根据各产物组成计算得到产品选择性。
本申请的实施例中,乙炔的转化率、产物的选择性都基于已转化的乙炔的碳摩尔数进行计算
实施例1
量取5mL37%的浓HCl加入10mL去离子水,称取0.34g PdCl2在上述15mL盐酸溶液中溶解,然后浸渍10.0g椰壳炭。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,氢气300℃还原2h,然后用一氧化碳和碘甲烷的混合气氛(压力为:0.1MPa;摩尔比CO:CH3I=2)于240℃处理2h,得到椰壳活性炭负载的Pd单原子催化剂,记为Pd1/AC。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS、球差电镜HAADF-STEM等即可知道制得的催化剂为碳载单原子Pd催化剂。此实施例为对比案例。
实施例2
量取5mL37%的浓HCl加入10mL去离子水,称取0.34g PdCl2、0.1gFeCl3在上述15mL盐酸溶液中溶解,然后浸渍10.0g椰壳炭。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,氢气300℃还原2h,然后用一氧化碳和碘甲烷的混合气氛(压力为:0.1MPa;摩尔比CO:CH3I=2)于240℃处理2h,得到椰壳活性炭负载的Pd-Fe单原子催化剂,记为Pd1-Fe1/AC。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS、球差电镜HAADF-STEM等即可知道制得的催化剂为碳载双金属单原子Pd-Fe催化剂。
实施例3
量取5mL37%的浓HCl加入10mL去离子水,称取0.34g PdCl2、0.1gCuCl2在上述15mL盐酸溶液中溶解,然后浸渍10.0g椰壳炭。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,氢气300℃还原2h,然后用一氧化碳和碘甲烷的混合气氛(压力为:0.1MPa;摩尔比CO:CH3I=2)于240℃处理2h,得到椰壳活性炭负载的Pd-Cu单原子催化剂,记为Pd1-Cu1/AC。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS、球差电镜HAADF-STEM等即可知道制得的催化剂为碳载双金属单原子Pd-Ci催化剂。
实施例4
量取5mL37%的浓HCl加入10mL去离子水,称取0.34gPdCl2、0.1gV2O5在上述15mL盐酸溶液中溶解,然后浸渍10.0g椰壳炭。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,氢气300℃还原2h,然后用一氧化碳和碘甲烷的混合气氛(压力为:0.1MPa;摩尔比CO:CH3I=2)于240℃处理2h,得到椰壳活性炭负载的Pd-V单原子催化剂,记为Pd1-V1/AC。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS、球差电镜HAADF-STEM等即可知道制得的催化剂为碳载双金属单原子Pd-V催化剂。
实施例5
量取5mL37%的浓HCl加入10mL去离子水,称取0.34g PdCl2、0.10gMnO2在上述15mL盐酸溶液中溶解,然后浸渍10.0g椰壳炭。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,氢气300℃还原2h,然后用一氧化碳和碘甲烷的混合气氛(压力为:0.1MPa;摩尔比CO:CH3I=2)于240℃处理2h,得到椰壳活性炭负载的Pd-Mn单原子催化剂,记为Pd1-Mn1/AC。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS、球差电镜HAADF-STEM等即可知道制得的催化剂为碳载双金属单原子Pd-Mn催化剂。
实施例6
量取5mL37%的浓HCl加入10mL去离子水,称取0.34g PdCl2、0.10gHReO4·4H2O在上述15mL盐酸溶液中溶解,然后浸渍10.0g椰壳炭。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,氢气300℃还原2h,然后用一氧化碳和碘甲烷的混合气氛(压力为:0.1MPa;摩尔比CO:CH3I=2)于240℃处理2h,得到椰壳活性炭负载的Pd-Re单原子催化剂,记为Pd1-Re1/AC。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS、球差电镜HAADF-STEM等即可知道制得的催化剂为碳载双金属单原子Pd-Re催化剂。
实施例7
量取5mL37%的浓HCl加入10mL去离子水,称取0.34g PdCl2、0.10gWO3在上述15mL盐酸溶液中溶解,然后浸渍10.0g椰壳炭。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,氢气300℃还原2h,然后用一氧化碳和碘甲烷的混合气氛(压力为:0.1MPa;摩尔比CO:CH3I=2)于240℃处理2h,得到椰壳活性炭负载的Pd-W单原子催化剂,记为Pd1-W1/AC。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS、球差电镜HAADF-STEM等即可知道制得的催化剂为碳载双金属单原子Pd-W催化剂。
实施例8
量取5mL37%的浓HCl加入10mL去离子水,称取0.34g PdCl2、0.10gMoO3在上述15mL盐酸溶液中溶解,然后浸渍10.0g椰壳炭。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,氢气300℃还原2h,然后用一氧化碳和碘甲烷的混合气氛(压力为:0.1MPa;摩尔比CO:CH3I=2)于240℃处理2h,得到椰壳活性炭负载的Pd-Mo单原子催化剂,记为Pd1-Mo1/AC。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS、球差电镜HAADF-STEM等即可知道制得的催化剂为碳载双金属单原子Pd-Mo催化剂。
实施例9
量取5mL37%的浓HCl加入10mL去离子水,称取0.34g PdCl2、0.10gKCl在上述15mL盐酸溶液中溶解,然后浸渍10.0g椰壳炭。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,氢气300℃还原2h,然后用一氧化碳和碘甲烷的混合气氛(压力为:0.1MPa;摩尔比CO:CH3I=2)于240℃处理2h,得到椰壳活性炭负载的Pd-K单原子催化剂,记为Pd1-K1/AC。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS、球差电镜HAADF-STEM等即可知道制得的催化剂为碳载双金属单原子Pd-K催化剂。
实施例10
量取5mL37%的浓HCl加入10mL去离子水,称取0.34g PdCl2、0.10gLiCl在上述15mL盐酸溶液中溶解,然后浸渍10.0g椰壳炭。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,氢气300℃还原2h,然后用一氧化碳和碘甲烷的混合气氛(压力为:0.1MPa;摩尔比CO:CH3I=2)于240℃处理2h,得到椰壳活性炭负载的Pd-Li单原子催化剂,记为Pd1-Li1/AC。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS、球差电镜HAADF-STEM等即可知道制得的催化剂为碳载双金属单原子Pd-Li催化剂。
实施例11
量取5mL37%的浓HCl加入10mL去离子水,称取0.34g PdCl2、0.10gLa2O3在上述15mL盐酸溶液中溶解,然后浸渍10.0g椰壳炭。90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,氢气300℃还原2h,然后用一氧化碳和碘甲烷的混合气氛(压力为:0.1MPa;摩尔比CO:CH3I=2)于240℃处理2h,得到椰壳活性炭负载的Pd-La单原子催化剂,记为Pd1-La1/AC。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS、球差电镜HAADF-STEM等即可知道制得的催化剂为碳载双金属单原子Pd-La催化剂。
乙炔羰基化的反应性能,底物以甲醇为例。
分别称取300mg实施例1-11中所得催化剂,置于含有10g甲醇的25mL的釜式反应器中;通入含有(空气)、CO、乙炔的混合气(其中:C2H2压力为0.5MPa、CO压力为2.0MPa、空气压力为3.0MPa),反应温度70℃,600rpm搅拌速度下,反应5h后,分析并计算乙炔的转化率和各产物的选择性,结果详见表1。
表1
*代表反应中不加空气,1和1*为炭载单金属催化剂的对比例。
以上所述,仅是本申请的几个实施例,并非对本申请做任何形式的限制,虽然本申请以较佳实施例揭示如上,然而并非用以限制本申请,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员,在不脱离本申请技术方案的范围内,利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许的变动或修饰均等同于等效实施案例,均属于技术方案范围内。
Claims (9)
1.一种碳载载Pd-M双金属单原子催化剂,其特征在于,该催化剂包括碳载体、主催化活性金属Pd,以及助催化活性金属M,M为Fe、Cu、V、Mn、Re、W、Mo、K、Li、La中的一种,Pd和M以卤化物和/或羰基卤化物的单核络合物形式原子级单分散在碳载体表面。
2.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于,Pd质量百分含量占比为0.1~3%,M和Pd的摩尔比例为0.1~5.0。
3.根据权利要求1所述催化剂,其特征在于,所述碳载体为椰壳炭。
4.一种权利要求1~3任一所述催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:
先于碳载体上负载Pd和M,再浸渍、300~500℃焙烧1~5h、300~500℃H2还原1~5h;再利用CO和含卤素物质对其进行热处理,从而制得碳载双金属单原子催化剂。
5.根据权利4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述含卤素物质为卤素、氢卤酸或卤代烷烃中的一种或二种以上,包括Cl2、Br2、I2等卤素,或HCl、HBr、HI或CH3Cl、CH3Br、CH3CH2Br、CH3CH2CH2Br、CH3I、CH3CH2I、CH3CH2CH2I、碘苯中的一种或二种以上;优选溴、碘、溴化物或者碘化物中的一种或二种以上,进一步优选碘或碘化物中的一种或二种;
含卤素物质既可以通过CO鼓泡引入反应体系中,也可以通过泵引入反应体系中。
6.根据权利4的制备方法,其特征在于,热处理条件为:温度100~350℃,压力0.1~3.0MPa,CO和含卤素物质的摩尔比例在0.1~10,处理时间为10min~10h。
7.一种权利要求1~4任一所述碳载Pd-M双金属单原子催化剂在C2H2双羰基化反应中的应用。
8.根据权利要求7所述的应用,反应产物为丙烯酸、丙烯酸酯、丁烯二酸、丁烯二酸酯及丁二酸酯中的一种或二种以上;
反应温度为40~150℃,乙炔、CO分压分别为0.1~5.0MPa;
制备醋酸丙烯酸时,反应组分为C2H2、CO、H2O以及醋酸,其中醋酸为溶剂,水和醋酸的摩尔比为1:2~1:10,乙炔与水的摩尔比为1:2~1:10;
制备丙酸酯时,反应组分为C2H2、CO和对应的醇,乙炔与对应醇的摩尔比为1:2~1:10;
制备丁烯二酸时,反应组分为C2H2、CO、空气、水以及醋酸,其中醋酸为溶剂,空气分压为0.1~5.0MPa,水和醋酸的摩尔比为1:2~1:10,乙炔与水的摩尔比为1:2~1:10;
制备丁烯二酸酯时,反应组分为反应组分为C2H2、CO、空气和对应的醇,空气分压为0.1~5.0MPa,C2H2与对应醇的摩尔比为1:2~1:10;
所述对应的醇为甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、戊醇和辛醇中的一种。
9.根据权利要求7所述的应用,反应于釜式反应器中进行,反应底物C2H2和催化剂中Pd的摩尔比为2000~15000。
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