WO2022105199A1 - 一种钯基催化剂及其制备方法、应用 - Google Patents
一种钯基催化剂及其制备方法、应用 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022105199A1 WO2022105199A1 PCT/CN2021/099116 CN2021099116W WO2022105199A1 WO 2022105199 A1 WO2022105199 A1 WO 2022105199A1 CN 2021099116 W CN2021099116 W CN 2021099116W WO 2022105199 A1 WO2022105199 A1 WO 2022105199A1
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- Prior art keywords
- palladium
- preparation
- activated carbon
- source
- compound
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- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 129
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 103
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
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- GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Pd+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O GPNDARIEYHPYAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- FWLKYEAOOIPJRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-1-yn-1-ol Chemical compound CC#CO FWLKYEAOOIPJRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/36—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reaction with carbon monoxide or formates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/44—Palladium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/02—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/185—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/185—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals
- B01J27/1856—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals with platinum group metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/24—Nitrogen compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/34—Esters of acyclic saturated polycarboxylic acids having an esterified carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom
- C07C69/40—Succinic acid esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/52—Esters of acyclic unsaturated carboxylic acids having the esterified carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom
- C07C69/593—Dicarboxylic acid esters having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/52—Esters of acyclic unsaturated carboxylic acids having the esterified carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom
- C07C69/593—Dicarboxylic acid esters having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C07C69/60—Maleic acid esters; Fumaric acid esters
Definitions
- the carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalyst can be prepared by in-situ atomic-level monodispersion.
- Isomers of methylstyrene acetylene is condensed with one molecule of formaldehyde to form propynol, and two molecules of formaldehyde are condensed to form butynediol; acetylene and acetone can be subjected to addition reaction to produce methylynol, which is then reacted to generate isopentyl Diene; Acetylene and carbon monoxide and other compounds (such as water, alcohol, thiol) react to prepare acrylic acid and its derivatives.
- the active component includes palladium element
- the palladium element is monoatomic dispersed in the palladium-based catalyst in the form of a mononuclear complex, as shown in formula I:
- X is selected from halogen; Described halogen is selected from at least one in bromine, iodine;
- the mononuclear complex is anchored to the surface of the activated carbon through the M-containing functional group.
- the mass content of the active component is 0.1-5%;
- the mass of the active component is based on the mass of palladium element.
- the halogen in the halogen source is selected from at least one of bromine and iodine;
- the halogen source is selected from at least one of elemental halogen, halogen acid and halogenated hydrocarbon.
- the mass ratio of the M source to the activated carbon is 0.01-1:1.
- the mass concentration of the solution containing palladium salt is 0.56-2.27%.
- the CO can be introduced into the reaction system by CO bubbling, or it can be introduced into the reaction system through a pump.
- the halogenated hydrocarbon is selected from CH3Br , CH3CH2Br , CH3CH2CH2Br , CH3I , CH3CH2I , CH3CH2CH2I , iodobenzene at least one of.
- the M source is selected from at least one of an oxygen source, a nitrogen source, a phosphorus source, and a sulfur source;
- the oxygen source is selected from nitric acid
- the nitrogen source is selected from at least one of NH 3 and porphyrin compounds
- the phosphorus source is selected from at least one of PCl 3 and triphenylphosphine polymer;
- the sulfur source is selected from at least one of sulfuric acid and thiourea compounds.
- the M source is selected from at least one of NH 3 , porphyrin compounds, nitric acid, PCl 3 , triphenylphosphine polymer, sulfuric acid, and thiourea compounds;
- the activated carbon is selected from at least one of coconut shell activated carbon and apricot shell activated carbon;
- Described palladium salt is selected from at least one in soluble palladium salt
- the halogenated hydrocarbon is selected from at least one of C 1 -C 6 halogenated alkanes and C 6 -C 10 halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.
- the conditions of the reaction I are: the temperature is 100 ⁇ 250° C.; the pressure is normal pressure; and the time is 10min ⁇ 10h.
- step (1) is selected from any one of the following steps:
- the compound A is selected from at least one of NH 3 and PCl 3 ;
- Step q the solution containing the porphyrin compound is dipped into the activated carbon, and then treated at 300-500° C. for 2-12 h to obtain the precursor i;
- Step n treating the mixture containing nitric acid and activated carbon at 200-400° C. for 2-6 hours to obtain the precursor i;
- Step s Immerse the mixed solution containing triphenylphosphine compound monomer and initiator into the activated carbon, treat at 100° C. for 6-12 hours, and then treat at 300-350° C. for 2-12 hours to obtain the precursor i;
- Step t treating the mixture containing sulfuric acid and activated carbon at 60-100° C. for 2-24 hours to obtain the precursor i;
- Step v Impregnating the solution containing the thiourea compound into the activated carbon to obtain the precursor i.
- the step q includes: immersing a solution containing a porphyrin compound into the activated carbon, removing the solvent at 60-80° C., and then treating at 300-500° C. for 2-12 hours to obtain the precursor. body i.
- the mass fraction of the nitric acid is 1-10%.
- the mass fraction of the sulfuric acid is 1-10%.
- the step m includes: substituting PCl 3 with saturated steam at 60-80° C. into a flow tube containing activated carbon for treatment at 500-900° C. for 2-12 hours.
- the thiourea compound is selected from thiourea, tetramethylthiourea, 4-acetylthiosemicarbazide, 3,4-dichlorophenylthiourea, o-tolylthiourea, N,N' - at least one of diphenylthiourea;
- porphyrins are selected from porphyrins
- the mixed solution of the triphenylphosphine compound monomer and the initiator is impregnated with the activated carbon carrier to prepare the precursor i, the initiator is selected from azobisisobutyronitrile; the triphenylphosphine compound monomer is selected from ethylene triphenylphosphine.
- the triphenylphosphine polymer is prepared by polymerizing a triphenylphosphine compound monomer and an initiator.
- a preparation method of a butenedioate compound comprising:
- the butenedioate compound can be obtained;
- the compound R is selected from at least one of water and alcohol compounds
- the palladium-based catalyst is selected from at least one of the above-mentioned palladium-based catalyst and the palladium-based catalyst prepared according to the above-mentioned method.
- the conditions of the reaction II are: the temperature is 40-130° C.; the time is 1-24 h.
- the alcohol compounds are selected from C 1 -C 10 alcohol compounds;
- the alkyne is selected from C 1 -C 10 alkynes.
- the C 1 -C 10 alcohol compound is selected from at least one of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, and octanol;
- the C 1 -C 10 alkyne is selected from at least one of acetylene, propyne, butyne, pentyne, hexyne, heptyne, octyne, and phenylacetylene.
- the conditions of the reaction II are: the temperature is 50-120°C.
- the molar ratio of the alkyne, the carbon monoxide and the compound R is 1:(1-30):(2-10);
- the oxygen is derived from air; the pressures of the carbon monoxide and the air are independently selected from 0.1-6.0 Mpa;
- halogen in the material, also include halogen
- the halogen source is selected from at least one of simple bromine, simple iodine, brominated alkane, and halogenated alkane.
- the oxygen is derived from oxygen in the air.
- the mixture A includes an alcohol compound and a halogen source.
- a certain amount of elemental iodine or methyl iodide can be dissolved in the reaction substrate alcohol to maintain the stability and sustainability of the catalyst during the reaction process, and 0.01-0.1 g of elemental alcohol is dissolved in each gram of raw material alcohol. Iodine or iodomethane.
- the selectivity of the product can be adjusted according to the composition of the substrate.
- the reaction substrates are composed of acetylene, CO, water and acetic acid, and acetic acid is the solvent;
- the reaction substrates are composed of acetylene, CO and corresponding alcohol;
- the reaction components are It is acetylene, CO, air, water and acetic acid, wherein acetic acid is the solvent;
- the reaction components are acetylene, CO, air and corresponding alcohol, and other alkynes are similar.
- the present invention provides a N, O, P, S modified carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalyst and its application in the double carbonylation of alkynes.
- the catalyst Pd used in the method is a supported single-metal active site Pd catalyst, which belongs to the category of single-atom catalysis.
- Pd is atomically dispersed in the form of a mononuclear complex of carbonyl palladium iodide on the surface of the carrier modified with N, O, P, S functional groups, and is used in carbonylation reactions such as acetylene.
- the process is novel and simple, the conditions are mild, and the reactivity Good, high product selectivity, no need to add corrosive sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and other solvents during the reaction, and no need to add sulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid and other co-catalysts, avoiding equipment corrosion, innovative Strong, with a higher technological competitive advantage.
- FIG. 2 is a spherical aberration electron microscope (HAADF-STEM) photograph of the sample Pd 7 /AC-S prepared in Example 7.
- FIG. 2 is a spherical aberration electron microscope (HAADF-STEM) photograph of the sample Pd 7 /AC-S prepared in Example 7.
- the transmission electron microscope was detected by the instrument of Japan JEM-2100.
- the spherical aberration electron microscope is detected by the instrument of Japan JEM-ARM200F.
- the product selectivity was calculated according to the composition of each product.
- Con represents the conversion rate of acetylene
- Sel represents the selectivity of the product
- MA, DMSu, DMM, DMF represent methyl acrylate, dimethyl succinate, methyl butenedicarboxylate (isomers Z and E), respectively .
- Other product selectivities were calculated similarly.
- Carbon carrier pretreatment NH 3 (30ml/min) was passed into a flow tube containing 30g coconut shell activated carbon for 6h treatment at 800°C. Dissolve 0.17g of PdCl 2 in 15ml of deionized water, add 10g of treated coconut shell activated carbon, soak and stir until no bubbles are formed, evaporate the solvent in a water bath at 90°C, bake in an oven at 120°C for 8 hours, and bake under nitrogen protection at 300°C for 4 hours.
- Carbon carrier pretreatment Dissolve 5g of porphyrin in 45mL of ethyl acetate, then impregnate 30g of coconut shell activated carbon, remove the solvent at 60-80°C, and then treat at 350°C for 6h; measure 0.51g of PdCl 2 and dissolve it in 15ml of deionized water, then add 10g of the treated coconut shell charcoal was soaked and stirred until no bubbles were formed, the solvent was evaporated in a water bath at 90°C, dried in an oven at 120°C for 8 hours, calcined under nitrogen protection at 300°C for 4 hours, and then reduced with hydrogen at 300°C for 2 hours to obtain Pd/AC supported by activated carbon.
- Nanoparticles and then treated with a mixture of CO and CH 2 I 2 (molar ratio 0.5:1) at 250 °C for 0.5 h to obtain N-modified carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalysts, marked as: Pd 2 /AC-N catalysts .
- the mass fraction of Pd is 3wt%.
- X-ray diffraction XRD, X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum XAFS, spherical aberration electron microscope HAADF-STEM, etc. it can be known that the prepared catalyst is an N-modified carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalyst.
- Carbon carrier pretreatment 45ml of 10wt% concentrated nitric acid was added to a small pot at 60°C, 30g of coconut shell activated carbon was added for oxidation treatment for 6h, and then dried at 120°C. Dissolve 0.22g of Pd(NO 3 ) 2 in 15ml of deionized water, add 10g of treated coconut shell charcoal, immerse and stir until no bubbles are formed, evaporate the solvent in a water bath at 90°C, dry in an oven at 120°C for 8 hours, and then dry at 300°C for 8 hours.
- the activated carbon-supported Pd/AC nanoparticles were obtained by calcining under nitrogen protection for 4 h, and then reducing with hydrogen at 300 °C for 2 h.
- O-modified carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalyst labeled as: Pd 3 /AC-O catalyst.
- the mass fraction of Pd is 0.9 wt %.
- X-ray diffraction XRD, X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum XAFS, spherical aberration electron microscope HAADF-STEM, etc. it can be known that the prepared catalyst is an O-modified carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalyst.
- Carbon carrier pretreatment 5g PCl 3 was substituted into a flow tube containing 30g coconut shell activated carbon at 80°C saturated steam at 650°C for 12h treatment. Dissolve 0.18g of Pd(OAc) 2 in 15ml of deionized water, add 10g of treated coconut shell charcoal, soak and stir until no bubbles are formed, evaporate the solvent in a water bath at 90°C, dry it in an oven at 120°C for 8 hours, and dry it at 300°C with nitrogen.
- Pd 4 /AC-P catalyst Protected calcination for 4 h, and then reduced with hydrogen at 300 °C for 2 h to obtain Pd/AC nanoparticles supported by activated carbon, and then treated with a mixture of CO and C 2 H 5 Br (molar ratio 5:1) at 150 ° C for 3.0 h, that is, P-modified carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalyst, marked as: Pd 4 /AC-P catalyst.
- the mass fraction of Pd is 0.85wt%.
- X-ray diffraction XRD, X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum XAFS, spherical aberration electron microscope HAADF-STEM, etc. it can be known that the prepared catalyst is a P-modified carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalyst.
- Carbon carrier pretreatment dissolve 5g vinyltriphenylphosphine monomer in 45mL tetrahydrofuran, add 0.1g azobisisobutyronitrile initiator for polymerization, then add coconut shell activated carbon for impregnation, and then dry at 60 ⁇ 80°C, Then it was dried again at 120°C, and processed again under the protection of He at 300°C.
- PdCl 2 Dissolve 0.85g of PdCl 2 in 15ml of deionized water, add 10g of treated coconut shell charcoal, immerse and stir until no bubbles are formed, evaporate the solvent in a water bath at 90°C, dry in an oven at 120°C for 8 hours, and bake under nitrogen protection at 300°C for 4 hours , and then reduced with hydrogen at 300 °C for 2 h to obtain Pd/AC nanoparticles supported by activated carbon, and then treated with a mixture of CO and C 2 H 5 I (molar ratio 10:1) at 200 ° C for 6.0 h to obtain P modification Carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalyst, labeled: Pd 5 /AC-P catalyst. Among them, the mass fraction of Pd is 5wt%.
- the prepared catalyst is a P-modified carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalyst.
- Carbon carrier pretreatment 45ml of 10wt% sulfuric acid was refluxed for 30g coconut shell activated carbon at 80°C for 12h, and then dried at 120°C. Dissolve 0.02g of PdCl2 in 15ml of deionized water, add 10g of treated coconut shell charcoal, impregnate and stir until no bubbles are formed, evaporate the solvent in a water bath at 90°C, dry in an oven at 120°C for 8 hours, and bake under nitrogen protection at 300°C for 4 hours.
- Carbon carrier pretreatment dissolve 5g of thiourea in 45mL of ether organic solvent, then add 30g of coconut shell activated carbon to impregnate it, and then dry at 80°C. Dissolve 0.85g of PdCl 2 in 15ml of deionized water, add 10g of coconut shell charcoal, soak and stir until no bubbles are formed, evaporate the solvent in a water bath at 90°C, dry in an oven at 120°C for 8 hours, and bake under nitrogen protection at 300°C for 4 hours.
- FIG. 1 is the XAFS R-space map of the sample Pd 7 /AC-S.
- Table 1 shows the fitting results of the first shell coordination of Pd in the XAFS of the sample Pd 7 /AC-S. It can be seen from the figure that in the Pd 7 /AC-S catalyst, there is no Pd-Pd metal corresponding to metal nanoparticles.
- the carbon carrier has no pretreatment. Measure 0.17g PdCl 2 and dissolve it in 15ml deionized water, then add 10g untreated coconut shell activated carbon, soak and stir until no bubbles are formed, evaporate the solvent in a water bath at 90°C, and dry it in an oven at 120°C. Drying for 8h, calcination under nitrogen protection at 300°C for 4h, and then reducing with hydrogen at 300°C for 2h to obtain Pd/AC nanoparticles supported by activated carbon, and then using a mixture of CO and C 6 H 5 I (molar ratio 100:1) at 200° C.
- a carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalyst without any modification can be obtained, which is marked as Pd 6 /AC catalyst.
- the mass fraction of Pd is 1.0 wt%.
- X-ray diffraction XRD, X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum XAFS, spherical aberration electron microscope HAADF-STEM and so on show that the prepared catalyst is a carbon-supported single-atom Pd catalyst.
- Example 3 Weigh 1.0 g of the catalyst obtained in Example 3, respectively, place it in the middle of the fixed-bed reaction with an inner diameter of 8 mm, and fill the upper and lower quartz sands.
- the reaction temperature is 80 ° C.
- the substrate methanol was fed by pump, the flow rate was 50uL/min, the total feeding amount was 144ml, and the liquid hourly space velocity of methanol was 1.8h -1 .
- 0.1 wt% of elemental iodine was dissolved in methanol.
- the CO pressure was 1.8MPa
- the CO gas hourly space velocity was 1080h -1
- the air pressure was 2MPa
- the air gas hourly space velocity was 900h -1 .
- the conversion rate of acetylene and the selectivity of each product were analyzed and calculated, and the results are shown in Table 2.
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Abstract
本申请公开了一种钯基催化剂及其制备方法、应用,包括活性组分和载体;所述载体为表面连接有含M官能团的活性炭;所述M选自氮、氧、磷、硫中的至少一种;所述活性组分中包括钯元素;所述钯元素以单核络合物的形式单原子分散在所述钯基催化剂中;所述单核络合物通过所述含M官能团锚定在活性炭表面。本申请提供的钯基催化剂应用于炔烃双羰基化反应中,具有良好的催化活性和稳定性。
Description
本申请涉及一种钯基催化剂及其制备方法、应用,属于催化化工技术领域。
在工业催化剂中,负载型金属催化剂占比70%以上,尤其负载型贵金属催化剂,广泛用于各种催化剂反应。由于现实工业生产中,负载型金属催化剂通常为纳米金属催化剂,往往只有表面暴露的原子才具有催化剂活性,造成金属原子利用效率低,贵金属资源浪费。
与纳米金属催化剂相比,单原子催化剂由于其近100%的原子利用率,以及单一的催化活性位点,使得其成为当代研究的新兴热点。
使用CO和CH
3I对负载型的Pd纳米金属颗粒进行单分散热处理,可以对其原位原子级单分散,从而制备出碳载单原子Pd催化剂。
乙炔,分子式C
2H
2,俗称电石气,是重要的有机合成原料,被称为“有机合成的工业之母”。利用电石加水即可轻易制取,我国新疆地区电石丰富,能够大量富产乙炔。利用乙炔可以选择性制备其他炔烃,从而丰富炔烃的规模化和上下游产品利用。
以乙炔为例,一定条件下乙炔聚合生成苯,甲苯,二甲苯,萘,蒽,苯乙烯,茚等芳烃。通过取代反应和加成反应,可生成一系列极有价值的产品。例如乙炔二聚生成乙烯基乙炔,进一步与氯化氢进行加成反应得到氯丁二烯;乙炔直接水合制取乙醛;乙炔与氯化氢进行加成反应而制取氯乙烯;乙炔与乙酸反应制得乙酸乙烯;乙炔与氰化氢反应制取丙烯腈;乙炔与氨反应生成甲基吡啶和2-甲基-5-乙基吡啶;乙炔与甲苯反应生成二甲苯基乙烯,进一步催化剂裂化生成三种甲基苯乙烯的异构体:乙炔与一分子甲醛缩合为丙炔醇,与二分子甲醛缩合为丁炔二醇;乙炔与丙酮进行加成反应可制取甲基炔醇,进而 反应生成异戊二烯;乙炔和一氧化碳及其他化合物(如水,醇,硫醇)等反应制取丙烯酸及其衍生物。
此外,乙炔下游精细化学品是乙炔及其他炔烃化工发展的一个方向,可以推动现代乙炔类化工产品向纵深方向发展。利用炔烃和CO作为原料,在亲核试剂的进攻下可以发生炔烃羰基化反应。
其中,乙炔羰基化制丙烯酸及酯是工业化应用的典型例子。但是这些研究大多为均相催化,研究重点主要集中在催化剂领域,发展了[Ni(CO)
4],[Co(CO)
4]
2,Fe(CO)
5和Pd催化体系,主要用于均相催化反应,制备丙烯酸及其丙烯酸酯。使用Pd催化体系,在引入氮氧配体、在浓硫酸、磺酸等作用下可以调变产物选择性,生产丁烯二酸酯、丁二酸酯以及马来酸酐等产物。
综上,现有乙炔双羰基化制备丁烯二酸二酯主要存在以下几个问题:(1)大多为均相催化体系,存在催化剂易流失,产物分离困难问题;(2)反应大多为单羰基化反应,生成丙烯酸和丙烯酸酯,使得目标产物选择性低;(3)反应过程中金属催化剂用量大,效率低,需要使用磺酸及其衍生物做助催化剂;(4)金属催化剂基本是纳米金属颗粒,原子利用率低;(5)负载Pd金属催化剂稳定性不够理想,反应中会变成钯黑团聚,造成金属催化剂的浪费和流失。
发明内容
基于上述现有技术中存在的问题,本申请提供了一种N、O、P、S修饰的碳载单原子Pd催化剂,及其在乙炔及其他炔烃双羰基化反应的应用,其创新点在于:(1)催化剂中金属Pd为单原子级分散,金属原子利用率得到极大提高和改进;(2)体系中无需使用磺酸助剂,避免了均相体系中磺酸助剂造成的反应器腐蚀问题;(3)反应在固定床反应器中连续进行,工艺新颖简单,条件温和,反应活性好,产物选择性高,乙炔转化率和丁烯二酸酯选择性均可达90%以上,催化剂易分离,具有更高的技术竞争优势。
根据本申请的第一方面,提供了一种钯基催化剂,包括活性组分和载体;所述载体为表面连接有含M官能团的活性炭;
所述M选自氮、氧、磷、硫中的至少一种;
所述活性组分中包括钯元素;
所述钯元素以单核络合物的形式单原子分散在所述钯基催化剂中,如式I中所示:
Pd(CO)
xX
y 式I
其中,X选自卤素;所述卤素选自溴、碘中的至少一种;
1≤x≤2,2≤y≤4;
所述单核络合物通过所述含M官能团锚定在活性炭表面。
可选地,在所述钯基催化剂中,所述活性组分的质量含量为0.1~5%;
其中,所述活性组分的质量以钯元素的质量计。
优选地,在所述钯基催化剂中,所述活性组分的质量含量为0.1~3%。
优选地,x=1,y=4。
根据本申请的第二方面,提供了一种上述钯基催化剂的制备方法,所述制备方法包括:
(1)将含有M源和活性炭的混合物,热处理,得到前驱体i;
(2)将含有钯盐的溶液等体积浸渍到所述前驱体i中,焙烧,在含氢气氛下还原,得到前驱体ii;
(3)将所述前驱体ii与含有卤素源和一氧化碳的混合气接触反应I,即可得到所述钯基催化剂;
所述卤素源中的卤素选自溴、碘中的至少一种;
所述卤素源选自卤素单质、氢卤酸、卤代烃中的至少一种。
可选地,所述M源和活性炭的质量比为0.01~1:1。
可选地,所述含有钯盐溶液的质量浓度为0.56~2.27%。
可选地,在所述步骤(3)中,可以通过CO鼓泡引入由CO载带引入反应体系中,或也可以通过泵引入反应体系中。
可选地,所述卤代烃选自CH
3Br、CH
3CH
2Br、CH
3CH
2CH
2Br、CH
3I、CH
3CH
2I、CH
3CH
2CH
2I、碘苯中的至少一种。
可选地,所述M源选自氧源、氮源、磷源、硫源中的至少一种;
所述氧源选自硝酸;
所述氮源选自NH
3、卟啉类化合物中的至少一种;
所述磷源选自PCl
3、三苯基膦聚合物中的至少一种;
所述硫源选自硫酸、硫脲类化合物中的至少一种。
可选地,所述M源选自NH
3、卟啉类化合物、硝酸、PCl
3、三苯基膦聚合物、硫酸、硫脲类化合物中的至少一种;
所述活性炭选自椰壳活性炭、杏壳活性炭中的至少一种;
所述钯盐选自可溶性钯盐中的至少一种;
所述卤代烃选自C
1~C
6的卤代烷烃、C
6~C
10的卤代芳烃中的至少一种。
可选地,所述钯盐选自氯化钯、硝酸钯、醋酸钯中的至少一种。
可选地,在所述步骤(2)中,所述焙烧的条件为:温度为200~400℃;时间为1~6h;
所述还原的条件为:温度为200~400℃;时间为1~4h;
在所述步骤(3)中,所述反应I的条件为:温度为100~250℃;压力为常压;时间为10min~10h。
可选地,在所述步骤(3)中,一氧化碳和卤素源的摩尔比为0.1~100。
可选地,所述步骤(1)选自下述步骤中的任一种:
步骤m:将活性炭与化合物A在500~900℃下混合处理2~12h,即可得到所述前驱体i;
所述化合物A选自NH
3、PCl
3中的至少一种;
步骤q:将含有卟啉类化合物的溶液浸渍到所述活性炭中,再在300~500℃下处理2~12h,即可得到所述前驱体i;
步骤n:将含有硝酸和活性炭的混合物,在200~400℃下处理2~6h,即可得到所述前驱体i;
步骤s:将含有三苯基膦类化合物单体和引发剂的混合溶液浸渍到所述活性炭中,100℃处理6~12h,再在300-350℃下处理2~12h,即可得到所述前驱体i;
步骤t:将含有硫酸和活性炭的混合物在60~100℃下处理2~24h, 即可得到所述前驱体i;
步骤v:将含有硫脲类化合物的溶液浸渍到所述活性炭中,即可得到所述前驱体i。
可选地,所述步骤q包括:将含有卟啉类化合物的溶液浸渍到所述活性炭中,60~80℃去除溶剂,再在300~500℃下处理2~12h,即可得到所述前驱体i。
可选地,所述硝酸的质量分数为1~10%。
可选地,所述硫酸的质量分数为1~10%。
可选地,所述步骤m包括:将PCl
3于60-80℃饱和蒸汽代入装有活性炭的流动管中500~900℃处理2~12h。
可选地,所述硫脲类化合物选自硫脲、四甲基硫脲、4-乙酰基氨基硫脲、3,4-二氯苯基硫脲、邻甲苯基硫脲、N,N’-二苯基硫脲中的至少一种;
具体地,所述卟啉类化合物选自卟啉;
所述三苯基膦类化合物单体与引发剂混合溶液浸渍活性炭载体制备前驱体i中,所述引发剂选自偶氮二异丁腈;所述三苯基膦类化合物单体选自乙烯基三苯基膦。
可选地,所述三苯基膦聚合物由三苯基膦类化合物单体与引发剂发生聚合制得。
根据本申请的第三方面,提供了一种丁烯二酸酯类化合物的制备方法,所述方法包括:
将含有炔烃、氧气、一氧化碳和化合物R的物料,与钯基催化剂接触反应II,即可得到所述丁烯二酸酯类化合物;
所述化合物R选自水、醇类化合物中的至少一种;
所述钯基催化剂选自上述钯基催化剂、根据上述方法制备得到的钯基催化剂中的至少一种。
可选地,所述反应II的条件为:温度为40~130℃;时间为1~24h。
可选地,所述醇类化合物选自C
1~C
10的醇类化合物;
所述炔烃选自C
1~C
10的炔烃。
可选地,所述C
1~C
10的醇类化合物选自甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁 醇、戊醇、辛醇中的至少一种;
所述C
1~C
10的炔烃选自乙炔、丙炔、丁炔、戊炔、己炔、庚炔、辛炔、苯乙炔中的至少一种。
优选地,所述反应II的条件为:温度为50~120℃。
所述炔烃选自乙炔、丙炔、丁炔、戊炔、己炔、庚炔、辛炔、苯乙炔中的至少一种。
可选地,所述炔烃、所述一氧化碳与所述化合物R的摩尔比为1:(1-30):(2~10);
所述一氧化碳和所述氧气的摩尔比为1:(1~5)。
优选地,CO/C
2H
2的摩尔比例为(1~10):1。
可选地,所述氧气来源于空气;所述一氧化碳和所述空气的压力均独立地选自0.1~6.0Mpa;
所述一氧化碳的气时空速为50~2000h
-1;
所述化合物R的液时空速为0.1~6h
-1。
可选地,在所述物料中,还包括卤素;
所述卤素来自卤素源;
所述卤素源选自溴单质、碘单质、溴代烷烃、卤代烷烃中的至少一种。
可选地,本申请中涉及的浸渍都为常温等体积浸渍。
优选地,所述氧气来自空气中的氧气。
可选地,所述卤素源在混合物A中的质量含量为0.01~5%;
所述混合物A包括醇类化合物和卤素源。
具体地,可以根据反应实际情况,反应底物醇中溶解一定量的单质碘或碘甲烷,以维持催化剂在反应过程中的稳定性和可持续性,每克原料醇中溶解0.01~0.1g单质碘或碘甲烷。
在本发明N、O、P、S修饰的炭载单原子Pd催化剂下,可以根据底物组成变化调变产物的选择性。制备丙烯酸时,反应底物组成为乙炔、CO、水和醋酸,其中醋酸为溶剂;制备丙烯酸酯时,反应底物组成为乙炔、CO和对应的醇;制备丁烯二酸时,反应组分为乙炔、CO、空气、水和醋酸,其中醋酸为溶剂;制备丁烯二酸酯时,反应 组分为反应组分为乙炔、CO、空气和对应的醇,其他炔烃类似。
本申请的有益效果包括但不限于:
与现有的技术相比,本发明提供了一种N、O、P、S修饰的炭载单原子Pd催化剂及其在炔烃双羰基化反应中的应用。该方技术用到的催化剂Pd为负载型的单金属活性位点Pd催化剂,属于单原子催化的范畴。Pd以羰基碘化钯的单核络合物形式原子级分散在含N、O、P、S官能团修饰的载体表面,并应用于乙炔等羰基化反应中,工艺新颖简单,条件温和,反应活性好,产物选择性高,反应过程中不需要加入腐蚀性的硫酸、盐酸等溶剂,也不需要加入磺酸、苯磺酸、以及对甲苯磺酸等助催化剂,避免了设备的腐蚀,创新性强,具有更高的技术竞争优势。
图1为实施例7制备得到的样品Pd
7/AC-S的透射电镜(HR-TEM)照片。
图2为实施例7制备得到的样品Pd
7/AC-S的球差电镜(HAADF-STEM)照片。
图3为实施例7制备得到的样品Pd
7/AC-S的XAFS R空间图。
下面结合实施例详述本申请,但本申请并不局限于这些实施例。
如无特殊说明,本申请所用原料和试剂均来自商业购买,未经处理直接使用,所用仪器设备采用厂家推荐的方案和参数。
实施例中,透射电镜采用日本JEM-2100的仪器检测。
实施例中,球差电镜采用日本JEM-ARM200F的仪器检测。
实施例中,所有催化剂评价结果均采用安捷伦公司(Agilent)7890B型液相色谱仪,FID检测器,毛细管柱,内标法分析液相组成,苯甲酸甲酯为内标物;
根据各产物组成计算得到产品选择性。
本申请的实施例中,乙炔的转化率、产物的选择性都基于已转化 的乙炔的碳摩尔数进行计算。
Con代表乙炔的转化率;Sel代表产物的选择性;MA,DMSu,DMM,DMF分别代表丙烯酸甲酯,丁二酸二甲酯,丁烯二甲酸甲酯(同分异构体Z和E)。其他产物选择性计算类似。
实施例中,使用的椰壳活性炭的平均孔径为1~2nm;比表面积为800~3000m
2/g。
实施例1
炭载体前处理:将NH
3(30ml/min)通入装有30g椰壳活性炭的流动管800℃处理6h。量取0.17g PdCl
2溶于15ml去离子水中,再加入10g处理后椰壳活性炭,浸渍搅拌至无气泡生成后,90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,然后再300℃氢气还原2h得到活性炭负载的Pd/AC纳米颗粒,再用CO和CH
3I的混合气(摩尔比1:1)于100℃下处理0.5h,即可得到N修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂,标记为:Pd
1/AC-N催化剂。其中,Pd的质量分数为1wt%。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS,球差电镜HAADF-STEM等可知道制得的催化剂为N修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂。
实施例2
炭载体预处理:将5g卟啉溶于45mL乙酸乙酯,再浸渍30g椰壳活性炭后60~80℃去除溶剂再350℃处理6h;量取0.51g PdCl
2溶于15ml去离子水中,再加入10g处理后的椰壳炭,浸渍搅拌至无气泡生成后,90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,然后再300℃氢气还原2h得到活性炭负载的Pd/AC纳米颗粒,再用CO和CH
2I
2的混合气(摩尔比0.5:1)于250℃下处理0.5h,即 可N修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂,标记为:Pd
2/AC-N催化剂。其中,Pd的质量分数为3wt%。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS,球差电镜HAADF-STEM等可知道制得的催化剂为N修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂。
实施例3
炭载体预处理:将10wt%的浓硝酸45ml于60℃小壶中加入30g椰壳活性炭进行氧化处理6h后,120℃干燥。量取0.22g Pd(NO
3)
2溶于15ml去离子水中,再加入10g处理后的椰壳炭,浸渍搅拌至无气泡生成后,90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,然后再300℃氢气还原2h得到活性炭负载的Pd/AC纳米颗粒,再用CO和CH
3Br的混合气(摩尔比1:1)于200℃下处理2.0h,即可得O修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂,标记为:Pd
3/AC-O催化剂。其中,Pd的质量分数为0.9wt%。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS,球差电镜HAADF-STEM等可知道制得的催化剂为O修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂。
实施例4
碳载体预处理:将5g PCl
3于80℃饱和蒸汽代入装有30g椰壳活性炭的流动管中650℃处理12h。量取0.18g Pd(OAc)
2溶于15ml去离子水中,再加入10g处理后的椰壳炭,浸渍搅拌至无气泡生成后,90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,然后再300℃氢气还原2h得到活性炭负载的Pd/AC纳米颗粒,再用CO和C
2H
5Br的混合气(摩尔比5:1)于150℃下处理3.0h,即得P修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂,标记为:Pd
4/AC-P催化剂。其中,Pd的质量分数为0.85wt%。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS,球差电镜HAADF-STEM等可知道制得的催化剂为P修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂。
实施例5
碳载体预处理:将5g乙烯基三苯基膦单体溶于45mL四氢呋喃,再加入0.1g偶氮二异丁腈引发剂聚合后,再加入椰壳活性炭浸渍,然后60~80℃烘干,然后120℃再次烘干,300℃He保护下再次进行处理。量取0.85g PdCl
2溶于15ml去离子水中,再加入10g处理后的椰壳炭,浸渍搅拌至无气泡生成后,90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,然后再300℃氢气还原2h得到活性炭负载的Pd/AC纳米颗粒,再用CO和C
2H
5I的混合气(摩尔比10:1)于200℃下处理6.0h,即可得P修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂,标记为:Pd
5/AC-P催化剂。其中,Pd的质量分数为5wt%。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS,球差电镜HAADF-STEM等可知道制得的催化剂为P修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂。
实施例6
炭载体预处理:将10wt%硫酸45ml于80℃对30g椰壳活性炭进行回流处理12h后,120℃烘干。取0.02g PdCl
2溶于15ml去离子水中,再加入10g处理后的椰壳炭,浸渍搅拌至无气泡生成后,90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,然后再300℃氢气还原2h得到活性炭负载的Pd/AC纳米颗粒,再用CO和C
3H
7I的混合气(摩尔比50:1)于250℃下处理1.0h,即可得S修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂,标记为:Pd
6/AC-S催化剂。其中,Pd的质量分数为0.13wt%。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS,球差电镜HAADF-STEM等可知道制得的催化剂为S修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂。
实施例7
碳载体预处理:将5g硫脲溶于45mL乙醚有机溶剂,然后加入30g椰壳活性炭浸渍后80℃烘干。量取0.85g PdCl
2溶于15ml去离子水中,再加入10g的椰壳炭,浸渍搅拌至无气泡生成后,90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,然后再300℃氢气还原2h得到活性炭负载的Pd/AC纳米颗粒,再用CO和C
6H
5I 混合气(摩尔比100:1)于150℃下处理0.1h,即可得S修饰碳载单原子Pd催化剂,标记为:Pd
7/AC-S催化剂。其中,Pd的质量分数为5.0wt%。
对制备得到的催化剂进行TEM和球差电镜测试,结果分别如图1和图2所示,在图1的TEM明场照片中未见纳米颗粒,同时在球差电镜HAADF-STEM的暗处照片可见均匀分布的单金属原子。图3为样品Pd
7/AC-S的XAFS R空间图。表1为样品Pd
7/AC-S的XAFS的Pd的第一壳层配位拟合结果,由图可以看出,Pd
7/AC-S催化剂中,无金属纳米颗粒对应的Pd-Pd金属键,结合HAADF-STEM照片可知该催化剂中Pd为单原子级分散,且该单原子级分散的Pd的分子构型,通过XAFS第一壳层的配位路径拟合结果,可知为Pd(CO)I
4(S=AC),其中S=AC代表活性炭载体表面的含S官能团。
表1
对比例
作为对比例,碳载体无预处理,量取0.17g PdCl
2溶于15ml去离 子水中,再加入10g未处理的椰壳活性炭,浸渍搅拌至无气泡生成后,90℃水浴蒸发溶剂,120℃烘箱烘干8h,300℃氮气保护焙烧4h,然后再300℃氢气还原2h得到活性炭负载的Pd/AC纳米颗粒,再用CO和C
6H
5I的混合气(摩尔比100:1)于200℃下处理0.1h,即可得无任何修饰的碳载单原子Pd催化剂,标记为:Pd
6/AC催化剂。其中,Pd的质量分数为1.0wt%。采用X射线衍射XRD、X射线吸收精细结构谱XAFS,球差电镜HAADF-STEM等可知制得的催化剂为碳载单原子Pd催化剂。
实施例8
以甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、戊醇、辛醇为反应底物,测试乙炔双羰基化的反应性能。
分别称取1.0g实施例3中所得催化剂,置于内径为8mm的固定床反应中部,上下石英砂装填,反应温度80℃,C
2H
2和CO混合进料,CO/C
2H
2=9(摩尔比)。底物甲醇采用泵进料,流速50uL/min,总进料量为144ml,甲醇的液时空速为1.8h
-1。甲醇中溶解有0.1wt%的单质碘。CO压力为1.8MPa,CO气时空速1080h
-1,空气压力2MPa,空气气时空速900h
-1,升温到80℃反应,取反应24h反应数据。分析并计算乙炔的转化率和各产物的选择性,结果详见表2。
表2 催化剂应用于乙炔羰基化合成甲酯
实施例9
称取1.0g实施例1-7及对比例中所得催化剂,置于内径为8mm的固定床反应中部,上下石英砂装填,反应温度70℃,C
2H
2和CO混合进料,CO/C
2H
2=9(摩尔比)。底物甲醇采用泵进料,流速50uL/min,总进料量为144ml,甲醇的液时空速为1.8h
-1。甲醇中溶解有0.1wt%的单质碘,空气的流速为30ml/min,CO/C
2H
2的总流速为30ml/min,系统总压为4.0MPa,CO压力为1.8MPa,CO气时空速1080h
-1,空气压力2MPa,空气气时空速900h
-1。升温到80℃反应,取反应48h反应数据,分析并计算乙炔的转化率和各产物的选择性,结果详见表3。
表3 催化剂实施例1-7以及对比例用于乙炔羰基化合成各种酯
实施例10
称取1.0g实施例1中所得催化剂,置于内径为8mm的固定床反应中部,上下石英砂装填,C
2H
2和CO混合进料,CO/C
2H
2=9(摩尔比)。底物甲醇采用泵进料,流速50uL/min,总进料量为144ml,甲醇的液时空速为1.8h
-1。甲醇中溶解有0.1wt%的单质碘,其他反应条件见表4,升温到70℃反应,取反应48h反应数据,分析并计算乙 炔的转化率和各产物的选择性,结果详见表4。
表4 催化剂实施例1用于乙炔羰基化合成各种酯
实施例11
称取1.0g实施例1中所得催化剂,置于内径为8mm的固定床反应中部,上下石英砂装填。反应温度70℃,乙炔、丙炔和CO混合进料,炔烃(乙炔和丙炔)和CO的体积比为9(即摩尔比)。其他炔烃溶解在底物甲醇中,采用泵进料,流速50uL/min,总进料量为144ml,甲醇的液时空速为1.8h
-1。甲醇中溶解有0.1wt%的单质碘,CO压力1.8MPa,CO气时空速1080h
-1,空气压力2MPa,空气气时空速900h
-1,升温到70℃反应,取反应48h反应数据,分析并计算炔烃的转化率和各产物的选择性,结果详见表5。
表5 催化剂实施例1用于各种炔烃羰基化合成酯
*为不含空气的反应数据。
以上所述,仅是本申请的几个实施例,并非对本申请做任何形式的限制,虽然本申请以较佳实施例揭示如上,然而并非用以限制本申请,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员,在不脱离本申请技术方案的范围内,利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许的变动或修饰均等同于等效实施案例,均属于技术方案范围内。
Claims (17)
- 一种钯基催化剂,其特征在于,包括活性组分和载体;所述载体为表面连接有含M官能团的活性炭;所述M选自氮、氧、磷、硫中的至少一种;所述活性组分中包括钯元素;所述钯元素以单核络合物的形式单原子分散在所述钯基催化剂中,如式I中所示:Pd(CO) xX y 式I其中,X选自卤素;所述卤素选自溴、碘中的至少一种;1≤x≤2,1≤y≤4;所述单核络合物通过所述含M官能团锚定在活性炭表面。
- 根据权利要求1所述的钯基催化剂,其特征在于,在所述钯基催化剂中,所述活性组分的质量含量为0.1~5%;其中,所述活性组分的质量以钯元素的质量计。
- 权利要求1或2所述的钯基催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述制备方法包括:(1)将含有M源和活性炭的混合物,热处理,得到前驱体i;(2)将含有钯盐的溶液等体积浸渍到所述前驱体i中,焙烧,在含氢气氛下还原,得到前驱体ii;(3)将所述前驱体ii与含有卤素源和一氧化碳的混合气接触反应I,即可得到所述钯基催化剂;所述卤素源中的卤素选自溴、碘中的至少一种;所述卤素源选自卤素单质、氢卤酸、卤代烃中的至少一种。
- 根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述M源选自氧源、氮源、磷源、硫源中的至少一种;所述氧源选自硝酸;所述氮源选自NH 3、卟啉类化合物中的至少一种;所述磷源选自PCl 3、三苯基膦聚合物中的至少一种;所述硫源选自硫酸、硫脲类化合物中的至少一种。
- 根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述活性炭选自椰壳活性炭、杏壳活性炭中的至少一种;所述钯盐选自可溶性钯盐中的至少一种;所述卤代烃选自C 1~C 6的卤代烷烃、C 6~C 10的卤代芳烃中的至少一种。
- 根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述步骤(2)中,所述焙烧的条件为:温度为200~400℃;时间为1~6h;所述还原的条件为:温度为200~400℃;时间为1~4h;在所述步骤(3)中,所述反应I的条件为:温度为100~250℃;时间为10min~10h。
- 根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述步骤(3)中,一氧化碳和卤素源的摩尔比为0.1~100。
- 根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)选自下述步骤中的任一种:步骤m:将活性炭与化合物A在500~900℃下混合处理2~12h,即可得到所述前驱体i;所述化合物A选自NH 3、PCl 3中的至少一种;步骤q:将含有卟啉类化合物的溶液浸渍到所述活性炭中,再在300~500℃下处理2~12h,即可得到所述前驱体i;步骤n:将含有硝酸和活性炭的混合物,在200~400℃下处理2~6h,即可得到所述前驱体i;步骤s:将含有三苯基膦类化合物单体和引发剂的混合溶液浸渍到所述活性炭中,100℃处理6~12h,再在300-350℃下处理2~12h, 即可得到所述前驱体i;步骤t:将含有硫酸和活性炭的混合物在60~100℃下处理2~24h,即可得到所述前驱体i;步骤v:将含有硫脲类化合物的溶液浸渍到所述活性炭中,即可得到所述前驱体i。
- 根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述硫脲类化合物选自硫脲、四甲基硫脲、4-乙酰基氨基硫脲、3,4-二氯苯基硫脲、邻甲苯基硫脲、N,N’-二苯基硫脲中的至少一种;所述卟啉类化合物选自卟啉;所述三苯基膦聚合物由三苯基膦类化合物单体与引发剂发生聚合后制备得到。
- 一种丁烯二酸酯类化合物的制备方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括:将含有炔烃、氧气、一氧化碳和化合物R的物料,与钯基催化剂接触反应II,即可得到所述丁烯二酸酯类化合物;所述化合物R选自水、醇类化合物中的至少一种;所述钯基催化剂选自权利要求1或2所述的钯基催化剂、根据权利要求3至9任一项所述方法制备得到的钯基催化剂中的至少一种。
- 根据权利要求10所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述反应II的条件为:温度为40~130℃;时间为1~24h。
- 根据权利要求10所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述醇类化合物选自C 1~C 10的醇类化合物;所述炔烃选自C 1~C 10的炔烃。
- 根据权利要求12所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述C 1~C 10的醇类化合物选自甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、戊醇、辛醇中的至少一 种;所述C 1~C 10的炔烃选自乙炔、丙炔、丁炔、戊炔、己炔、庚炔、辛炔、苯乙炔中的至少一种。
- 根据权利要求10所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述炔烃与所述一氧化碳的摩尔比为1:(1-30)。
- 根据权利要求10所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述氧气来源于空气;所述一氧化碳和所述空气的压力均独立地选自0.1~6.0Mpa;所述一氧化碳气时空速为50~2000h -1;所述化合物R的液时空速为0.1~6h -1。
- 根据权利要求10所述的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述物料中,还包括卤素;所述卤素来自卤素源;所述卤素源选自溴单质、碘单质、溴代烷烃、卤代烷烃中的至少一种。
- 根据权利要求16所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述卤素源在混合物A中的质量含量为0.01~5%;所述混合物A包括醇类化合物和卤素源。
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