CN114433199B - 一种用于氨化反应的催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种用于氨化反应的催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN114433199B
CN114433199B CN202011199021.2A CN202011199021A CN114433199B CN 114433199 B CN114433199 B CN 114433199B CN 202011199021 A CN202011199021 A CN 202011199021A CN 114433199 B CN114433199 B CN 114433199B
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王振宇
乔凯
彭绍忠
艾抚宾
王丽博
祁文博
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Sinopec Dalian Petrochemical Research Institute Co ltd
China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种用于氨化反应的Hβ分子筛催化剂及其制备方法和应用。以催化剂重量为基准,所述催化剂包括:Hβ分子筛50%~85%,碱金属或碱土金属以元素计0.1%~2%,氮化硅0.1%~7%,氧化铝5%~41%;其中,所述Hβ分子筛的硅铝摩尔比为20~200。本发明的催化剂,通过使用氮化硅进行改性,且将氮化硅均匀负载在分子筛内外表面,大幅度提高了催化剂的抗碱腐蚀能力,避免了使用过程中骨架硅的溶解,从而提高了催化剂机械稳定性,延长了催化剂的寿命。

Description

一种用于氨化反应的催化剂及其制备方法和应用
技术领域
本发明涉及一种氨化反应的催化剂及其制备方法和应用,具体地说是一种分子筛催化剂、制备方法及其应用。
背景技术
氨化反应是化工领域中一类重要化学反应,如异丁烯氨化制备叔丁胺、苯胺合成二苯胺、己二醇氨化制备己二胺等。目前,国内外专利技术中介绍的氨化催化剂多为固体酸催化剂,如US3118944和US4454348等专利采用苯胺气相缩合法制备二苯胺,采用活性氧化铝作为固体催化剂;US3944613介绍了一种苯胺液相合成二苯胺过程,采用了无定型硅铝为催化剂;CN94107296.7描述了在苯胺液相连续制备二苯胺过程中采用Beta分子筛催化剂等。在国内实现工业化的催化剂为Beta分子筛催化剂。
氨化反应是一个碱性环境下的酸催化反应,催化剂失活原因有两方面:一是结构复杂的反应物、产物和副产物在酸中心上发生碳数增加的石墨化过程,催化剂因积碳而堵塞孔道造成催化剂失活,反应物无法扩散进入孔道接触酸中心,产物也无法扩散出孔道而加剧石墨化反应过程。二是催化剂长时间处于碱性的反应体系中,造成Si-Al结构的催化剂的骨架硅溶解,催化剂结构稳定性变差,晶体骨架结构被破坏甚至坍塌。
为解决第一方面问题,往往采用调变分子筛酸性质和孔道结构的方法。如CN1289642A、CN1951564A描述了在苯胺液相连续制备二苯胺过程中,对所用的Hβ分子筛和氧化铝组成的催化剂又进行了改进,在催化剂中分别添加了碱土金属和碱金属,调节催化剂的酸性中心,减少了催化剂上易发生聚合反应的强酸中心,苯胺转化率和二苯胺选择性均有所提高。CN105618106B采用多级孔Beta分子筛作为催化剂,孔容和孔径的增加,改变了反应物和产物的扩散行为,增加了催化剂的容碳能力,提高了催化剂单程运转周期。
但对于第二方面问题,目前鲜有解决方法。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本发明第一方面提供了一种氨化反应催化剂,该催化剂的耐碱性能有显著提高。
本发明提供了一种Hβ分子筛催化剂,以催化剂重量为基准,所述催化剂包括:
Hβ分子筛50%~85%,优选65%~80%;
碱金属或碱土金属以元素计0.1%~2%,优选0.3%~1.6%;
氮化硅0.1%~7%,优选1%~5.2%;
氧化铝5%~41%,优选10%~35%;
其中所述Hβ分子筛的硅铝摩尔比为20~200,优选25~100。
进一步的,所述Hβ分子筛催化剂为条形或球型,为条形时其截面可以是圆柱形、三叶草或四野草形状,直径为0.5~3.0mm,优选1.0~2.0mm;为球型时,其直径为0.5~5.0mm,优选1.0~3.0mm。催化剂的比表面积为300~600m2/g,优选400~550m2/g;比孔容为0.25~0.5mL/g,优选0.3~0.45mL/g;平均孔直径为1.5~5nm,优选2.0~4.0nm。
进一步的,所述的碱金属选自碱金属Li、Na、K中的至少一种,优选Na;所述碱土金属选自Mg、Ca、Sr中的至少一种,优选Mg。
进一步的,本发明的催化剂中还可以包括稀土金属或其他元素,如La、Ce、Pr、Zr、B、P等,其金属单质占催化剂重量百分比为0.01%~5%,优选0.01%~0.5%。
本发明第二方面还提供了上述催化剂的制备方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将Hβ分子筛、氧化铝、助挤剂(如田菁粉)与胶溶剂溶液(如稀硝酸、柠檬酸等)以一定比例充分混捏后,成型,再经干燥和焙烧制得催化剂前躯体;
(2)采用浸渍方式对步骤(1)所得的催化剂前躯体进行碱金属或碱土金属改性;
(3)对步骤(2)所得的催化剂进行氮化硅改性,制得所述成品催化剂。
本发明方法中,步骤(1)的操作为本领域技术人员所熟知。如,所述Hβ分子筛、氧化铝、与胶溶剂的比例为100:(15~50):(3~20):(5~80),优选100:(20~35):(10~15):(20~50)。助挤剂可以选自田菁粉。胶溶剂可以选自稀硝酸溶液或柠檬酸。稀硝酸溶液的质量浓度为3%~15%。所述的干燥条件:干燥温度为60℃~150℃,优选为80℃~120℃,干燥时间为8h~24h,优选10h~20h。优选在干燥之前自然阴干10~48h。所述的焙烧条件为:焙烧温度为300℃~800℃,优选为400℃~700℃,焙烧时间2h~24h,优选为4h~8h。
本发明方法中,步骤(2)所述的碱金属选自Li、Na、K中的至少一种,优选Na;所述碱土金属选自Mg、Ca、Sr中的一种,优选Mg。所用的金属前驱物为该金属的硝酸盐或氯化物。浸渍后需经干燥、焙烧。浸渍、干燥和焙烧过程为本领域技术人员所熟知。碱金属或碱土金属以元素计的加入量为催化剂成品重量的0.1%~2%,优选0.3%~1.6%。
本发明方法中,步骤(3)所述氮化硅改性所用的硅前驱物为硅烷、一氯硅烷、二氯硅烷、三氯硅烷或四氯硅烷,优选硅烷;氮前驱物为氨气。改性条件为:温度为450℃~700℃,优选500℃~600℃;压力(表压)为0MPa~3MPa,优选0MPa~1MPa;硅和氮前驱物的摩尔比为0.1~10:1,优选0.5~5:1;改性时间为1h~30h,优选3h~10h。最终氮化硅占催化剂重量的0.1%~7%,优选1%~5.2%。
本发明第三方面还提供了一种氨化反应,其中应用了前面所述的催化剂。
进一步的,所述氨化反应包含异丁烯氨化制叔丁胺、苯胺合成二苯胺、1,3-丙二醇氨化制1,3-丙二胺等其他烯烃和醇类的氨化反应。
进一步的,所述氨化反应包括以下内容:含有胺类或液氨的反应原料通过含有催化剂的固定床反应器,在反应条件下,进行氨化反应。
所述反应的进料方式可以是上进料或下进料。反应条件为:反应温度为100~500℃,反应压力(表压)为1~6 MPa,原料(以胺类或液氨计)质量空速为0.1~5 h-1。反应过程中可以通入氢气或氮气作为载气,也可以在无载气条件下反应。
N2物理吸附测定采用美国麦克公司ASAP2400型物理吸附仪。测定前,样品经过300℃抽真空活化4h以上,然后将样品瓶置于液氮罐中进行N2吸附-脱附实验。
氨化反应是一类在碱性条件下进行的酸催化反应,要求催化剂除具有适宜的酸性质外,还要有较高的耐碱性能。现有技术中使用的分子筛催化剂为硅铝结构,在碱性环境下,骨架硅易溶解于碱性反应物料体系中,造成骨架坍塌,催化剂失活,寿命缩减。氮化硅是一种结构优良的陶瓷材料,具有优良的润滑性,耐磨损性和耐酸碱性。本发明所述的β分子筛催化剂,利用化学气相沉积的方式,将氮化硅均匀地负载在分子筛内外表面,大大提高了催化剂的耐碱性能,使得催化剂在碱性环境的使用寿命大大延长。除此之外,该催化剂还具有适宜的酸性,可获得较佳的氨化反应转化率和选择性。
与现有技术相比较,本发明的催化剂、制备方法具有以下有益效果:
1、本发明的催化剂,创造性地使用氮化硅进行改性,且将氮化硅均匀负载在分子筛的内外表面,大幅度提高了催化剂的抗碱腐蚀能力,避免了使用过程骨架硅的溶解,从而提高了催化剂机械稳定性,延长了催化剂的寿命。
2、本发明中,特别选择化学沉积方式对催化剂进行改性。通过改性,在β分子筛催化剂的内外表面均匀形成一层纳米级别的氮化硅膜。负载的氮化硅膜,既保护了骨架硅,避免其被碱腐蚀而溶解,又保留了其适宜的酸量,从而特别适用于胺类或异丁烯(氨类)的氨化反应。该催化剂具有良好的氨化反应活性和选择性。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例详细说明本发明的技术方案,但本发明不限于以下实施例。
实施例1
将硅铝比为50的Hβ分子筛、氧化铝、田菁粉与稀硝酸溶液(10wt%)按照75:25:3:50的质量比例混合均匀后挤条成型,然后阴干24小时、于烘箱中于110℃干燥24小时,并在550℃焙烧4小时。
采用浸渍的方式负载金属Na:用浓度为15%的NaNO3或NaCl溶液浸渍所得条形催化剂前躯体,经过110℃干燥4小时,并在550℃焙烧4小时,得到Na改性的催化剂中间产物。
将上述催化剂进行氮化硅改性,将催化剂置于管式气氛焙烧炉中,将硅烷气体和氨气按1:1的摩尔比通入管式焙烧炉,在560℃、0.1MPa下焙烧为5小时。所得的催化剂记作A。催化剂组成为:Hβ分子筛含量71.8%,Na含量0.8%,氮化硅3.6%,氧化铝23.8%。
对比例1
催化剂制备方案参照实施例1,不同是是该催化剂未经氮化硅改性。所得的催化剂记作B1,催化剂组成为:Hβ分子筛含量74.4%,Na含量0.8%,氧化铝24.8%。
对比例2
参照中国专利CN1951564A,制备碱金属改性的Hβ分子筛催化剂,该催化剂记作B2。
对比例3
参照中国专利CN105618106B,制备多级孔Hβ分子筛催化剂,该催化剂记作B3。
实施例2
将硅铝比为55的Hβ分子筛、氧化铝、田菁粉与稀硝酸溶液(10wt%)按照80:20:4:55的质量比例混合均匀后挤条成型,然后阴干24小时、于烘箱中于110℃干燥16小时,并在540℃焙烧4小时。
采用浸渍的方式负载金属Na和La:用浓度为15%的NaNO3或NaCl溶液与10%的La(NO33溶液浸渍所得条形催化剂前躯体,经过120℃干燥3小时,并在540℃焙烧3小时,得到Na和La改性的催化剂中间产物。
将上述催化剂进行氮化硅改性,将催化剂置于管式气氛焙烧炉中,将硅烷气体和氨气按1:1.5的摩尔比通入管式焙烧炉,在550℃、0.2MPa下焙烧为6小时。所得的催化剂记作B。催化剂组成为:Hβ分子筛含量75.5%,Na含量0.9%,La含量为0.3%,氮化硅4.8%,氧化铝18.5%。
实施例3
将硅铝比为65的Hβ分子筛、氧化铝、田菁粉与稀硝酸溶液(10wt%)按照70:30:5:60的质量比例混合均匀后挤条成型,然后阴干24小时、于烘箱中于120℃干燥24小时,并在560℃焙烧4小时。
采用浸渍的方式负载金属Mg和Ce:用浓度为15%的Mg(NO32溶液和10%的Ce(NO33溶液浸渍所得条形催化剂前躯体,经过120℃干燥4小时,并在550℃焙烧4小时,得到Na改性的催化剂中间产物。
将上述催化剂进行氮化硅改性,将催化剂置于管式气氛焙烧炉中,将硅烷气体和氨气按1:2的摩尔比通入管式焙烧炉,在540℃、0.1MPa下焙烧为3小时。所得的催化剂记作C。催化剂组成为:Hβ分子筛含量66.9%,Mg含量1.0 %,Ce含量为0.5%,氮化硅3.2%,氧化铝28.4%。
实施例4
取以上实施例及比较例制备的催化剂在小型评价装置中进行异丁烯氨化评价实验,以液氨和高纯异丁烯为原料,反应温度为300℃,压力为3.0MPa,氨烯摩尔比为10:1,液氨的质量空速为0.5h-1。运转2小时和100小时的数据列于表1。
表1
各催化剂新剂和运转100小时后卸出的催化剂的氮气物理吸附表征见表2。
表2

Claims (13)

1.一种Hβ分子筛催化剂,以催化剂重量为基准,所述催化剂包括:
Hβ分子筛50%~85%;
碱金属或碱土金属以元素计0.1%~2%;
氮化硅0.1%~7%;
氧化铝5%~41%;
其中,所述Hβ分子筛的硅铝摩尔比为20~200;所述碱金属选自Li、Na、K中的至少一种,所述碱土金属选自Mg、Ca、Sr中的至少一种;
所述Hβ分子筛催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将Hβ分子筛、氧化铝、助挤剂与胶溶剂溶液以一定比例充分混捏后,成型,再经干燥和焙烧制得催化剂前躯体;
(2)采用浸渍方式对步骤(1)所得的催化剂前躯体进行碱金属或碱土金属改性;
(3)对步骤(2)所得的催化剂进行氮化硅改性,制得成品催化剂;其中,氮化硅改性采用化学气相沉积方式进行。
2.根据权利要求1所述的Hβ分子筛催化剂,以催化剂重量为基准,所述催化剂包括:
Hβ分子筛65%~80%;
碱金属或碱土金属以元素计0.3%~1.6%;
氮化硅1%~5.2%;
氧化铝10%~35%;
其中,所述Hβ分子筛的硅铝摩尔比为25~100。
3.根据权利要求1所述的Hβ分子筛催化剂,其特征在于,催化剂的比表面积为300~600m2/g,比孔容为0.25~0.5mL/g,平均孔直径为1.5~5nm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的Hβ分子筛催化剂,其特征在于,催化剂中还包括添加剂,所述添加剂选自La、Ce、Pr、Zr、B、P中的至少一种,添加剂以元素计占催化剂的重量百分比为0.01%~5%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的Hβ分子筛催化剂,其特征在于,所述助挤剂选自田菁粉,所述胶溶剂选自稀硝酸溶液或柠檬酸。
6.根据权利要求1所述的Hβ分子筛催化剂,其特征在于,步骤(1)所述干燥的条件:干燥温度为60℃~150℃,干燥时间为8h~24h;所述焙烧的条件为:焙烧温度为300℃~800℃,焙烧时间2h~24h。
7.根据权利要求1所述的Hβ分子筛催化剂,其特征在于,步骤(2)所述的碱金属选自Li、Na、K中的至少一种,所述碱土金属选自Mg、Ca、Sr中的一种。
8.根据权利要求1所述的Hβ分子筛催化剂,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述氮化硅改性所用的硅前驱物为硅烷、一氯硅烷、二氯硅烷、三氯硅烷或四氯硅烷,氮前驱物为氨气。
9.根据权利要求1所述的Hβ分子筛催化剂,其特征在于,所述氮化硅改性的条件为:温度为450℃~700℃,压力为0MPa~3MPa,硅和氮前驱物的摩尔比为0.1~10:1,改性时间为1h~30h。
10.一种氨化反应,其中应用了权利要求1-9任一所述的Hβ分子筛催化剂。
11.根据权利要求10所述的氨化反应,其特征在于,所述氨化反应包含异丁烯氨化制叔丁胺、苯胺合成二苯胺、1,3-丙二醇氨化制1,3-丙二胺反应中的一种。
12.根据权利要求10所述的氨化反应,其特征在于,所述氨化反应包括以下内容:含有胺类或液氨的反应原料通过含有催化剂的固定床反应器,在反应条件下,进行氨化反应。
13. 根据权利要求12所述的氨化反应,其特征在于,所述的反应条件为:反应温度为100~500℃,反应压力为1~6 MPa,原料以胺类或液氨计的质量空速为0.1~5 h-1
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