CN114431084B - Method for producing silage raw materials by intercropping sweet sorghum and feeding peas - Google Patents
Method for producing silage raw materials by intercropping sweet sorghum and feeding peas Download PDFInfo
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- CN114431084B CN114431084B CN202111641935.4A CN202111641935A CN114431084B CN 114431084 B CN114431084 B CN 114431084B CN 202111641935 A CN202111641935 A CN 202111641935A CN 114431084 B CN114431084 B CN 114431084B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
- A01D91/00—Methods for harvesting agricultural products
- A01D91/04—Products growing above the soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for producing silage raw materials by intercropping sweet sorghum and feeding peas, which belongs to the field of forage grass planting and mainly comprises the following steps: the sweet sorghum is drill seeding, feeding peas are planted between the two lines of sweet sorghum, and the feeding peas are drill seeding; when the height of the sweet sorghum is 1.2-1.5m, the sweet sorghum and the feeding peas are mown together, the height of the remaining stubbles is 10-15cm, the mow is repeated every 40d, and the mow is carried out 3-5 times a year. The invention can effectively improve the fresh and dry grass yield of the sweet sorghum and the forage peas by sowing the sweet sorghum and the forage peas in a mixing way, improve the nutritional quality of the mixed forage grass and improve the economic income. The forage grass with high yield and high quality is produced on the limited land of the Chengdu plain and the middle-low altitude mountain area, the problem of insufficient supply of local forage grass is solved, the breeding cost is reduced, and the balanced supply of the forage grass is realized under the condition of forage grass fatigue in winter and spring.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of forage grass planting, and particularly relates to a method for producing silage raw materials by intercropping sweet sorghum and forage peas.
Background
In recent years, the grass husbandry of China is rapidly developed, but the land for planting forage grass is limited. Therefore, the improvement of the land utilization rate and the development of an efficient planting mode are effective guarantees for the development of modern animal husbandry. The animal husbandry industrial zone in the Chengdu plain area is one of four major animal husbandry industrial zones in Sichuan province, has great demand on high-quality pasture, and the key to the development of Chengdu plain and low-altitude animal husbandry is that more high-quality forage materials are produced on limited land.
The annual forage plant of sweet sorghum has the characteristics of high yield, drought resistance, fatigue resistance and the like. The feed hyacinth bean is a leguminous forage crop with luxuriant branches and leaves, high biological yield, high protein content, strong stress resistance, high negative resistance and the like. The sweet sorghum has higher carbohydrate and lower crude protein content, while the feed hyacinth bean contains higher crude protein but lower carbohydrate content, and the combination of the two can make up for the weakness and realize the annual balanced feed of the forage grass of the herbivorous livestock in the Heyuanping plain and the low-altitude mountain area.
The prior art, a method for producing silage raw materials by mixed sowing of corn and dolichos lablab L, discloses the production of silage raw materials by mixed sowing of corn and dolichos lablab L. The disadvantages of this technique are: (1) Corn is an annual plant, has no new tillering after being mowed, cannot grow again, and therefore can be mowed only once, and more forage grass cannot be produced on limited soil in the south. Resulting in a waste of time and space. (2) The corn plant is short, and the dolichos lablab has strong climbing capability. Because the plant height of maize can not satisfy the climbing demand of the dolichos lablab L, the dolichos lablab L can intertwine when climbing to the maize top, shields sunshine, causes certain influence to the growth of maize.
A method for interplanting sorghum and dolichos lablab L for feed in mountain area of dry farming discloses the production of forage grass by interplanting sorghum and dolichos lablab L in mountain area of dry farming in north China. The disadvantages of this technique are: and (1) covering the ground with a film to cause white pollution. (2) A large amount of manpower resources are consumed during the process of final singling and seedling releasing, and the production cost of a planter is increased. (3) The interplanting of sorghum and dolichos lablab L causes time and space dislocation, so that the nutritional quality of the two forage grass is not optimal when the forage grass is harvested. (4) The method is suitable for dry farming in north and is not suitable for south.
The defects of the influence of different planting densities on the yield of the silage maize hybrid feed hyacinth bean are as follows: (1) Corn is an annual plant, and no new tillering exists after the mowing, so that the corn cannot grow again, and the corn can be mowed only once, so that more forage grass cannot be produced on limited soil in the south. Resulting in a waste of time and space. (2) The feeding hyacinth bean is a pasture crop with more winding branches, and if the planting density of the corn cannot be determined well, the phenomenon of yield reduction can be caused.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a method for producing silage raw materials by intercropping sweet sorghum and feeding peas, which can produce the silage raw materials with high yield and good quality on limited lands in Chengdu plain and middle-low altitude mountain areas, reduce the breeding cost and realize the annual balanced feed of herbivorous livestock.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a method for producing silage raw materials by intercropping sweet sorghum and feeding peas is characterized in that the sweet sorghum is drill, the feeding peas are intercropped between two lines of sweet sorghum, and the feeding peas are drill; when the height of the sweet sorghum is 1.2-1.5m, the sweet sorghum and the feeding peas are mown together, the height of the remaining stubbles is 10-15cm, the mow is repeated every 40d, and the mow is carried out 3-5 times a year.
Further, the method for producing the silage raw material by intercropping the sweet sorghum and the feeding peas comprises the following steps:
(1) Land selection and land preparation: selecting land blocks with relatively flat topography, small gradient, convenient irrigation, convenient traffic, thick soil layer, good water source condition and relatively large connected area, removing stones, turning and raking, applying base fertilizer before or during cultivation, and raking and pressing land after cultivation; the functions of leveling and leveling are drought prevention, soil moisture preservation, ground leveling, soil block raking, soil surface loosening, slight pressing and the like. The using tools comprise a disc harrow and a spike-tooth harrow; the soil compacting can level the ground, crush soil blocks and compact soil layers, has the function of soil moisture extraction, and creates a good condition for seed germination.
(2) Variety selection: selecting a sweet sorghum variety with high growth speed, lodging resistance, strong adaptability, high yield and good quality, such as 'Dalishi' sweet sorghum, 'middle pea 5' feeding pea;
(3) Sowing: selecting sweet sorghum in spring with average temperature of above 14 deg.C, sowing in rows of 40cm, planting distance of 20cm, and planting density of 18 kg. Hm -2 (ii) a The peas for feeding are intercropped between two lines of sweet sorghum, the seed sowing quantity is 22.50 kg.hm -2 ；
(4) Field management: seedling searching and final singling, weed removal, topdressing and pest control;
(5) Harvesting: when the height of the sweet sorghum is 1.2-1.5m, the sweet sorghum is mown together with the feeding peas, the stubble height is 10-15cm, the growth of the sweet sorghum is fast, the first mow can be carried out in three months, the mow is repeated every 40 days, and the mow is carried out for 3-5 times in one year.
The forage sweet sorghum is characterized in that the forage sweet sorghum can be harvested for multiple times and is more densely harvested, and the forage sweet sorghum is harvested in time when the first crop is 1.2-1.5m high, so that the breeding of the next crop is promoted, and the quality of the next crop is better. The cutting stubble is to ensure that 1-2 sections are left on the ground, the height of the stubble is preferably 10-15cm, and then 2cm is added upwards for each cutting so as to be beneficial to regeneration. The stubble height is 12-15cm when the machine reaps, and the manual reaping is 8-12cm.
Further, the base fertilizer in the step (1) is organic fertilizer, and the application amount is 20000-3000 kg/hm 2 。
Further, the depth of the turning plow in the step (1) is more than 20cm.
Further, the seedling searching and final singling in the step (4) are specifically as follows: and (3) when the sweet sorghum grows to 3-4 leaves, performing final singling, reserving large seedlings and strong seedlings, reserving 2 seedlings in each hole, ventilating the field, ensuring good light transmission, and immediately transplanting and replanting the deficient seedlings on the spot.
Furthermore, the weeding in the step (4) is artificial weeding, and plowing and loosening can be carried out during weeding.
Further, the additional fertilizer in the step (4) is specifically as follows: applying 160 kg.hm of urea in the jointing period of the sweet sorghum or after each cutting -2 。
Further, the pest control in the step (4) is specifically as follows: and when pests happen to the sweet sorghum or the peas for feeding, imidacloprid or deltamethrin is applied in time for drug control.
Further, the sweet sorghum and the peas for feeding which are mown in the step (5) are aired in the field for 6-8 hours, so that the water content reaches 65-70%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
mowing is one of the main ways of utilizing artificial grasslands, and is also an important measure for realizing high yield and high quality of feed crops. The mowing can eliminate the inhibiting effect brought by the top advantages, stimulate the activity of dormant buds, promote the tillering of plants and finally improve the yield of crops. The mowing system has great influence on the regeneration physiology and form of forage grass, proper mowing can promote tillering and regeneration of crops, and finally the aboveground biomass of the crops is improved, but excessive mowing can inhibit the overground part of the crops from growing, and finally the yield is reduced. Therefore, the method determines the mowing times and time of the forage grass according to the accumulation mode of the forage grass biomass and the change mode of the nutrient substances, and has important significance for obtaining the forage grass with high yield and high nutritional value.
The invention has the highest biological yield (the leaves can account for 80-90% of the yield and the water content is about 80%) when the mowing height is 1.2-1.5m, and the leaves are fresh, tender and juicy, fragrant and delicious, have low crude fiber content, are rich in nutrition and are easy to digest. At this stage, the cyanide content is rapidly reduced, and the livestock is not poisoned. After the flowering period, the content of crude fiber is increased, the outer skin of the stem is gradually hard, the palatability is gradually reduced, and the digestibility is also continuously reduced.
The invention can effectively improve the fresh and dry grass yield of the sweet sorghum and the forage peas by sowing the sweet sorghum and the forage peas in a mixing way, improve the nutritional quality of the mixed forage grass and improve the economic income. The forage grass with high yield and high quality is produced on the limited land of the Chengdu plain and the middle-low altitude mountain area, the problem of insufficient supply of local forage grass is solved, the breeding cost is reduced, and the balanced supply of the forage grass is realized under the condition of forage grass fatigue in winter and spring.
The fresh grass yield of the sweet sorghum-pea mixed forage grass in the invention is increased by 37.19% per hectare compared with the single-cast treatment of the sweet sorghum, and the economic benefit per hectare is increased by 14593.68 yuan.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the detailed description should not be construed as limiting the invention but as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Further, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range, is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in a stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification. The specification and examples are exemplary only.
As used herein, the terms "comprising," "including," "having," "containing," and the like are open-ended terms that mean including, but not limited to.
The sweet sorghum of the Dalishi and the feeding pea of the middle pea No. 5 are purchased from the market. The used organic fertilizer and pesticide are purchased in the market.
Example 1
A method for producing silage raw materials by intercropping sweet sorghum and feeding peas comprises the following steps:
(1) Land selection and land preparation: selecting land blocks with relatively flat topography, small gradient, convenient irrigation, convenient traffic, thick soil layer, good water source condition and relatively large connected area, removing stones, turning over plough and harrowing, applying organic fertilizer before or during cultivation with application amount of 20000-30000kg/hm 2 After ploughing, raking and pressing the land; the depth of the plough is more than 20 cm;
(2) Variety selection: selecting a sweet sorghum variety with high growth speed, lodging resistance, strong adaptability, high yield and good quality, wherein the 'Dalishi' sweet sorghum and 'middle pea 5' feeding pea are selected in the embodiment;
(3) Sowing: selecting sweet sorghum in spring with average temperature of above 14 deg.C, sowing in rows of 40cm, planting distance of 20cm, and planting density of 18 kg. Hm -2 (ii) a The peas for feeding are intercropped between two lines of sweet sorghum, the seed sowing quantity is 22.50 kg.hm -2 ；
(4) Field management:
a, seedling searching and final singling: when the sweet sorghum grows to 3-4 leaves, the seedlings are fixed, large seedlings and strong seedlings are reserved, 2 seedlings are reserved in each hole, the field is ventilated, the light transmission is good, and the seedlings are immediately transplanted and replanted in situ when the seedlings are lack of seedlings;
b, weeding: weeding with herbicide is not suitable (sorghum gramineae, peas for feeding are leguminous plants), and if the weeds in seedling stage are too much to be removed manually, ploughing and loosening the soil can be carried out during weeding;
c, topdressing: applying 160 kg.hm of urea in the jointing period of the sweet sorghum or after each cutting -2 ；
d, pest control: the imidacloprid or the deltamethrin is applied in time to prevent and treat the drug when the pests happen to the sweet sorghum or the peas for feeding;
(5) Harvesting: mowing the sweet sorghum and the feeding peas together by a machine when the height of the sweet sorghum is 1.2-1.5m, wherein the stubble height is 12-15cm for the first time, the first mowing is carried out for three months, and the mowing is repeated every 40d for 3-5 times in a year; and airing the cut sweet sorghum and the forage peas in the field for 6-8 hours to ensure that the water content reaches 65-70 percent.
And when the stubble is mowed again, the height of the remained stubble is increased by 2cm upwards.
Example 2
The difference from the embodiment 1 is that the manual mowing is adopted in the step (5), and the height of the first stubble remaining is 8-12cm.
Comparative example 1
The difference from example 1 is that only sweet sorghum was planted.
Comparative example 2
The difference from example 1 is that only feed peas were planted.
Comparative example 3
The difference from example 1 is that in step (3), the row spacing is 30cm and the plant spacing is 15cm.
Comparative example 4
The difference from example 1 is that, without carrying out step (5), the sweet sorghum and the forage peas are harvested at once when the sweet sorghum is no longer tall.
Comparative example 5
The difference from example 1 is that in step (5), mowing is carried out at a sweet sorghum height of 1.0-1.1 m.
Comparative example 6
The difference from the example 1 is that the first stubble height in the step (5) is 16-20cm.
Comparative example 7
The difference from the example 1 is that the height of the first stubble in the step (5) is 5-7cm.
Test example 1
Silage raw materials prepared according to the methods of examples 1 to 2 and comparative examples 1 to 7 were counted for fresh weight and dry weight, and the results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
| Fresh weight/kg hm -2 | Dry weight/kg hm -2 | Economic benefit/element hm 2 | |
| Example 1 | 112156.95 | 24853.42 | 53835.34 |
| Example 2 | 102356.25 | 21568.87 | 49131 |
| Comparative example 1 | 81753.46 | 19428.63 | 39241.66 |
| Comparative example 2 | 49862.69 | 9658.76 | 14488.14 |
| Comparative example 3 | 105432.98 | 22564.83 | 50607.83 |
| Comparative example 4 | 97563.56 | 20063.58 | 46830.51 |
| Comparative example 5 | 98642.56 | 20632.56 | 47348.42 |
| Comparative example 6 | 108963.57 | 23541.89 | 52302.51 |
| Comparative example 7 | 100286.23 | 21196.53 | 48137.39 |
The fresh and dry grass yield of the pasture is related to a plurality of factors such as stubble height, mowing frequency, planting density, line spacing and the like. The invention researches different stubble heights, mowing times, different line intervals and different species collocation. As can be seen from Table 1, the fresh and hay yields of example 1 were higher than the other test treatments, and the fresh grass yields were increased by 9.57%, 6.38%, 14.95%, 13.7%, 2.93% and 11.83% over examples 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, respectively; the economic benefit increased by 9.58%, 6.38%, 14.96%, 137%, 2.93% and 11.84%, respectively. The regenerated sorghum is a sorghum cultivation mode which promotes the tillering of the base part of the stem node after the first harvest according to the characteristic of strong sprouting power of dormant buds on the stem node of the sorghum, thereby obtaining the second yield. When the stubble height and the plant height are moderate, the specific gravity of the leaves in the yield composition can be effectively increased by cutting, and high-yield and high-quality production can be realized; the row spacing configuration influences the group structure of mixed sowing to a great extent, further influences the light energy utilization and dry matter production of the group, and finally influences the yield of the mixed sowing of the rice and the beans. Therefore, mastering the proper stubble height and achieving reasonable row spacing configuration is a basic measure for creating a reasonable group dynamic structure and forming an optimized yield structure. Because the height of the remained stubbles can affect the tillering of plants and the regeneration speed of next stubbles, and can affect the cutting times. Compared with single broadcasting, the mixed seeding of the rice and the beans can fully utilize natural space and environmental resources. In the research, the sweet sorghum can support the growth of the feeding peas, ecological niche complementation can be realized by intercropping the sweet peas and the feeding peas, the overground space is fully utilized to improve the photosynthetic efficiency, the nitrogen can be provided for the sweet sorghum by the feeding peas, and the dry matter content is continuously increased, so that the fresh and dry grass yield of the mixed forage grass is higher than that of unicast treatment. The economic benefit of the embodiment 1 is increased by 37.19 percent compared with that of the comparative example 1, and the economic benefit is obviously increased.
Test example 2
Silage raw materials were prepared according to the methods of example 1 and comparative examples 1 to 2, and the contents of the nutritional ingredients were counted, and the results are shown in table 2. (the following assay carries out GB/T Standard)
TABLE 2
The mixed grain-bean sowing can not only improve the yield of the forage grass, but also improve the quality of the mixed forage grass. As can be seen from table 2, the crude protein content of example 1 increased by 35.7% over the unicast sweet sorghum treatment (comparative example 1) and decreased by 41.93% over the unicast pea treatment; the dry matter is increased by 2.33 percent and 9.21 percent compared with the unicast sweet sorghum and the feeding pea treatment respectively; the neutral detergent fiber is reduced by 6.02% compared with the sweet sorghum unicast treatment; the acid washed fiber was 6.77% more sugar sorghum unicast treated. In the present study, the crude protein content of comparative example 2 was higher than that of example 1 because the crude protein content of the legume was higher than that of the grass, and the legume contained more crude protein, crude fat, calcium, phosphorus, etc., while the grass contained more carbohydrate, and the nutritional quality of the mixed forage was improved to some extent after the two were mixed. The nutrition quality of the mixed grass of the mixed seeding of the standing grain and the beans is higher than that of the single-seeding sweet sorghum treatment. Although the content of substances such as crude protein, crude fat and the like in the unicast peas for feed was higher than that in the mixed seeding of standing grain and beans and the unicast sweet sorghum treatment, it can be seen from table 1 that the fresh grass yield in the unicast pea treatment for feed (comparative example 2) was significantly lower than that in the mixed seeding of standing grain and beans. The mixed seeding treatment of the rice and the beans can solve the problems of low protein content of gramineae and low carbohydrate content of leguminous forage to a certain extent, improve the fresh and dry grass yield and the nutritional quality of the mixed forage to a great extent, and provide theoretical basis and technical reference for high-quality and high-efficiency production of the sweet sorghum in middle and low altitude areas
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (8)
1. A method for producing silage raw materials by intercropping sweet sorghum and feeding peas is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Land selection and land preparation: selecting land blocks with relatively flat topography, small slope, convenient irrigation, convenient traffic, thick soil layer, good water source condition and relatively large connected area, removing stones, turning and raking, applying base fertilizer before or during tillage, and raking and pressing land after tillage;
(2) Variety selection: selecting sweet sorghum and feeding peas;
(3) Sowing: selecting spring with average temperature above 14 deg.C, sowing sorgo in rows with row spacing of 40cm, planting spacing of 20cm, and planting density of 18kg · hm -2 (ii) a The peas for feeding are intercropped between two lines of sweet sorghum, the seed sowing quantity is 22.50 kg.hm -2 ；
(4) Field management: seedling searching and fixing, weed removal, topdressing and pest control;
(5) Harvesting: when the height of the sweet sorghum is 1.2-1.5m, the sweet sorghum and the feeding peas are mown together, the height of the remaining stubbles is 10-15cm, the mow is repeated every 40d, and the mow is carried out 3-5 times a year.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the base fertilizer in step (1) is organic fertilizer and is applied at 20000-30000kg/hm 2 。
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the depth of the plow of step (1) is 20cm or greater.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the searching and final singling in the step (4) are specifically as follows: and (3) when the sweet sorghum grows to 3-4 leaves, performing final singling, reserving large seedlings and strong seedlings, reserving 2 seedlings in each hole, ventilating the field, ensuring good light transmission, and immediately transplanting and replanting the deficient seedlings on the spot.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the weeding in the step (4) is artificial weeding, and plowing and loosening are performed during weeding.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the top dressing of step (4) is specifically: applying 160 kg.hm of urea in the jointing period of the sweet sorghum or after each cutting -2 。
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pest control in step (4) is specifically: and when pests happen to the sweet sorghum or the peas for feeding, imidacloprid or deltamethrin is applied in time for drug control.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mown sweet sorghum and the forage peas in step (5) are air-dried in the field for 6-8 hours to a moisture content of 65-70%.
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