CN114303237A - 电路基板及功率模块 - Google Patents

电路基板及功率模块 Download PDF

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CN114303237A
CN114303237A CN202080060448.6A CN202080060448A CN114303237A CN 114303237 A CN114303237 A CN 114303237A CN 202080060448 A CN202080060448 A CN 202080060448A CN 114303237 A CN114303237 A CN 114303237A
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metal plate
circuit board
copper
metal
insulating substrate
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小西芳纪
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Kyocera Corp
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Kyocera Corp
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Abstract

电路基板(10)具备绝缘基板(1)、金属板(2)及将绝缘基板与金属板接合的钎料材料(3)。在金属板的侧面散布有多个凹部(21a)。另外,金属板的侧面在凹部的周围的表面具有条纹(21b)。金属板为铜或者铜合金。钎料材料的侧面与金属板的侧面连续,钎料材料为银‑铜合金钎料,铜以比该银‑铜合金钎料的铜的成分比率高的比率存在于钎料材料的侧面。

Description

电路基板及功率模块
技术领域
本公开涉及作为布线材料的金属板通过钎料材料接合于绝缘基板的电路基板及使用该电路基板的功率模块。
背景技术
以往,作为在搭载有IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)等电子部件的功率模块等电子装置中使用的电路基板,例如使用在包含陶瓷烧结体等绝缘基板的上表面接合了包含铜等金属材料的金属板的电路基板。
通过冲裁加工来制作金属板,形成具有相对于绝缘基板的上表面垂直的侧面的金属板,由此进行减小金属板(的侧面)彼此的间隔(窄间隙化)(例如,参照日本特开2007-53349号公报。)。
绝缘基板与金属板的接合是通过将金属板隔着钎料材料层叠于绝缘基板并进行钎焊而进行的。
在日本特开2014-72304号公报所述的半导体模块中,利用模制树脂来密封金属板、搭载于金属板上的电子部件及绝缘基板。
发明内容
本公开的一种方式的电路基板具备绝缘基板、金属板和将所述绝缘基板与所述金属板接合的钎料材料,多个凹部散布于所述金属板的侧面。
附图说明
图1A是表示电路基板的一例的立体图。
图1B是表示电路基板的一例的立体图。
图2A是图1A及图1B所示的功率模块的俯视图。
图2B是图2A的B-B线处的剖视图。
图3是电路基板的主要部位纵剖视图。
图4是放大表示金属板的侧面的主要部位侧视图。
图5A是功率模块的俯视图。
图5B是图5A的B-B线处的剖视图。
图6A是表示功率模块的另一例的剖视图。
图6B是表示功率模块的另一例的剖视图。
图7是功率模块的主要部位纵剖视图。
具体实施方式
参照附图对本公开的实施方式的电路基板及功率模块进行说明。另外,以下的说明中的上下的区别是为了方便说明,并非限定实际使用电路基板时的上下。
<电路基板>
如图1A、图1B、图2A及图2B所示那样,本实施方式的电路基板10具备绝缘基板1、和利用钎料材料3接合于绝缘基板1的主面(上下表面)的金属板2。多块金属板2、2、2被接合于绝缘基板1的上表面,单块的金属板2被接合于绝缘基板1的下表面。
绝缘基板1包含陶瓷烧结体,具有较高的机械强度及较高的导热特性(冷却特性)等特性为宜。作为陶瓷烧结体,能够使用公知的材料,例如能够使用氧化铝(Al2O3)质烧结体、氮化铝(AlN)质烧结体、氮化硅(Si3N4)质烧结体及碳化硅(SiC)质烧结体等。这样的绝缘基板1能够通过公知的制造方法来制造,例如能够通过以下处理来制造:在将烧结助剂添加到氧化铝粉末的原料粉末中加入有机粘合剂等并进行混炼,成型为基板状后进行烧成。
在本实施方式中,金属板2包含铜(Cu)或者铜合金。作为钎料材料3,能够使用在银-铜(Ag-Cu)合金钎料中包含钛(Ti)、铪(Hf)、锆(Zr)等活性金属的活性金属钎料。另外,在金属板2包含铝(Al)或者铝合金的情况下,能够使用Al-Si系合金或者Al-Ge系合金的钎料材料。
为了保护其表面,或者为了提高接合线等的接合性,也可以在金属板2的表面设置镀敷层。镀敷层能够是钯、镍、银等金属镀敷层。
在图3中,以纵剖视图示出金属板2的侧面21及钎料材料3的侧面33。在图4中,示出将金属板2的侧面21的一部分放大描绘的侧视图。
在金属板2的侧面21散布有多个凹部21a。凹部21a是从金属板2的侧面21凹陷的部分。
在应用密封树脂的情况下,树脂进入该凹部21a,密封树脂(50)的相对于侧面21的粘接性提高。由于在侧面21没有相对于周围突出的凸部,因此,在密封树脂中难以产生凸起点的裂缝,密封可靠性较高。此外,在密封树脂中产生裂缝而在该裂缝内从凸部放电导致绝缘性降低的可能性也低。
此外,如图4所示那样,金属板2的侧面21在凹部21a的周围的表面具有条纹21b。
条纹21b是微小的凹凸(槽),因此树脂的粘接性更加提高。
条纹21b不在一定的方向上延伸,因此关于树脂的粘接性,对所有方向的应力有效地作用,并且条纹21b的深度(高度)是微小且短的,因此在条纹起点处难以在树脂中产生裂缝。
在将金属板2设为铜或者铜合金的情况下,能够减小导通电阻。此外,如后述的那样,能够通过蚀刻容易地形成凹部21a及条纹21b。
如图3所示那样,钎料材料3的侧面33能够与金属板2的侧面21连续。金属板2为铜或者铜合金的情况下的钎料材料3是银-铜合金钎料,此时,能够以比该银-铜合金钎料的铜的成分比率高的比率,在钎料材料3的侧面33具有铜3C。
由此,因为钎料材料3的侧面33中的银的比率小,所以在钎料材料3的侧面难以产生银的迁移。因此,相邻的两块金属板2、2间的绝缘可靠性较高。
此外,钎料材料3从金属板2的侧面21的突出小,使相邻的两块金属板2、2分别接合的钎料材料3、3间的距离变大,因此难以产生迁移。此外,由此能够减小金属板2、2彼此的间隔,因此能够使电路基板10及功率模块小型化。
如以上所说明的那样,根据本实施方式的电路基板(10),相邻的金属板(2、2)间的绝缘性、密封树脂(50)向金属板侧面(21)的粘接性良好。
如图3所示那样,钎料材料3的侧面33与金属板2的侧面21连续,不存在钎料材料3的侧面33相对于金属板2的侧面21的偏移、覆盖。
在图3所示的金属板2的侧面21与钎料材料3的侧面33的接点P处,钎料材料3的侧面33的上缘(P)相接于金属板2的侧面21的下缘(P),由金属板2的侧面21和钎料材料3的侧面33形成一个凹曲面状。该凹曲面相当于在图3的纵剖视图中以双点划线来表示的凹曲线WS。另外,凹曲线WS表示形成凹部21a前的金属板2的侧面21。金属板2的侧面21在形成凹部21a后,除了凹部21a之外,呈大致沿着凹曲线WS的凹曲面状。凹部21a是从沿着该凹曲线WS的凹曲面(侧面21)凹陷的部分。
由于钎料材料3的侧面33相对于金属板2的侧面21没有偏移,因此金属板2的下表面通过钎料材料3而接合到外缘,钎料材料3相对于金属板2的接合性良好。
钎料材料3从金属板2向侧方溢出少许,基本上没有。由此,确保相邻的金属板2、2间的间隙。
由金属板2的侧面21与钎料材料3的侧面33形成的凹曲面状的形状是底部扩展的形状。钎料材料3的侧面33的下缘位于比金属板2的侧面21的上缘更靠外侧的位置。如图3所示那样,钎料材料3的侧面33的下缘向金属板2向外侧扩展,金属板2的外缘部是厚度逐渐变薄的形状。因为具有这样的外缘形状,所以能够缓和在金属板2与绝缘基板1之间产生的热应力,钎料材料3相对于绝缘基板1的接合性良好。由此,抑制了从金属板2的端部的剥离。
另外,由金属板2的侧面21和钎料材料3的侧面33形成的凹曲面状的形状能够在金属板2的侧面21的上端部翘曲。由此,确保金属板2的上表面的面积较大。此外,密封树脂(50)钩挂在金属板2的侧面21的上端部,变得更加难以剥离。
以上那样的金属板2的形状即便在冲裁后进行研磨、加工也能够形成,但能够通过蚀刻容易地形成。
以上的结果是,绝缘基板1与金属板2的接合性良好,并且能够高精度地确保相邻的金属板2、2间的间隙。
<电路基板的制造方法>
对电路基板的制造方法进行说明。
(制造方法的概述)
1.图案的形成方法
作为金属板2的外形图案的形成方法及钎料材料3对金属板2的绝缘基板1的接合方法,能够列举以下的(A)(B)的方法。
(A)是在对金属板2进行图案加工后接合于绝缘基板1的方法。
此时,图案加工也可以通过冲裁加工来形成,此外,也能够通过蚀刻来进行图案加工。将成为钎料材料3的钎料材料膏涂敷在绝缘基板1上,在其上载置进行了图案加工的金属板2并进行加热,由此能够进行接合。
钎料材料膏的涂敷既可以是图案形状的涂敷(以下,也称为图案涂敷),也可以是涂敷(以下,也称为整面涂敷)到绝缘基板1的整个面。
在以图案形状涂敷钎料材料膏的情况下,能够考虑位置偏移而设为比金属板2的外形图案更大一圈的图案。
(B)是在接合了大型金属板后通过蚀刻进行图案加工的方法。
此时,钎料材料膏既可以整面涂敷,也可以是图案涂敷。
在整面涂敷钎料材料3的情况下,不需要对金属板2的图案形状进行对位。无论是方法(A)或者(B)中的哪一种方法,通过利用蚀刻将通过整面涂敷形成于金属板2、2间的钎料材料3除去,由此能够确保它们之间的绝缘性。即便在钎料材料3的侧面33与金属板2的侧面21连续的情况下,只要通过蚀刻将钎料材料3从金属板2的图案形状溢出的部分除去即可。
2.凹部的形成方法
作为在金属板2的侧面21形成凹部21a的方法,能够列举以下的(1)~(3)的方法。
(1)是通过模压在金属板2的侧面21形成凹部21a的方法。
(2)是在金属板2的侧面21形成在凹部21a的形成预定部开口的掩模图案并进行蚀刻的方法。
(3)是利用具有选择性地蚀刻金属板2的侧面21的一部分的性质的蚀刻液进行蚀刻的方法。
3.组合
能够将上述图案的形成方法(A)、(B)与凹部的形成方法(1)~(3)组合来实施。在图案加工后接合的方法(A)的情况下,既可以在将金属板2接合于绝缘基板1前形成凹部21a,也可以在接合后形成。此外,在通过冲裁加工进行图案加工的情况下,利用研磨等将通过冲裁加工形成的侧面除去凸部等而使其平滑,在形成了金属板2的侧面21后形成凹部21a。
以下公开将上述图案形成方法和凹部的形成方法组合起来的、电路基板的制造方法的一例(制造方法1)。制造方法1是将上述图案形成方法(B)与凹部的形成方法(3)组合的示例。
首先,在绝缘基板1的上下表面整面地印刷钎料材料3,在钎料材料3上配置俯视的大小与绝缘基板1相同的金属板2,进行加压、加热而进行钎焊。在此,作为绝缘基板1,应用陶瓷烧结体。作为金属板2,应用铜或者铜合金。此外,作为钎料材料3,在银-铜(Ag-Cu)合金钎料中应用包含钛(Ti)作为活性金属的活性金属钎料。
然后,将配置在金属板2的上表面的抗蚀剂掩模作为掩模,通过氯化铁溶液等蚀刻液对金属板2进行蚀刻,由此将金属板2形成为所希望的电路图案形状。此时,通过对蚀刻条件(蚀刻液浓度、蚀刻时间等)进行调整,能够使金属板2的侧面21成为凹曲面。
接下来,将从金属板2的外形溢出的钎料材料3如下那样通过蚀刻来除去。
在钎料材料3的蚀刻中交替地反复使用两种蚀刻液。
首先,通过第一溶液进行蚀刻。
作为第一溶液,选择主要溶解银(Ag)、钛(Ti)的蚀刻液。例如,是包含氢氟酸及过氧化氢溶液、氨的蚀刻液。
通过第一溶液的蚀刻,进行位于金属板2、2间的银-铜合金活性金属钎料中的银及钛的溶解。
接下来,通过第二溶液进行蚀刻。作为第二溶液,选择主要溶解铜(Cu)的蚀刻液。例如,是使用了硫酸+过氧化氢溶液的蚀刻液或者过硫酸盐+硫酸系的蚀刻液。
通过第二溶液的蚀刻,进行银-铜合金钎料中的铜的溶解。此外,金属板2的侧面21也是铜的,因此被蚀刻。其中,通过作为第二溶液铜的晶体取向,选择蚀刻速率不同的溶液。在硫酸+过氧化氢溶液的蚀刻液中,铜晶体的{001}面的蚀刻速率高,在过硫酸盐+硫酸系的蚀刻液中,铜晶体的{327}面、{425}面的蚀刻速率高。因此,将容易被蚀刻的晶体面露出到侧面21的铜晶体溶解,从而使侧面21产生凹部21a(图3)。此外,第二蚀刻液与上述的氯化铁等蚀刻液相比,蚀刻速率小。因此,由蚀刻液形成的金属板2的侧面21除了具有上述晶体取向的部分以外,绝大多数未被蚀刻。
进而,交替地反复进行基于第一溶液的蚀刻和基于第二溶液的蚀刻,将从金属板2溢出的钎料材料3除去而使绝缘基板1露出。图3是表示该状态的剖视图,图4是侧面21的局部放大示意图。在金属板2的侧面21散布有多个凹陷的凹部21a。此外,如图3所示那样,交替地反复进行基于第一溶液的蚀刻和基于第二溶液的蚀刻的结果,在凹部21a的周围的表面形成条纹21b。
另外,如图3所示那样,在钎料材料3的侧面33较多地残留有难以被银蚀刻的铜3C。成为上述的以比银-铜合金钎料的铜的成分比率高的比率存在铜的、钎料材料3的侧面33。另外,若将钎料材料3从共晶成分中去掉少许而增加铜,将铜的比率提高,则更加容易增多侧面33的铜3C。此时,通过添加铟(In)、锡(Sn)、Zn(锌)、Sb(锑)、Bi(铋),从而能够抑制因铜增加而引起的熔点上升。
通过以上的制造方法1,容易获得图3及图4所示的金属板2及钎料材料3的侧面。仅通过改变蚀刻条件(蚀刻液等),就能够使得金属板2及钎料材料3的外形图案及凹部21a的形成连续且容易且高精度地实施。
<功率模块>
通过将电子部件40搭载于上述那样的电路基板10,并用密封树脂50覆盖电子部件40等,从而成为图5A及图5B、图6A及图6B所示的示例那样的功率模块100。另外,在图5A及图5B中,为了容易观察到被搭载于金属板2(121)上的、电子部件40与另一金属板2(122)通过接合线41连接的状态,示出了将密封树脂50除去的状态。功率模块100例如用于汽车等,用于ECU(engine control unit,发动机控制单元)及动力辅助手柄、电机驱动器等各种控制单元。功率模块100不限于这样的车载的控制单元,例如,用于其他各种逆变器控制电路、电力控制电路、功率调节器等。
在图5A及图5B、图6A及图6B所示的示例的功率模块100中,在与陶瓷基板(1)的表面(上表面)的中央部接合的金属板2(121)之上,搭载有一个电子部件40。金属板2(122)与电子部件40通过接合线41电连接,该金属板2(122)被配置并接合成夹持搭载了电子部件40的金属板2(121)。该外侧的金属板2(122)作为用于与外部的电路连接的端子发挥功能。此外,在电子部件40中产生的热量经由与陶瓷基板(1)的上表面接合的金属板2(121、122)及陶瓷基板(1),向与陶瓷基板(1)的下表面接合的金属板2(123)传导,能够进一步向外部散热。换句话说,与陶瓷基板(1)的下表面接合的金属板2(123)作为散热板发挥功能。关于电子部件40的数量、大小及搭载位置等,并不限于图5A及图5B、图6A及图6B所示的示例。
电子部件40例如是功率半导体,在上述那样的各种控制单元中,为了进行电力控制而被使用。例如可以列举使用了Si的MOS-FET(Metal Oxide Semiconductor-FieldEffect Transistor,金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管)或者称为IGBT的晶体管、或者使用了SiC或GaN的功率元件。
电子部件40通过未图示的接合材料与电路基板10的金属板2接合而被固定。接合材料例如能够使用焊料或者银纳米膏。在金属板2的表面局部地设置金属覆膜的情况下,若俯视情况下的电子部件40的大小小于金属覆膜的大小,则从电子部件40的侧面到金属覆膜的上表面形成有接合材料的倒角,因此能够提高电子部件40向金属板2(金属覆膜)的接合强度。此外,由于金属覆膜的表面被接合材料覆盖而不露出,因此后述的密封树脂50的接合性提高。
接合线41是将电子部件40的端子电极(未图示)与金属板2电连接的连接构件。作为接合线41,例如能够使用金或铝制的接合线。
图6A所示的示例的功率模块101是使用了图1A、图1B、图2A及图2B所示的示例的电路基板10的功率模块。在该示例中,从电路基板10的上表面到下表面的外周部被密封树脂50覆盖,电子部件40被密封。密封树脂50未覆盖与陶瓷基板(1)的下表面接合的金属板2(123)的主面(下表面)。因此,由于能够将作为散热板发挥功能的金属板2(123)与外部的散热体等直接热连接,因此能够成为散热性优异的功率模块101。此外,作为端子发挥功能的金属板2(122)是从绝缘基板1溢出的长度,也从密封树脂50溢出。由此,能够容易地将作为端子发挥功能的金属板2(122)与外部的电路电连接。
从导热性、绝缘性、耐环境性及密封性的观点出发,密封树脂50能够使用硅酮树脂、环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、酰亚胺树脂等热固化性树脂。
图6B所示的示例的功率模块102是使用了与图5A及图5B所示的示例的功率模块100中的电路基板10同样的电路基板10的功率模块。在该示例中,电路基板10配置于具有内侧空间的壳体60的内部空间,在内部空间填充密封树脂50,电子部件40及电路基板10被密封。
如图5A及图5B、图6A及图6B所示的示例那样,能够设为具备将电子部件40、金属板2及绝缘基板1覆盖的密封树脂50的功率模块101、102。通过密封树脂50,电子部件40的耐环境性提高,还提高了相邻的金属板121、122间的绝缘性。
壳体60由框体61和将该框体61的一个开口封闭的散热板62构成,由框体61和散热板62包围的空间成为内侧空间。此外,具备从内侧空间将壳体60的框体61贯通而向外部导出的引线端子63。而且,引线端子63的内部空间内的端部与电路基板10的金属板2通过接合线41而被连接。由此,能够将电子部件40与外部的电路电连接。
框体61包含树脂材料、金属材料或者它们的混合材料,通过散热板62将一个开口堵塞,由此形成收纳电路基板10的内侧空间。作为框体61所使用的材料,从散热性、耐热性、耐环境性及轻量性的观点出发,能够使用铜、铝等金属材料或者聚对苯二甲酸丁酯(PBT)、聚苯硫醚(PPS)等树脂材料。其中,从获得容易性的观点出发,优选使用PBT树脂。此外,在PBT树脂中添加玻璃纤维而成为纤维强化树脂,由于机械强度增大,因此是优选的。
引线端子63是被安装成从内侧空间将框体61贯通而向外部导出的、导电性的端子。该引线端子63的内侧空间侧的端部与电路基板10的金属板2电连接,外部侧的端部与外部的电路(未图示)或者电源装置(未图示)等电连接。该引线端子63能够使用导电性端子所使用的各种金属材料、例如Cu及Cu合金、Al及Al合金、Fe及Fe合金、不锈钢(SUS)等。
散热板62用于将在动作时在电子部件40中产生的热量向功率模块102的外部散热。该散热板62能够使用Al、Cu、Cu-W等高导热性材料。特别是,与作为Fe等一般性的构造材料的金属材料相比,Al的导热性高,能够将在电子部件40中产生的热更有效地向功率模块102的外部散热,因此能够使电子部件40稳定并正常地动作。此外,Al与Cu或者Cu-W等其他高导热性材料相比,容易获得且廉价,因此在对功率模块102的低成本化也有利这一方面也是优异的。
散热板62与电路基板10的金属板2(123)通过未图示的导热性接合材料而热连接。作为导热性接合材料,也可以使用钎料材料进行热连接,并且机械性地牢固接合,也可以利用润滑脂等进行热连接,在机械性上比较弱地接合,还可以如后述那样利用密封树脂50进行接合。
密封树脂50填充于内侧空间,对搭载于电路基板10的电子部件40进行密封而进行保护。也可以利用相同的密封树脂50进行电路基板10与散热板62的机械接合和内侧空间的密封。在该情况下,能够在相同工序中进行电路基板10与散热板62的机械性牢固的接合和树脂密封。
为了进一步提高散热特性,功率模块102也可以在散热板62的与接合有电路基板10的一侧相反的一侧的露出的面上,经由导热性接合材料71接合冷却器70。该导热性接合材料71能够使用与上述的、将散热板62与电路基板10的金属板2(123)连接的导热性接合材料同样的材料。在图6B所示的示例中,示出了冷却器70在金属等块体设置了使水等制冷剂通过的流路的示例,但也可以是除此以外的例如冷却翅片。这样的冷却器70也能够应用于图5A及图5B及图6A所示的示例的功率模块100、101,只要连接于电路基板10的金属板2(123)即可。在该情况下,也能够仅将平板状的散热板、即图6B所示的散热板62用作冷却器70。
在以上那样的功率模块中,覆盖电子部件40、金属板2及绝缘基板1等的密封树脂50如图7所示那样进入凹部21a而也与金属板2的侧面21接合。
由于密封树脂50进入凹部21a,因此密封树脂50的粘接性提高。由此,能够抑制密封树脂50的高温下的剥离,因此耐热性提高。
以上,虽然对本公开的实施方式进行了说明,但该实施方式是作为示例而示出的,能够以其他各种各样的方式来实施,在不脱离发明的主旨的范围内,能够进行结构要素的省略、置换、变更。
在以上的实施方式中,虽然将金属板2设置于绝缘基板1的两面,但也可以实施仅将金属板2设置于绝缘基板1的单面的电路基板。此外,电路基板10也能够通过以所谓的多连片的方式制作并将其进行分割来制作。多连片的电路基板能够通过以下处理来制作,准备具有多个成为电路基板10的绝缘基板1的基板区域的大型的绝缘基板,并利用上述的方法在各基板区域上形成金属板2。在图案形成方法(B)的情况下,作为大型的金属板,能够使用与大型的绝缘基板相同程度的大小的金属板。
-产业上的可利用性-
本公开能够利用于电路基板及功率模块。
-符号说明-
1 绝缘基板
2 金属板
3 钎料材料
3C 钎料材料侧面的铜
10 电路基板
21 金属板的侧面
21a 凹部
21b 条纹
33 钎料材料的侧面
40 电子部件
41 接合线
50 密封树脂
100 功率模块
101 功率模块
102 功率模块。

Claims (5)

1.一种电路基板,
具备绝缘基板、金属板和将所述绝缘基板与所述金属板接合的钎料材料,
在所述金属板的侧面散布有多个凹部。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电路基板,其中,
所述金属板的侧面在所述凹部的周围的表面具有条纹。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的电路基板,其中,
所述金属板为铜或者铜合金。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电路基板,其中,
所述钎料材料的侧面与所述金属板的侧面连续,
所述钎料材料为银-铜合金钎料,
铜以比该银-铜合金钎料的铜的成分比率高的比率存在于所述钎料材料的侧面。
5.一种功率模块,具备:
权利要求1~4中任一项所述的电路基板;
搭载在该电路基板的所述金属板上的电子部件;和
将所述电子部件、所述金属板及所述绝缘基板覆盖的密封树脂,
所述密封树脂进入所述凹部并与所述金属板的侧面接合。
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