CN114107100B - 一种食源性乳酸菌及其应用 - Google Patents
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- A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L19/20—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof by pickling, e.g. sauerkraut or pickles
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种食源性植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)QB3,其在中国典型培养物保藏中心的保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 20211294,属于应用微生物技术领域,该菌株是从豆豉中分离获得;将植物乳杆菌QB3应用于辣椒发酵,发现发酵后的泡椒酸香味浓郁,无腐败现象,短链脂肪酸含量增加,辣椒素含量减少,维生素A和C含量增加;另外,植物乳杆菌QB3对克雷伯氏菌属、肠杆菌属等条件致病菌具有较好地抑制作用,提高泡椒的品质和安全性,适用于工业化生产和市场推广应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于应用微生物技术领域,具体涉及一种食源性植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)QB3,及其在改善泡椒品质中的用途。
背景技术
传统发酵蔬菜食品是人们日常饮食中重要的组成部分,它以新鲜蔬菜为原料,利用微生物发酵而成。蔬菜发酵过程中,微生物所产生的代谢产物可以赋予蔬菜其本身没有的味道,改变食品组分,从而提高其品质。但是传统的发酵蔬菜,制作的工艺流程都是代代口传留下来的经验,缺乏科学的技术参数,产品质量很难控制。由于传统发酵蔬菜生产中,大多使用开放的发酵池或者发酵坛,可能会带入有一定风险的微生物,导致发酵蔬菜产品存在安全隐患,出现腐败的酸臭味。发酵时间长,产品质量易受产品原料、自然发酵环境等条件的影响。因此在不同批次的产品的质量存在较大差异,产品质量不稳定;另外,发酵过程中的高盐、亚硝酸盐含量高等问题,往往导致产品产生安全性问题。
传统发酵通常是利用高盐浓度来抑制有害菌的生长,并且盐是蔬菜发酵制作过程必要的一种原料,具有脱水、防腐、增香、增味与保脆作用,适当的使用盐,可以提高产品的感官品质。但是过量的盐会对人体造成伤害,随着人们健康饮食意识不断提高,低盐食品已经成为市场消费的主要趋势。目前,如何在降低盐浓度的情况下保证产品的质量和安全性已经成为研究的热点。将微生物用于辣椒发酵是保证以及改善泡椒品质的一种重要措施。乳酸菌是传统发酵蔬菜中优势微生物,其在发酵过程中不仅改善了产品风味和营养价值,还通过产生有机酸、细菌素等物质抑制有害微生物的生长。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种食源性植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)QB3,其已于2021年10月20日保藏于中国典型培养物保藏中心(地址:中国武汉,武汉大学),保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 20211294。
本发明植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)QB3是广西钦北豆豉中分离获得的,具体是从广西钦北采集豆豉若干份,利用MRS固体培养基分离乳酸菌,挑取单菌落在MRS液体培养基中过夜培养后,随机选取20株乳酸菌,分别接种在以辣椒为底物的发酵培养基中发酵一周,选出发酵泡椒后酸香味最浓郁,泡椒色泽最好的一株乳酸菌;经过鉴定该菌株为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)并命名为QB3;
其中所述以辣椒为底物的发酵培养基的配制方法:先配置葡萄糖浓度和食盐浓度均为1%的发酵液70mL,置于广口锥形瓶中,封口膜封口,115℃高压蒸汽灭菌20min,待发酵液冷却后,在无菌环境中加入经过减菌处理的小米辣30g,封口制得。
本发明另一目的是上述食源性植物乳杆菌QB3应用在改善泡椒品质中,即使在低盐条件下,接种植物乳杆菌QB3进行发酵,依然能使泡椒的风味良好、酸香气增加、无腐败现象发生,泡椒的品质显著提升。
上述食源性植物乳杆菌QB3使用时,可以制备成泡椒发酵菌剂,泡椒发酵菌剂是将植物乳杆菌QB3在MRS培养基上活化12-14h,按体积百分比4-8‰的接菌量,接种于100mLMRS液体培养基中,37℃静置培养12-14h,8000-10000rpm离心15-20min沉淀菌体,利用无菌去离子水洗涤菌体2-3次后,再用无菌去离子水悬浮菌体制成浓度为106-107 CFU/mL菌悬液,即得到植物乳杆菌QB3的泡椒发酵菌剂。
所述泡椒发酵菌剂在改善泡椒品质中的应用,是将1mL泡椒发酵菌剂接种到已灭菌的装有70mL含1%葡萄糖和1%食盐的发酵液中,然后加入30g经过减菌处理的辣椒的广口锥形瓶中,封口膜封口,置于恒温恒湿培养箱中30℃发酵60h。
本发明所用到的小米辣是市场上售卖的小米辣。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下突出优点:
本发明植物乳杆菌QB3来源于食品,安全;将本发明提供的植物乳杆菌QB3用于泡椒发酵后,泡椒酸香味提升,杂味、刺激性气味减弱,无腐败现象,总酸含量增加,短链脂肪酸含量增加,辣椒素含量减少,维生素A(Va)和C(Vc)含量增加,另外,较好地抑制了克雷伯氏菌属、肠杆菌属等条件致病菌;由于植物乳杆菌QB3来源的安全性和对病原菌的抑制性,能够提高泡椒生产的安全性,在泡椒制造行业具有巨大应用潜力。
附图说明
图1为植物乳杆菌QB3的生长和产酸曲线,CFU表示菌落形成单位。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下通过实施例及试验数据,对本发明作进一步详细说明。此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。下述实施例中所使用的试验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;所用材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到。所述试验结果,如无特殊说明,均为三次重复的平均值。
下述实施例中MRS固体培养基(g/L)为:蛋白胨10g/L、牛肉粉8g/L、酵母粉4g/L、葡萄糖20g/L、吐温80 1g/L、K2HPO4 2g/L、MgSO4 0.2g/L、NaAc 5g/L、MnSO4 0.05g/L、柠檬酸三铵2g/L、琼脂20g/L,115℃灭菌20 min;
MRS液体培养基:蛋白胨10g/L、牛肉粉8g/L、酵母粉4g/L、葡萄糖20g/L、吐温801g/L、K2HPO4 2g/L、MgSO4 0.2g/L、NaAc 5g/L、MnSO4 0.05g/L、柠檬酸三铵2g/L,115℃灭菌20min;
实施例1:植物乳杆菌QB3的分离和鉴定
1、从广西钦北采集豆豉若干份,利用MRS固体培养基分离乳酸菌,挑取单菌落在MRS液体培养基中过夜培养后,随机选取20株乳酸菌,分别接种在以辣椒为底物的发酵培养基中发酵一周,选出发酵泡椒后酸香味最浓郁,泡椒色泽最好的一株乳酸菌,命名为QB3;重新活化乳酸菌QB3,将活化好的菌液进行菌液PCR,用细菌通用引物27F(5’-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’)和1492R(5’-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3’)扩增乳酸菌QB3的16SrRNA基因,将PCR产物送上海生工测序,序列信息上传至NCBI进行比对,发现与数据库中的植物乳杆菌具有高度同源性(≥99%)。乳杆菌QB3在MRS固体培养基上,菌落颜色为乳白色;菌液镜检发现其呈短杆状、无鞭毛。基于这些结果,确认乳酸菌QB3为植物乳杆菌;
其中以辣椒为底物的发酵培养基:含1%葡萄糖和1%食盐的发酵液70mL,置于250mL广口锥形瓶中,封口膜封口,115℃高压蒸汽灭菌20min,待发酵液冷却后在无菌环境中加入经过减菌处理的小米辣30g。
2、植物乳杆菌QB3的生长和产酸曲线
从-80℃冰箱中取出植物乳杆菌QB3菌株保藏液,按4‰(v/v)接种至5mL MRS液体培养基中进行活化;活化好菌液按终浓度为1.92×106 CFU/mL接种于600mL MRS液体培养基中,37℃静置培养60h;每隔3h取4mL菌液,用于pH测定和活菌数分析;
结果如图1所示,植物乳杆菌QB3从第6h进入对数生长期,在第15h进入稳定生长期,30h后菌落数开始下降,推测其可能开始进入衰亡期;产酸曲线分析发现,在最初接菌到对数生长初期,pH值维持7左右,在对数期急剧下降,从对数生长期末期到衰亡期维持在3.6左右,说明QB3具有很强的产酸能力。
实施例2:植物乳杆菌QB3的应用
1、发酵菌剂的制备:用植物乳杆菌QB3在MRS培养基活化12h,按照体积百分比4‰接菌量,接种于100mL MRS液体培养基中,37℃静置培养12h,8000rpm离心15min沉淀菌体,利用无菌去离子水洗涤3次菌体后,再用无菌去离子水悬浮菌体,制成浓度为106 CFU/mL菌悬液,即得到植物乳杆菌QB3的发酵菌剂;
2、将1mL的QB3发酵菌剂接种到已灭菌的装有70mL含1%葡萄糖和1%食盐的发酵液的发酵液,以及30g经过减菌处理的小米辣的250mL广口锥形瓶中,封口膜封口,置于恒温恒湿培养箱中30℃发酵60h;对照为未接种QB3发酵菌剂的泡椒,其他条件与QB3发酵条件一致。
3、感官品质判定
通过发酵过后的泡椒香气、是否出现腐败现象以及泡椒的色泽三个方面评定泡椒的感官品质;结果发酵后的泡椒酸香味浓郁,无腐败现象,色泽偏黄,没有褐变发生。
4、小米辣经过植物乳杆菌QB3发酵过后相对于对照组的化学成分变化
分别测定发酵后泡椒体系中葡萄糖浓度、短链脂肪酸浓度、辣椒素浓度、Va和Vc的浓度;结果表明,经过植物乳杆菌QB3发酵的泡椒体系中葡萄糖含量较未接菌发酵泡椒的葡萄糖含量显著降低,短链脂肪酸含量显著增加,辣椒素浓度显著降低,Va和Vc含量显著增加(表1),这些结果表明通过植物乳杆菌QB3发酵,泡椒的质量得到了改善;
表1 QB3发酵对泡椒主要化学成分的影响
注:**和***分别表示QB3发酵泡椒与对照组相比具有显著性差异(p < 0.05和p <0.01)。
5、泡椒经植物乳杆菌QB3发酵后致香成分的变化
利用顶空-固相微萃取联合气相色谱-质谱技术进行挥发性化合物的分离和检测
设备:CTC三位一体自动进样器;萃取头:50/30μm DVB/CARon PDMS;温度:50℃;时间:震荡15min,萃取30min;震荡速度:250rpm;解析时间:5min;GC循环时间:50min。
上机检测:采用色谱柱DB-wax(30m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm),以1mL/min的恒流氦气来分离衍生化物质,取样品加入20mL顶空瓶中,加盖密封。进样口温度为260℃,升温程序以40℃为初始温度,持续5min,以5℃/min的速率上升到220℃,20℃/min升至250℃,保持2.5min。接口温度:260℃;离子源温度:230℃;四级杆温度:150℃;电离方式:EI+,70 ev;扫描方式:全扫描;质量范围:20-400;NIST2014谱库。经数据库注释得到各个样本中可能的代谢物名称及其保留时间、CAS号、相关含量等信息,把各个样本的这些注释信息加以整合,得到最终的用来分析的可能的代谢物的表格。为使不同量级的数据能够进行比较,对数据进行峰面积的内标归一化(Internal Standard normalization)。
由表2可知,植物乳杆菌QB3发酵泡椒致香成分主要包括酸、醇、酚、酯、醛等,相比于对照样品有2种酚、2种醛、4种醇、3种酸、3种酯、1种烯、1种烷、1种呋喃、1种苯和1种醚显著增加;这些化合物改变可能是QB3改善泡椒风味品质的主要原因;
表2 QB3发酵对泡椒中致香成分的影响
注:相对含量是指泡椒中单一化合物进行峰面积的内标归一化后的比值。—:未检测到;**:表示相比于对照,在0.05水平具有显著性差异;***:表示相比于对照,在0.01水平具有显著性差异。
6、泡椒经植物乳杆菌QB3发酵后微生物群落结构的变化
微生物物种多样性采用扩增子测序进行分析,具体来说,利用FastDNA Spin Kitfor Soil试剂盒(MP Biomedicals,美国)提取QB3发酵辣椒产品与对照的基因组DNA,分别用真菌通用引物(ITS3: 5’-GCATCGATGAAGAACGCAG-3’;ITS4: 5’- TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATG
C-3’)和细菌通用引物(338F: 5’-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3’;806R: 5’-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3’)扩增真菌的ITS区域和细菌的16S rRNA基因。PCR产物送上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行高通量测序,测序平台为Illumina公司(美国)的MiseqPE300,测序得到的PE reads按照overlap关系进行拼接,同时对序列质量进行控制和过滤。对每条序列进行物种分类注释,参考unite8.0/its_fungi数据库和silva138/16s_bacteria数据库进行操作分类单位(OTU)聚类分析和物种分类分析。OTU序列相似度为0.97,分类置信度为0.7。
结果见表3,由表3可知,植物乳杆菌QB3发酵泡椒产品中,植物乳杆菌占据了微生物群落的百分之九十以上,说明接种的植物乳杆菌QB3在发酵过程中可能占据了主要优势,另外,克雷伯氏菌属、肠杆菌属等条件致病菌的含量在发酵后显著降低,说明植物乳杆菌QB3在泡椒发酵体系中对这些条件致病菌具有较好抑制效果;
表3 微生物群落结构变化
注:表中只列出了具有显著差异的微生物,相对含量是指泡椒产品中单一微生物数量占总微生物数量的比例。—:未检测到;**:表示相比于对照,在0.05水平具有显著性差异(p < 0.05)。
实施例3:植物乳杆菌QB3的应用
1、发酵菌剂的制备:按照6‰(v/v)接菌量,将在MRS液体培养基中活化15h的植物乳杆菌QB3接种于100mL MRS液体培养基中,37℃静置培养15h,8000rpm离心20min沉淀菌体,用无菌去离子水洗涤4次菌体后,加入无菌去离子水制成浓度为107 CFU/mL的菌悬液,即为植物乳杆菌QB3发酵菌剂;
2、将1mL的QB3发酵菌剂接种到已灭菌的装有80mL含1%葡萄糖和1%食盐的发酵液中以及30g经过减菌处理的小米辣的发酵罐中,透气性膜封口,置于恒温为30℃左右的环境中发酵54h;对照为未接种菌剂发酵的泡椒,其他条件与QB3发酵条件一致。
本实施例感官评价按照香气、是否出现腐败现象、泡椒的色泽三个方面评定泡椒的感官品质,仍然能达到实施例2中植物乳杆菌QB3应用的提高泡椒的品质和安全性的效果。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
序列表
<110> 云南省农业科学院农产品加工研究所 江西师范大学
<120> 一个食源性乳酸菌及其应用
<160> 7
<170> SIPOSequenceListing 1.0
<210> 1
<211> 722
<212> DNA
<213> 植物乳杆菌QB3(Lactobacillus plantarum QB3)
<400> 1
tgcaagtcga acgaactctg gtattgattg gtgcttgcat catgatttac atttgagtga 60
gtggcgaact ggtgagtaac acgtgggaaa cctgcccaga agcgggggat aacacctgga 120
aacagatgct aataccgcat aacaacttgg accgcatggt ccgagcttga aagatggctt 180
cggctatcac ttttggatgg tcccgcggcg tattagctag atggtggggt aacggctcac 240
catggcaatg atacgtagcc gacctgagag ggtaatcggc cacattggga ctgagacacg 300
gcccaaactc ctacgggagg cagcagtagg gaatcttcca caatggacga aagtctgatg 360
gagcaacgcc gcgtgagtga agaagggttt cggctcgtaa aactctgttg ttaaagaaga 420
acatatctga gagtaactgt tcaggtattg acggtattta accagaaagc cacggctaac 480
tacgtgccag cagccgcggt aatacgtagg tggcaagcgt tgtccggatt tattgggcgt 540
aaagcgagcg caggcggttt tttaagtctg atgtgaaagc cttcggctca accgaagaag 600
tgcatcggaa actgggaaac ttgagtgcag aagaggacag tggaactcca tgtgtagcgg 660
tgaaatgcgt agatatatgg aagaacacca gtggcgaaag cggctgtctg gtctgtaact 720
ga 722
<210> 2
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列(Artificial)
<400> 2
agagtttgat cctggctcag 20
<210> 3
<211> 19
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列(Artificial)
<400> 3
ggttaccttg ttacgactt 19
<210> 4
<211> 19
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列(Artificial)
<400> 4
gcatcgatga agaacgcag 19
<210> 5
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列(Artificial)
<400> 5
tcctccgctt attgatatgc 20
<210> 6
<211> 19
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列(Artificial)
<400> 6
actcctacgg gaggcagca 19
<210> 7
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列(Artificial)
<400> 7
ggactachvg ggtwtctaat 20
Claims (3)
1.一种食源性植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)QB3,其在中国典型培养物保藏中心的保藏编号为CCTCC NO:M 20211294。
2.权利要求1所述食源性植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)QB3在改善泡椒品质中的应用。
3.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于:将食源性植物乳杆菌QB3制成泡椒发酵菌剂,具体是按体积百分比4-8‰的接菌量,将在MRS液体培养基中活化12-14h的植物乳杆菌QB3接种于MRS液体培养基中,37℃静置培养12-14h,离心沉淀菌体,采用无菌去离子水洗涤菌体后,加入无菌去离子水制成浓度为106-107 CFU/mL的菌悬液即得。
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