CN115386509B - 一种植物乳杆菌mmb05及其在发酵海苔下脚料制备紫菜酱的应用 - Google Patents
一种植物乳杆菌mmb05及其在发酵海苔下脚料制备紫菜酱的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115386509B CN115386509B CN202210808318.7A CN202210808318A CN115386509B CN 115386509 B CN115386509 B CN 115386509B CN 202210808318 A CN202210808318 A CN 202210808318A CN 115386509 B CN115386509 B CN 115386509B
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- lactobacillus plantarum
- mmb05
- laver
- sauce
- fermented
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种植物乳杆菌MMB‑05及其在发酵海苔下脚料制备紫菜酱的应用,本发明的植物乳杆菌MMB‑05和/或其发酵液对发酵过程中腐败微生物具有抑制作用,腐败微生物包括大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌,作为发酵菌发酵紫菜酱可以提高活性物质含量,从而增加紫菜酱的营养价值,有利于紫菜酱风味物质的形成,同时可以解决海苔废料的问题,改善其口感和风味,丰富其产品形式,具有较好经济价值和市场前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及微生物领域,尤其是一种植物乳杆菌MMB05及其在发酵海苔下脚料制备紫菜酱的应用。
背景技术
紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)是一种具有高营养价值的食用海藻,属于紫菜属(门:红藻门;纲:原红藻纲;目:红毛藻目;科:红毛藻科),富含维生素B12和多种生物活性成分,包括酚类化合物和黄酮类化合物。在日本和韩国,含有条斑紫菜的产品很受欢迎,而中国消费者对条斑紫菜产品的消费量较少。中国本土条斑紫菜产品市场不发达,产品品种少,有影响力的生产商少。目前,国内海藻加工的主要方法是干燥和焙烧。因此,需要更多的条斑紫菜加工方法,以提高条斑紫菜的经济价值,扩大条斑紫菜产品的市场。
在紫菜加工成海苔的切片过程中,会产生大量的废料,富含多种营养物质。因此,研究如何实现海苔加工废料的高值化利用,有利于减少浪费,具有重要的意义。乳酸发酵可以赋予食品独特的口感和风味,利用乳杆菌对海苔加工废料进行发酵制备紫菜酱,可为紫菜市场创造新的机遇。据我们所知,研究植物乳杆菌对紫菜酱的发酵甚少。植物乳杆菌的性能决定了发酵食品的风味和营养价值,因此,性能优良的乳杆菌资源的开发一直是食品行业研究的热点。有研究表明植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)是发酵的最佳菌种,具有最强的鲜味。因此,利用将海苔下脚料发酵后制成酱,则既可以解决海苔废料的问题,也可以增加其营养价值,改善其口感和风味,丰富其产品形式,具有较好经济价值和市场前景。
目前对紫菜的发酵工艺研究报道较少,传统的真菌发酵食品多采用米曲霉、黑曲霉、根霉、酵母等。紫菜中蛋白质含量丰富,发酵过程中这些蛋白质会被降解成氨基酸和多肽物质,部分氨基酸会继续降解生成酮类和醛类物质,对发酵紫菜酱的风味起重要作用;其中的脂肪氧化后会释放游离脂肪酸,通过代谢反应产生酯类,对紫菜酱的风味也产生重要影响,因此接种不同发酵菌株的紫菜酱,在发酵过程中会有不同的变化反应,同时会产生不同的理化性质和风味物质,而控制发酵紫菜酱风味物质主要有两种,一种是具有挥发性的气味,另一种是不具有挥发性的尝味物质,其挥发性成分主要包括醛类、醇类、烃类、酸类、酚类、酮类、酯类等物质。
本发明公开了一种植物乳杆菌MMB05(Lactobacillus plantarum)发酵海苔下脚料制作紫菜酱,植物乳杆菌MMB05具有良好的抑菌性和耐盐性,接种植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵紫菜酱,可以有效抑制发酵过程中腐败微生物对紫菜酱品质的影响,并提高其营养价值。增加植物乳杆菌MMB05应用于食品中的潜力,大大提高了海苔的经济价值和社会价值,值得推广。
发明内容
本发明公开了一种植物乳杆菌MMB05(Lactobacillus plantarum)发酵海苔下脚料制作紫菜酱,植物乳杆菌MMB05具有良好的抑菌性和耐盐性,接种植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵紫菜酱,可以有效抑制发酵过程中腐败微生物对紫菜酱品质的影响,并提高其营养价值。
本发明提供一种植物乳杆菌MMB05,于2021年08月02日保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心(保藏单位地址为北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号),其分类命名为Lactobacillus plantarum,保藏编号为CGMCC NO.23000。
其中,所述植物乳杆菌MMB05和/或其发酵液对发酵过程中腐败微生物具有抑制作用,腐败微生物包括大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌。
本发明的另一个目的是提供所述植物乳杆菌MMB05在发酵海苔下脚料制备发酵紫菜酱的应用。
本发明还提供所述植物乳杆菌MMB05的培养方法,包括以下步骤:制备MRS固体培养基,将获取的植物乳杆菌MMB05接种至MRS培养基中,培养结束后在MRS培养基平板上划线获取单菌落,保藏备用。
在一些实施方案中,植物乳杆菌MMB05的培养条件是37℃倒置培养48h。
本发明的另一个目的是提供所述植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵制备紫菜酱的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:称取干燥的海苔下脚料并加入蒸馏水配置成酱糊状。搅拌均匀后高压灭菌。
S2:将植物乳杆菌MMB05接种到MRS液体培养基,传代2次后,培养至对数期,离心弃上清,收集沉淀,沉淀使用无菌水清洗后,调节OD600值,向冷却至室温后紫菜酱中添加菌液进行发酵。
在一些实施方案中,S1步骤中海苔下脚料与加入蒸馏水的质量比为2:3。
在一些实施方案中,S1步骤中灭菌条件为121℃下高压灭菌30min。
在一些实施方案中,S2步骤中将离心获得的菌体沉淀用无菌水调节OD600值至0.6-0.7。
在一些实施方案中,S2步骤中添加菌液的量为酱料总量3%
在一些实施方案中,S2步骤中发酵温度设置在37℃,静止发酵72h。
本发明的有益效果:本发明植物乳杆菌MMB05具有良好的抑菌作用和耐盐性,作为发酵菌发酵紫菜酱可以提高活性物质含量,从而增加紫菜酱的营养价值,有利于紫菜酱风味物质的形成,同时可以解决海苔废料的问题,改善其口感和风味,丰富其产品形式,具有较好经济价值和市场前景。
附图说明
图1为菌株MMB05菌落形态及革兰氏染色图。
图2为植物乳杆菌MMB05的系统进化树。
图3为植物乳杆菌MMB05生长曲线及pH变化图。
图4为植物乳杆菌MMB05对指示菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌)的抑菌效果。
图5为植物乳杆菌MMB05的耐盐性生长图。
图6为发酵海苔下脚料制备紫菜酱过程中pH的变化。
图7为发酵海苔下脚料制备紫菜酱过程中活菌数的变化。
图8为发酵海苔下脚料制备紫菜酱过程中总糖的变化。
图9为发酵海苔下脚料制备紫菜酱过程中总酚的变化。
图10为发酵海苔下脚料制备紫菜酱过程中总黄酮的变化。
具体实施方案
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明,以使本领域的技术人员可以更好的理解本发明并能予以实施,但所举实施例不作为对本发明的限定。
一、原料及仪器:
海苔下脚料:产自于连云港文德食品有限公司;发酵剂:植物乳杆菌MMB05(Lactobacillus plantarum MMB05)来自本实验室保藏。
台式高速冷冻离心机,湖南赫西仪器装备有限公司;风味分析仪,德国GAS公司;PHS-3C型pH计,上海雷磁仪器厂;电动磨粉机,东莞市房太电器有限公司;电热恒温培养箱DHP系列,上海一恒科学仪器有限公司;智能光照培养箱ZGX-300E,杭州钱江仪器设备有限公司;磁力加热搅拌器78-1,泰州市中泰教学设备有限公司;电热恒温水浴锅DK-S24型,上海精宏实验设备有限公司;立式压力蒸汽灭菌锅,上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂;紫外可见分光光度计,北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司。
制备例
(1)MRS液体培养基,具体组分和配比如下:牛肉粉10g/L,蛋白胨10g/L,酵母粉5g/L,葡萄糖20g/L,硫酸镁0.1g/L,醋酸钠5g/L,柠檬酸铵2g/L,磷酸氢二钾2g/L,硫酸锰0.05g/L,吐温80为1mL/L。称取55.2g于1L蒸馏水,加热煮沸至完全溶解,121℃高压灭菌15min,自然冷却后备用。pH在6.2±0.2。
(2)MRS固体培养基,具体组分和配比如下:牛肉粉5g/L,蛋白胨10g/L,酵母粉4g/L,葡萄糖20g/L,吐温80为1mL/L,磷酸氢二钾2g/L,乙酸钠为5g/L,柠檬酸三铵2g/L,硫酸镁0.2g/L,硫酸锰0.05g/L,琼脂15g/L。称取64.25g于1L蒸馏水中,加热煮沸至完全溶解,121℃高压灭菌15min,自然冷却后备用。pH在6.2±0.2。
实施例1:植物乳杆菌MMB05的筛选
从贵州省黔东南州卤水样品中,使用干净灭菌的勺子取卤水汤后用无菌纱布过滤,将清液置于灭菌三角瓶中,封口膜封口,-4℃冰箱保存备用;取10mL通过上述方法制备的卤水,加入含有90mLMRS培养基的蓝盖玻璃瓶中,密封,37℃静置培养,富集卤水中的菌株,富集培养结束后,使用接种环挑取一环菌液,划线于MRS固体培养基。
植物乳杆菌的初筛:植物乳杆菌的抑菌活性测定采用打孔法,以大肠杆菌CICC10003、金黄色葡萄球菌CICC 23656和蜡样芽胞杆菌CICC 23828为指示菌。将分离得到的菌株接种于液体MRS培养基中,37℃培养48h,8000r/min离心15min后取上清,上清液4℃保存备用;将指示菌按1%的接种量接种于固体LB培养基中,无菌打孔器打孔,每孔加入50μL上清液,于37℃温度下培养12-16h后测定抑菌圈大小,使用游标卡尺测量抑菌圈直径(cm),以抑菌圈的直径大小表示发酵液的抗菌活性;经上述筛选发现,菌株MMB05的抑菌活性最强。
实施例2植物乳杆菌MMB05的培养与相关特征测定
制备MRS固体培养基,将植物乳杆菌MMB05接种至MRS固体培养基中,于37℃倒置培养48h,培养结束后在MRS培养基平板上划线获得单菌落。菌落颜色呈乳白色,边缘整齐,显微镜观察菌体弯杆状或者短杆状,无芽孢,无荚膜(图1)。
(1)植物乳杆菌MMB05的OD值和pH值测定:将菌株MMB05接种于10mL MRS液体培养基中活化,37℃培养24h,按1%接菌量接种于新鲜MRS液体培养基中培养72h,前24h每2h取样,24-36h每4h取样,36-72h每12h取样。测量其OD600nm吸光度变化,并记录菌株发酵的pH值。
(2)植物乳杆菌MMB05的耐盐性测定:将活化好的植物乳杆菌MMB05接种到含有0、2、4、6和8g NaCl的MRS液体培养基(50mL)中,接入量为1mL,观察0、4、8、12、24、36、48、60和72h的菌株生长情况。
(3)利用16S rDNA全长序列分析鉴定本发明获得的株植物乳杆菌MMB05:
取过夜培养的菌液于2mL EP管中,12000rpm/min离心2min,弃上清,使用细菌基因组提取试剂盒提取细菌的基因组,进行PCR扩增,以27F(5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3')和1492R(5'-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3')为引物,50μL的PCR总反应体系进行PCR扩增,其中50μL的PCR反应体系如下:
PCR反应程序:94℃预变性5min;94℃变性30s,54℃退火30s,72℃延伸90s,35个循环;72℃终延伸5min。
PCR扩增产物送至南京思普金公司进行序列检测;如图2所示,通过BLAST程序对比显示,该菌株序列与植物乳杆菌序列相似性为100%,确定筛选得到的菌株为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。
本发明公开的植物乳杆菌MMB05生长曲线以及pH值变化如图3所示:植物乳杆菌MMB05接种到新的培养基后,0~4h处于生长延滞期,为了适应新的接种环境,植物乳杆菌在此阶段生长缓慢,发酵液的pH值变化缓慢;接种4h后,菌株进入对数期,菌株生长极其旺盛,植物乳杆菌MMB05分裂增殖速度加快,吸光值迅速提高,发酵液pH值显著降低;接种12h后,植物乳杆菌MMB05开始进入稳定生长期,OD600值变化平缓,pH值下降趋于平缓,植物乳杆菌MMB05分裂增殖速度减慢,代谢产物不断增加,进入稳定期后,植物乳杆菌抑菌活性显著增强;植物乳杆菌MMB05在48h左右逐渐进入衰退期,发酵液的pH值下降缓慢,基本保持不变。
本发明公开的植物乳杆菌MMB05抑菌活性如图4所示:植物乳杆菌MMB05对蜡样芽胞杆菌的抑菌效果最明显,直径达11.15±0.21cm,其次为大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,直径分别为11±0.35和7.6±0.14cm。
本发明公开的植物乳杆菌MMB05耐盐性如图5所示:植物乳杆菌MMB05能够耐受所选择的NaCl浓度,其中在0-4%浓度的NaCl存在下菌株生长无明显影响。这说明了该菌株能够耐16%的NaCl。
实施例3植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵制备紫菜酱
准确称取20g干燥的海苔下脚料并加入30mL的蒸馏水制成糊状。搅拌均匀后,121℃高压灭菌30min,冷却至室温。活化植物乳杆菌MMB05,培养至对数期,离心弃上清,收集沉淀,沉淀使用无菌水清洗两遍后,调节OD600至0.6-0.7,按照3%的接种量将菌液接种到冷却至室温的紫菜酱中进行发酵,发酵温度为37℃,静置发酵0、12、24、48和72h,同时设置空白对照组(未发酵)作为对比组于同等条件下进行处理。
实施例3植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵制备紫菜酱的理化指标测定
对发酵后紫菜酱的理化指标(pH、菌落数、总糖、总酚和总黄酮)进行测定。
pH值测定方法为:取紫菜酱5g于烧杯中,加入45mL已灭菌的蒸馏水,均质混匀1min后置于4℃冰箱,静置30min后,使用pH计测定紫菜酱的pH。
菌落数测定方法为:采用梯度稀释以及平板菌落计数法进行测定,取1g样品于9mL无菌生理盐水中混合均匀,用灭菌生理盐水梯度稀释后,取适宜梯度溶液100μL于灭菌MRS培养基上,进行涂布,倒置于37℃培养箱中培养16h,观察菌落的生长情况并计数。发酵紫菜酱的pH和活菌数变化如图6和图7所示,随着发酵时间的延长,紫菜酱的pH呈不断下降的趋势,而活菌数呈先上升后下降的趋势。
总糖测定方法为:取0.5g样品,10倍稀释后混匀,磁力搅拌器搅拌30min,10000r/min,离心10min,弃沉淀,留上清液,重复离心两次。参照GB/T9695.31—2008测定方法测定。并绘制葡萄糖标准曲线,以葡萄糖浓度(mg/mL)为横坐标,吸光度(A)为纵坐标。总糖含量以葡萄糖含量当量表示。随着发酵时间的增加,植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵紫菜酱的总糖含量逐渐下降,下降了18.29%(图8)。说明该乳杆菌可以分解糖类,同时可转化为乳酸等其他有机酸。
总酚测定方法为:取0.5g样品,10倍稀释后混匀,磁力搅拌器搅拌30min,10000r/min,离心10min,弃沉淀,留上清液,重复离心两次后,取1mL发酵上清液于试管中,加入1mL福林酚显色剂充分混匀后静置5min,再加入2mL的7.5%Na2CO3溶液,继续静置5min,45℃水浴10min,在OD765 nm处测定吸光度,并计算总酚含量。
总酚含量按式计算:P=C*V*N/M
式中:P—总酚的含量(以没食子酸计),μg/mL;
C—根据标准曲线计算得出的总酚质量浓度,μg/mL;
V—待测液定容体积,mL;N—取样体积,mL;
M—样品质量,g。
随着发酵时间的延长,发酵的紫菜酱的总酚含量逐渐上升,从53.55μg/mL上升至62.82μg/mL,主要原因是植物乳杆菌可以释放水解酶类将结合酚类物质水解为单体游离酚类化合物(图9)。
总黄酮测定方法为:取样0.5g,10倍稀释后混匀,磁力搅拌器搅拌30min,10000r/min,离心10min,弃沉淀,留上清液,重复离心两次后,取2mL发酵上清液于试管中和0.6mL10%AlCl3,混匀后静置6min,吸取4mLNaOH溶液,混匀后再次静置15min,OD510 nm处测定吸光值,并计算总黄酮的含量。
总黄酮含量按式计算:P=C*V*N/M
式中:P—待测样品总黄酮含量(以芦丁计),mg/g;
C—代入标准曲线后得到的提取物样液的总黄酮质量浓度,mg/mL;
V—提取物样液体积,mL;
N—稀释倍数;
M—待测样品质量,g。
随着发酵时间的延长,总黄酮含量呈现先上升后下降,在发酵48h时,达到129.83μg/mL(图10),可能的原因是发酵初期结合态酚类物质在水解酶的作用下溶出,同时植物乳杆菌可释放酚类物质氧化酶解聚高分子酚类物质,从而导致发酵初期的总黄酮含量提高;而在发酵后期,随着植物乳杆菌的生长,黄酮类物质被利用,从而使总黄酮含量下降。
挥发性物质测定方法:精确称取2.00±0.10g,置于20mL顶空瓶中,80℃孵育20min后进样。采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用(GC-IMS)技术,测定植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵样品中的挥发性成分。分析条件为:色谱柱:wax,30m,ID:0.53mm,膜厚1μm(美国RESTEK公司);柱温:60℃;载气:N2;IMS温度:45℃;进样体积:500μL;进样针温度:85℃;孵化转速:500rpm;分析时间:40min。色谱条件:漂移气:150mL/min。
紫菜酱发酵的过程中,产生的挥发性物质主要有醛类、醇类、酸类、酮类、酯类、吡嗪类和呋喃类物质等,这些物质是构成发酵紫菜酱风味的主要成分,其中醇类、醛类和酮类物质所占总种类的比例最高,醇类24种、醛类35种、酯类8种、酸类4种、芳烃类1种、呋喃类5种、吡嗪类5种、酮类16种、吡啶类1种和其他种类10种,共产生109种挥发性化合物,挥发性成分见表1。
植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵的紫菜酱中其中酮类含量占比最高,其次为醛类、酸类和醇类;对照组中其中醛类含量占比最高,其次为酮类、酸类和醇类。
植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵后紫菜酱中醛类物质的相对含量显著下降,从36.25%下降至22.73%。醛类化合物主要来自于脂肪氧化,一般阈值较低,具有脂肪香味。植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵后的紫菜酱检测到的壬醛含量大大减少,而壬醛会产生辛辣的刺激性,这在一定程度上减少了紫菜酱的刺激性味道。
植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵后酮类物质的相对含量没有明显变化,紫菜酱中酮类化合物主要包括3-羟基-2-丁酮、丙酮、2-丁酮和1-羟基-2-丙酮(单体),酮类物质性质稳定,具有水果香、奶香等令人愉快的香气。其中3-羟基-2-丁酮就具有奶香味,其相对含量明显提升。
植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵后酸类物质的相对含量明显上升,这可能与植物乳杆菌产酸有关,随着乳杆菌发酵时间的增加,乙酸含量大量增加,这在一定程度上解释了酸类物质增加的原因。适宜酸量可以丰富紫菜酱的风味,使其爽口清甜。
醇类物质主要是在发酵过程中由微生物代谢、不饱和脂肪酸降解及羰基化合物的还原反应生成的,挥发性醇类可产生较为柔和的气味。经过植物乳杆菌MMB05后,紫菜酱中多种醇类化合物相对含量都有所提升。辛醇和1-戊稀-3-醇,具有花果香和坚果香,气味浓郁且持久,可赋予产品一定的醇香味,对于紫菜酱的独特风味形成有重要的作用。而1-辛烯-3-醇是紫菜产生腥味的关键物质,经过植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵后,其相对含量明显下降,这对紫菜酱的脱腥作用产生积极影响。
吡嗪类、呋喃类和其他类相对含量占比较少,经过植物乳杆菌MMB05发酵后其大部分物质相对含量明显下降,这些物质多有毒性且味道刺激。
表1植物乳杆菌MMB05和对照组发酵海苔下脚料制备紫菜酱产生的挥发性风味物质
Claims (5)
1.一种植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)MMB05,其特征在于,所述植物乳杆菌MMB05于2021年08月02日保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心,保藏单位地址为北京市朝阳区北辰西路1号院3号,保藏编号为CGMCC NO. 23000。
2.如权利要求1所述的所述植物乳杆菌MMB05在抑制发酵过程中的腐败微生物中的应用,腐败微生物选自大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌或蜡样芽胞杆菌。
3.权利要求1中所述的植物乳杆菌MMB05在发酵海苔下脚料制备发酵紫菜酱中的应用。
4.权利要求1中所述植物乳杆菌MMB05的培养方法,包括以下步骤:制备MRS固体培养基,将获取的植物乳杆菌MMB05接种至MRS培养基中,培养结束后在MRS培养基平板上划线获取单菌落,保藏备用。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,植物乳杆菌MMB05是在37℃倒置培养48h。
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