CN113974025A - 一种脆肉罗非鱼的饲养方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种脆肉罗非鱼的饲养方法，涉及鱼类养殖技术领域。本发明是在脆肉罗非鱼饲料中添加黑水虻幼虫粉，并针对不同阶段的脆肉罗非鱼投喂不同组成的饲料。本发明的饲养方法能够降低脆肉罗非鱼的养殖成本，同时提高了脆肉罗非鱼的机体免疫力，减少了脆肉罗非鱼肠道炎症的发生概率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于鱼类养殖技术领域，具体涉及一种脆肉罗非鱼的饲养方法。
背景技术
随着国内水产集约化养殖的推广与发展，国内水产养殖规模逐年增大，水产养殖行业经营中饲料成本在总成本中所占的比例也在快速增大。与此同时，国内外水产养殖用鱼粉价格逐年上涨，寻找替代鱼粉的优质蛋白质来源成为解决鱼粉价格上涨所带来的成本问题的迫切出路。
同时集约化养殖在大幅提高养殖密度与饲养周期的同时，也面临着一些技术难题。集约化养殖意味着养殖水体与外界环境、生物相对隔绝，养殖系统内生物多样性降低，严重影响养殖水体的抗逆性和自洁能力，且由于养殖密度高，鱼类一旦群体发病，则会给养殖户带来巨大损失。在这样的养殖条件下，养殖鱼类的抗病问题则显得尤为重要，特别是最为易发的细菌性和病毒性疾病。
另一方面，随着城市化规模的扩大以及现代化农业规模的扩大，厨余垃圾、废弃农副产品、动物残渣等的处理问题变得越发突出。
脆肉罗非鱼其特殊的爽脆口感在市场上受到追捧，相比普通罗非鱼具有更高的市场价格，但是目前脆肉罗非鱼的养殖成本高且养殖过程极易发生肠道疾病，进而降低了脆肉罗非鱼的产量。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足，本发明提供了一种脆肉罗非鱼的饲养方法，该方法是利用黑水虻幼虫粉作为饲料添加剂，对脆肉罗非鱼养殖的不同阶段进行投喂。
黑水虻(Hermetia illucens L.)是一种腐生性的水虻科昆虫，能够取食厨余垃圾、废弃农副产品、动物残渣等，转化为自身营养物质，其具有繁殖迅速、生物量大、食性广泛、吸收转化率高、容易管理、饲养成本低和动物适口性好等特性，常用于生产高价值的动物蛋白饲料。其中黑水虻幼虫蛋白质含量较高，氨基酸种类与鱼肉较为相似，非常适合作为鱼类饲料中的蛋白质来源。
尤其值得注意的是黑水虻体内富含富含抗菌肽，这是一种昆虫在受到感染或意外伤害时合成的一种活性多肽，具有广谱抗菌活性，并对真菌、病毒和寄生虫具有一定的杀灭作用，是理想的抗生素替代物。
本发明脆肉罗非鱼的饲料方法包括对幼鱼阶段、成鱼阶段以及脆化阶段的脆肉罗非鱼进行喂养，具体步骤如下：
(1)幼鱼阶段：对脆肉罗非鱼幼鱼投喂幼鱼饲料，每1Kg所述幼鱼饲料由以下重量的组分构成：
豆粕450g、鱼粉400g、黑水虻幼虫粉50g、小麦粉50g、腥肽10g、磷酸二氢钙10g、磷脂油10g、乳酸菌液9g、碳酸钙5g、氯化胆碱5g、复合维生素1g。
(3)成鱼阶段：对脆肉罗非鱼成鱼投喂成鱼饲料，每1Kg所述成鱼饲料由以下重量的组分构成：
豆粕500g、鱼粉150g、黑水虻幼虫粉250g、小麦粉50g、腥肽10g、磷酸二氢钙10g、磷脂油10g、乳酸菌液9g、碳酸钙5g、氯化胆碱5g、复合维生素1g；
(3)脆化阶段：在脆肉罗非鱼上市前投喂脆化饲料，每1Kg所述脆化饲料由以下重量的组分构成：
蚕豆粉800g、鱼粉50g、黑水虻幼虫粉100g、腥肽10g、磷酸二氢钙15g、磷脂油5g、乳酸菌液9g、碳酸钙5g、氯化胆碱5g、复合维生素1g。
其中本发明所采用的饲料制备方法如下：
①除腥肽、乳酸菌液、磷脂油和复合维生素外，其他成分投入混料机，低速混合均匀约2～3min。
②将步骤①中混合后的物料投入制粒机进行制粒(颗粒大小根据罗非鱼生长阶段)。
③腥肽、乳酸菌液和复合维生素混合于生理盐水，均匀喷涂于饲料表面。
④磷脂油均匀喷涂于饲料表面。
优选地，所述脆肉罗非鱼幼鱼的体长低于8cm。
优选地，所述脆肉罗非鱼成鱼的体长8cm至30cm。
优选地，所述脆化饲料的投喂时间为90-150天。
优选地，当幼鱼阶段过渡到成鱼阶段，或成鱼阶段过渡到脆化阶段时需要在原阶段饲料的基础上添加下一阶段饲料，添加量按照15％、30％、45％、80％至100％的比例逐渐完成过渡。
优选地，所述饲养过程中未被及时取食的饲料需及时清除，下次投喂适量减少投喂量。
优选地，遇水温低或恶劣天气，减少投喂量或停喂。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果：
本发明脆肉罗非鱼是在饲料中添加了大量的黑水虻幼虫粉，从而降低了鱼饲料的成本，同时使得鱼饲料具有较高的营养价值，提高了罗非鱼机体免疫力，降低了肠胃炎的发生概率，有利于增产增效。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1
一种脆肉罗非鱼的饲料方法包括对幼鱼阶段、成鱼阶段以及脆化阶段的脆肉罗非鱼进行喂养，具体步骤如下：
(1)幼鱼阶段：对体长低于8cm的脆肉罗非鱼幼鱼投喂幼鱼饲料，每1Kg所述幼鱼饲料由以下重量的组分构成：
豆粕450g、鱼粉400g、黑水虻幼虫粉50g、小麦粉50g、腥肽10g、磷酸二氢钙10g、磷脂油10g、乳酸菌液9g、碳酸钙5g、氯化胆碱5g、复合维生素1g。
(4)成鱼阶段：对体长8cm至30cm脆肉罗非鱼成鱼投喂成鱼饲料，每1Kg所述成鱼饲料由以下重量的组分构成：
豆粕500g、鱼粉150g、黑水虻幼虫粉250g、小麦粉50g、腥肽10g、磷酸二氢钙10g、磷脂油10g、乳酸菌液9g、碳酸钙5g、氯化胆碱5g、复合维生素1g；
(3)脆化阶段：在脆肉罗非鱼上市前投喂脆化饲料90-150天，每1Kg所述脆化饲料由以下重量的组分构成：
蚕豆粉800g、鱼粉50g、黑水虻幼虫粉100g、腥肽10g、磷酸二氢钙15g、磷脂油5g、乳酸菌液9g、碳酸钙5g、氯化胆碱5g、复合维生素1g。
其中本发明所采用的饲料制备方法如下：
①除腥肽、乳酸菌液、磷脂油和复合维生素外，其他成分投入混料机，低速混合均匀约2～3min。
②将步骤①中混合后的物料投入制粒机进行制粒(颗粒大小根据罗非鱼生长阶段)。
③腥肽、乳酸菌液和复合维生素混合于生理盐水，均匀喷涂于饲料表面。
④磷脂油均匀喷涂于饲料表面。
当幼鱼阶段过渡到成鱼阶段，或成鱼阶段过渡到脆化阶段时需要在原阶段饲料的基础上添加下一阶段饲料，添加量按照15％、30％、45％、80％至100％的比例逐渐完成过渡。所述饲养过程中未被及时取食的饲料需及时清除，下次投喂适量减少投喂量。遇水温低或恶劣天气，减少投喂量或停喂。
本发明所采用的鱼饲料具有经济性、环境友好性、富含抗菌肽、甲壳素、氨基酸、适口性强，能够促进罗非鱼骨发育以及脆化。
其中经济性具体体现在随着集约化养殖的推广和发展，国内鱼粉的需求量大量增加，进口与国产鱼粉价格快速增长,饲料成本在养殖成本中所占的比例逐渐升高。使用经济效益高、性能优秀的黑水虻幼虫粉替代或部分替代鱼粉可降低饲料成本。
环境友好性体现在黑水虻能利用厨余垃圾、废弃农产品、动物残渣等转化为自身营养物质和繁衍后代，在解决有机质垃圾对环境污染的问题同时，为养殖饲料提供了优秀的蛋白质来源。
黑水虻幼虫体内富含抗菌肽，该多肽物质具有广谱抗菌活性，是天然的抗生素替代物，也是使用其替代鱼粉的重要原因之一。抗菌肽对于鱼肠道抵抗炎症具有重要作用，尤其是在集约化养殖中，大量、高频次的投喂容易导致鱼肠道炎症的发生，表现为鱼食欲下降、消化不良、消瘦甚至死亡，严重影响饲养效率及经济性。黑水虻幼虫含有丰富的甲壳素，适量的甲壳素摄入可刺激鱼肠道绒毛蠕动，有利于鱼肠道健康，减少炎症的发生。在饲料中添加黑水虻幼虫粉有利于多种氨基酸的补充。
适口性具体体现在与传统低成本、低饲料效率的豆粕饲料相比，针对罗非鱼杂食的特性，在保留部分豆粕的基础上，选用合适的鱼粉添加比例保证生长效率，同时添加腥肽诱导抢食，增加食量。
随着高蛋白质含量的饲料摄入，鱼体快速增长，意味着鱼更容易患上骨骼发育方面的疾病，骨骼发育异常或病变严重影响市场流通价格。研究表明，在黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉的情况下，鱼肝脏钙元素含量易缺乏，骨骼可能同样存在钙元素缺乏的情况。因此，在利用黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉的饲料中，尤其需要注意钙元素的补充。本品采用多种化合物补充钙元素，磷酸二氢钙、碳酸钙是优良的钙元素补充物，对罗非鱼的骨骼正常发育有重要作用。
本发明所采用的鱼饲料产品与常规罗非鱼饲料相比，根据脆肉罗非鱼的饲养特性，针对性地在饲料中添加适量蚕豆粉，使豆粕、鱼粉和蚕豆粉三者处于合适比例，由于蚕豆含有较多抗营养因子(缩合单宁、植酸、蛋白酶抑制剂等)，本品能在不耽误鱼肉增重并保证饲料适口性的同时使鱼肉脆化，相比传统蚕豆饲料性能更优。
需要说明的是，以上列举的仅是本发明的若干个具体实施例，显然本发明不仅仅限于以上实施例，还可以有其他变形。本领域的技术人员从本发明公开内容直接导出或间接引申的所有变形，均应认为是本发明的保护范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种脆肉罗非鱼的饲养方法，其特征在于，包括对幼鱼阶段、成鱼阶段以及脆化阶段的脆肉罗非鱼进行喂养，具体步骤如下：
(1)幼鱼阶段：对脆肉罗非鱼幼鱼投喂幼鱼饲料，每1Kg所述幼鱼饲料由以下重量的组分构成：
豆粕450g、鱼粉400g、黑水虻幼虫粉50g、小麦粉50g、腥肽10g、磷酸二氢钙10g、磷脂油10g、乳酸菌液9g、碳酸钙5g、氯化胆碱5g、复合维生素1g；
(2)成鱼阶段：对脆肉罗非鱼成鱼投喂成鱼饲料，每1Kg所述成鱼饲料由以下重量的组分构成：
豆粕500g、鱼粉150g、黑水虻幼虫粉250g、小麦粉50g、腥肽10g、磷酸二氢钙10g、磷脂油10g、乳酸菌液9g、碳酸钙5g、氯化胆碱5g、复合维生素1g；
(3)脆化阶段：在脆肉罗非鱼上市前投喂脆化饲料，每1Kg所述脆化饲料由以下重量的组分构成：
蚕豆粉800g、鱼粉50g、黑水虻幼虫粉100g、腥肽10g、磷酸二氢钙15g、磷脂油5g、乳酸菌液9g、碳酸钙5g、氯化胆碱5g、复合维生素1g。
2.根据权利要求1所述脆肉罗非鱼的饲养方法，其特征在于，所述脆肉罗非鱼幼鱼的体长低于8cm。
3.根据权利要求1所述脆肉罗非鱼的饲养方法，其特征在于，所述脆肉罗非鱼成鱼的体长8cm至30cm。
4.根据权利要求1所述脆肉罗非鱼的饲养方法，其特征在于，所述脆化饲料的投喂时间为90-150天。
5.根据权利要求1所述脆肉罗非鱼的饲养方法，其特征在于，当幼鱼阶段过渡到成鱼阶段，或成鱼阶段过渡到脆化阶段时需要在原阶段饲料的基础上添加下一阶段饲料，添加量按照15％、30％、45％、80％至100％的比例逐渐完成过渡。
6.根据权利要求1所述脆肉罗非鱼的饲养方法，其特征在于，所述饲养过程中未被及时取食的饲料需及时清除，下次投喂适量减少投喂量。
7.根据权利要求1所述脆肉罗非鱼的饲养方法，其特征在于，遇水温低或恶劣天气，减少投喂量或停喂。
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