CN113940273A - High-yield and high-quality tomato breeding and planting method - Google Patents
High-yield and high-quality tomato breeding and planting method Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
- A01H1/021—Methods of breeding using interspecific crosses, i.e. interspecies crosses
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
- A01H1/022—Genic fertility modification, e.g. apomixis
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/04—Processes of selection involving genotypic or phenotypic markers; Methods of using phenotypic markers for selection
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-yield and high-quality tomato breeding and planting method, which comprises the following steps: breeding strains which have excellent commodity properties, contain Cf-5, Mi and Ty-13 resistance genes and can resist tomato leaf mold, tomato root knot nematode disease and tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease, and planting to obtain seeds; soaking the obtained seeds in 0.1% forchlorfenuron solution, stirring and soaking with warm water, accelerating germination, planting in planting soil obtained by mixing and stirring planting land soil, amino acid long-acting slow-release nitrogen, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and polysaccharide polypeptide biological potassium, and performing conventional seedling culture; after the tomato seedlings are 15-20 days old, transplanting the tomato seedlings to a planting area where soil preparation is completed, transplanting the tomato seedlings together with planting soil during transplanting, and performing reasonable field management and fertilizer and water management until the tomatoes are harvested. The invention can realize the rapid breeding of the excellent tomato variety on the premise of ensuring high yield, low morbidity and high variety of the tomato.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of tomato planting, in particular to a high-yield and high-quality tomato breeding and planting method.
Background
Tomatoes, also known as tomatoes, belong to the genus Lycopersicon in the family Solanaceae in classification and are annual or perennial crops. Tomatoes are listed as one of the 30 crops with the highest total yield all the year round, are one of the most common fruits and vegetables cultivated all the world, and are also one of the main cultivated vegetables in China.
At present, in the tomato breeding process, a multi-generation mixed seed collection and pedigree seed selection method is mainly adopted, the problems of large planting population, large land consumption, long period, much labor, time and labor consumption, poor selection effect and the like exist, the genetic population of later generations is gradually narrow, the seed selection efficiency is low, the rapid seed selection cannot be achieved, and the labor-saving cultivation is realized.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a high-yield and high-quality tomato breeding and planting method, which realizes rapid seed selection by combining a molecular marker-assisted selection method and an artificial inoculation pathogen identification method.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a high-yield and high-quality tomato breeding and planting method comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting varieties with strong disease resistance and good commodity as candidate materials, and after introduction and planting, selecting plants with obvious target characters and different flowering phases to perform multi-parent hybridization to obtain F1;
s2, carrying out continuous 2-generation selfing separation and directional selection on seeds of F1 generation, harvesting a strain which has excellent commodity properties, contains Cf-5, Mi and Ty-13 resistance genes and can resist tomato leaf mold, tomato root knot nematode disease and tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease, and planting to obtain seeds;
s3, soaking the obtained seeds in 0.1% forchlorfenuron solution for 5-10min, then putting the seeds into warm water at the temperature of 30-40 ℃ to be continuously stirred, treating the seeds for 30min, fishing out the seeds, wrapping the seeds with gauze, putting the seeds into a constant temperature box, and setting the temperature at 28-30 ℃ for accelerating germination until the seeds are exposed to white;
s4, taking planting soil, after being exposed to the sun for one week, adding a proper amount of amino acid long-acting slow-release nitrogen, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and polysaccharide polypeptide biological potassium, mixing and stirring uniformly, filling the mixture into plug trays, watering the plug trays thoroughly, standing the plug trays for 1 day, gently pressing the exposed and white seeds into the planting soil, covering the seeds with soil to the thickness of about 1cm, sowing 2 seeds in each plug tray, and performing conventional seedling culture;
s5, selecting a region with high terrain, deep soil, good drainage and irrigation, good ventilation and good ventilation, and not planting solanaceous vegetables within 2-3 years as a planting field, applying 700Kg of farmyard manure and 200Kg of decomposed straw in each mu in combination with deep ploughing, applying 30-50Kg of lime nitrogen in each mu in combination with fine ploughing, covering a film, covering for about 20 days in a stuffy way, removing the film, deep ploughing, and arranging ridges in the east and west direction for at least one week;
s6, transplanting the tomato seedlings after the tomato seedlings are 15-20 days old, transplanting the tomato seedlings together with planting soil during transplanting, keeping the plant spacing between 50-60cm and the row spacing between 1.2-1.3m, watering planting water thoroughly in time after planting, and watering 1 time of seedling reviving water after 3-5 days;
and S7, performing reasonable field management and fertilizer and water management until the tomatoes are harvested.
Further, in the step S1, the target traits are excellent commodity traits, tomato leaf mold resistance, tomato root knot nematode resistance and tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance.
Further, in step S4, the planting soil and the seedbed are sterilized.
Further, in step S4, the method further includes the step of, according to 100: 2: 0.5: 5, adding a proper amount of amino acid long-acting slow-release nitrogen, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and polysaccharide polypeptide biological potassium.
Further, in step S1, based on the comparison analysis between the historical weather parameters of the target planting area and the optimum flowering and fruiting environmental parameters of the tomatoes, the selection of the parent flowering stage is performed with the objective of adjusting the day interval from the flowering stage to the optimum flowering weather parameters.
In step S2, the selection of the seeds is performed by combining molecular marker assisted selection and artificial inoculation pathogen identification.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the rapid seed selection is realized by combining a molecular marker-assisted selection method and an artificial inoculation pathogenic bacterium identification method; the strain which has excellent commodity properties, contains Cf-5, Mi and Ty-13 resistance genes and can resist tomato leaf mold, tomato root knot nematode disease and tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease is obtained, the disease incidence rate in the tomato planting process can be obviously reduced, and the pesticide input cost and the labor cost for pesticide application are reduced; meanwhile, the quality of the obtained fruits is ensured; by adjusting the flowering phase, the fruiting rate of the tomatoes is obviously improved, the yield of the tomatoes is greatly increased, and the purposes of high yield and stable yield are achieved.
Detailed Description
In order that the objects and advantages of the invention will be more clearly understood, the invention is further described in detail below with reference to examples. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Example 1
A high-yield and high-quality tomato breeding and planting method comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting varieties with strong disease resistance and good commodity as candidate materials, introducing the candidate materials into the plants, and selecting plants with obvious target properties (excellent commodity properties, tomato leaf mold resistance, tomato root knot nematode resistance and tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance) and different flowering phases for multi-parent hybridization to obtain F1;
s2, carrying out continuous 2-generation selfing separation and directional selection on seeds of F1 generation, selecting seeds in a mode of combining molecular marker-assisted selection and artificial inoculation pathogen identification, harvesting strains which have excellent commodity properties, contain Cf-5, Mi and Ty-13 resistance genes and can resist tomato leaf mold, tomato root knot nematode disease and tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease, and planting the strains to obtain seeds;
s3, soaking the obtained seeds in 0.1% forchlorfenuron solution for 10min, then putting the seeds into warm water at 30 ℃, continuously stirring, treating for 30min, fishing out, wrapping the obtained seeds with gauze, placing the seeds in a constant temperature box, and setting the temperature at 28 ℃ for accelerating germination until the seeds are exposed to white;
s4, taking soil of a planting field, and after being exposed for one week, adding the fertilizer according to the weight ratio of 100: 2: 0.5: 5, mixing a proper amount of amino acid long-acting slow-release nitrogen, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and polysaccharide polypeptide biological potassium, uniformly mixing and stirring, filling the mixture into a plug tray, watering the plug tray thoroughly, placing the plug tray in the empty space for 1 day, slightly pressing the exposed seeds into planting soil, covering the seeds with soil to the thickness of about 1cm, sowing 2 seeds in each plug tray, and performing conventional seedling culture; wherein, the planting soil and the seedbed are disinfected by 58 percent of methyl cream manganese zinc, and the amount of the pesticide is 10g per square.
S5, selecting an area with high terrain, deep soil, good drainage and irrigation, good ventilation and good ventilation, and no solanaceous vegetables planted within 2-3 years as a planting field, applying 500Kg of farmyard manure and 200Kg of decomposed straw per mu in combination with deep ploughing, applying 30Kg of lime nitrogen per mu in combination with fine ploughing, covering a film for about 20 days, uncovering the film, deep ploughing, adopting east-west ridges, and leaving the ridge vacant for one week;
s6, transplanting the tomato seedlings after the tomato seedlings are 15 days old, transplanting the tomato seedlings together with planting soil during transplanting, keeping the plant spacing at 50cm and the row spacing at 1.2m, watering thoroughly after planting, and watering 1 time of seedling revival water after 3 days;
and S7, performing reasonable field management and fertilizer and water management until the tomatoes are harvested.
In this embodiment, in step S1, based on the comparison analysis between the historical weather environment parameters of the target planting area and the optimum flowering and fruiting environment parameters of the tomatoes, the selection of the parent flowering stage is performed by taking the day and the sub-period from the adjusted flowering stage to the optimum flowering weather parameters as the target.
Example 2
A high-yield and high-quality tomato breeding and planting method comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting varieties with strong disease resistance and good commodity as candidate materials, introducing the candidate materials into the plants, and selecting plants with obvious target properties (excellent commodity properties, tomato leaf mold resistance, tomato root knot nematode resistance and tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance) and different flowering phases for multi-parent hybridization to obtain F1;
s2, carrying out continuous 2-generation selfing separation and directional selection on seeds of F1 generation, selecting seeds in a mode of combining molecular marker-assisted selection and artificial inoculation pathogen identification, harvesting strains which have excellent commodity properties, contain Cf-5, Mi and Ty-13 resistance genes and can resist tomato leaf mold, tomato root knot nematode disease and tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease, and planting the strains to obtain seeds;
s3, soaking the obtained seeds in 0.1% forchlorfenuron solution for 5min, then putting the seeds into warm water at 40 ℃ to be continuously stirred for 30min, fishing out, wrapping the obtained seeds with gauze, putting the seeds into a constant temperature box, and setting the temperature at 28-30 ℃ for accelerating germination until the seeds are exposed to be white;
s4, taking soil of a planting field, and after being exposed for one week, adding the fertilizer according to the weight ratio of 100: 2: 0.5: 5, mixing a proper amount of amino acid long-acting slow-release nitrogen, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and polysaccharide polypeptide biological potassium, uniformly mixing and stirring, filling the mixture into a plug tray, watering the plug tray thoroughly, placing the plug tray in the empty space for 1 day, slightly pressing the exposed seeds into planting soil, covering the seeds with soil to the thickness of about 1cm, sowing 2 seeds in each plug tray, and performing conventional seedling culture; wherein, the planting soil and the seedbed are disinfected by mixing 70% of propineb and 70% of thiophanate-methyl in a ratio of 1:1, and the amount of the pesticide is 10g per square.
S5, selecting an area with high terrain, deep soil, good drainage and irrigation, good ventilation and good ventilation, and no solanaceous vegetables planted within 2-3 years as a planting field, applying 700Kg of farmyard manure and 300Kg of decomposed straw per mu in combination with deep ploughing, applying 50Kg of lime nitrogen per mu in combination with fine ploughing, covering a film for about 20 days, uncovering the film, deep ploughing, adopting east-west direction ridges, and leaving the area vacant for 12 days;
s6, transplanting the tomato seedlings after the tomato seedlings are 20 days old, transplanting the tomato seedlings together with planting soil during transplanting, keeping the plant spacing at 60cm and the row spacing at 1.3m, watering thoroughly after planting, and watering for 1 time of seedling revival after 5 days;
and S7, performing reasonable field management and fertilizer and water management until the tomatoes are harvested.
In this embodiment, in step S1, based on the comparison analysis between the historical weather environment parameters of the target planting area and the optimum flowering and fruiting environment parameters of the tomatoes, the selection of the parent flowering stage is performed by taking the day and the sub-period from the adjusted flowering stage to the optimum flowering weather parameters as the target.
Example 3
A high-yield and high-quality tomato breeding and planting method comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting varieties with strong disease resistance and good commodity as candidate materials, introducing the candidate materials into the plants, and selecting plants with obvious target properties (excellent commodity properties, tomato leaf mold resistance, tomato root knot nematode resistance and tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance) and different flowering phases for multi-parent hybridization to obtain F1;
s2, carrying out continuous 2-generation selfing separation and directional selection on seeds of F1 generation, selecting seeds in a mode of combining molecular marker-assisted selection and artificial inoculation pathogen identification, harvesting strains which have excellent commodity properties, contain Cf-5, Mi and Ty-13 resistance genes and can resist tomato leaf mold, tomato root knot nematode disease and tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease, and planting the strains to obtain seeds;
s3, soaking the obtained seeds in 0.1 mass percent forchlorfenuron solution for 7.5min, then putting the seeds into warm water at 35 ℃ to be continuously stirred, treating for 30min, fishing out, wrapping the obtained seeds with gauze, putting the seeds into a constant temperature box, and setting the temperature at 28-30 ℃ for accelerating germination until the seeds are exposed to be white;
s4, taking soil of a planting field, and after being exposed for one week, adding the fertilizer according to the weight ratio of 100: 2: 0.5: 5, mixing a proper amount of amino acid long-acting slow-release nitrogen, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and polysaccharide polypeptide biological potassium, uniformly mixing and stirring, filling the mixture into a plug tray, watering the plug tray thoroughly, placing the plug tray in the empty space for 1 day, slightly pressing the exposed seeds into planting soil, covering the seeds with soil to the thickness of about 1cm, sowing 2 seeds in each plug tray, and performing conventional seedling culture; wherein, the planting soil and the seedbed are disinfected by mixing 70% of propineb and 70% of thiophanate-methyl in a ratio of 1:1, and the amount of the pesticide is 10g per square.
S5, selecting an area with high terrain, deep soil, good drainage and irrigation, good ventilation and good ventilation, and no solanaceous vegetables planted within 2-3 years as a planting field, applying 600Kg of farmyard manure and 250Kg of decomposed straw per mu in combination with deep ploughing, applying 40Kg of lime nitrogen per mu in combination with fine ploughing, covering a film for about 20 days, uncovering the film, deep ploughing, adopting east-west direction ridges, and leaving the area vacant for 10 days;
s6, transplanting the tomato seedlings after the tomato seedlings are 17 days old, transplanting the tomato seedlings together with planting soil during transplanting, keeping the plant spacing at 55cm and the row spacing at 1.2m, watering thoroughly after planting, and watering 1 time of seedling reviving water after 4 days;
and S7, performing reasonable field management and fertilizer and water management until the tomatoes are harvested.
In this embodiment, in step S1, based on the comparison analysis between the historical weather environment parameters of the target planting area and the optimum flowering and fruiting environment parameters of the tomatoes, the selection of the parent flowering stage is performed by taking the day and the sub-period from the adjusted flowering stage to the optimum flowering weather parameters as the target.
Comparative example 1
S1, selecting varieties with strong disease resistance and good commodity as candidate materials, introducing the candidate materials into the plants, and selecting plants with obvious target properties (excellent commodity properties, tomato leaf mold resistance, tomato root knot nematode resistance and tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance) for multi-parent hybridization to obtain F1;
the procedure for adjusting flowering phase was not involved, and the rest of the design was the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 2
S3, putting the obtained seeds into warm water at 40 ℃ and continuously stirring, treating for 35min, fishing out, wrapping the obtained seeds with gauze, placing the wrapped seeds into a constant temperature box, and setting the temperature at 28-30 ℃ for accelerating germination until the seeds are exposed to be white;
the rest of the design is the same as example 2.
Comparative example 3
S4, taking soil of a planting field, filling the soil into the hole trays after the soil is exposed for one week, watering the soil thoroughly, standing the soil for 1 day, gently pressing the exposed seeds into the planting soil, covering the seeds with soil with the thickness of about 1cm, sowing 2 seeds in each hole tray, and performing conventional seedling raising; wherein, the planting soil and the seedbed are disinfected by mixing 70% of propineb and 70% of thiophanate-methyl in a ratio of 1:1, and the amount of the pesticide is 10g per square.
The rest of the design is the same as example 3.
As a result: the yield of example 1 is significantly higher than that of comparative example 1, and the yield is increased by more than 20% compared with that of comparative example 1, and thus, the yield of tomatoes can be significantly improved by adjusting the flowering phase.
The survival rate and the yield of the tomato seedlings in the example 2 are obviously higher than those in the comparative example 2, compared with the comparative example 2, the survival rate of the tomato seedlings is improved by about 17%, and therefore, the survival rate of the tomato seedlings can be obviously improved by soaking the tomato seedlings in 0.1% forchlorfenuron solution, so that the subsequent yield is increased and guaranteed.
The survival rate and the yield of the tomato seedlings in the embodiment 3 are obviously higher than those in the comparative example 3, compared with the comparative example 3, the survival rate of the tomato seedlings is improved by about 11%, and the yield is improved by about 100%, so that the survival rate and the yield of the tomato seedlings can be obviously improved by adding the amino acid long-acting slow-release nitrogen, the potassium dihydrogen phosphate and the polysaccharide polypeptide biological potassium.
And (3) field test results: the survival rate of tomato seedlings in the examples 1, 2 and 3 is more than 99.5 percent and close to 100 percent, the fruit quality is good, and the yield per mu is about 20000 kg.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various improvements and modifications without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be construed as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A high-yield and high-quality tomato breeding and planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, selecting varieties with strong disease resistance and good commodity as candidate materials, and after introduction and planting, selecting plants with obvious target characters and different flowering phases to perform multi-parent hybridization to obtain F1;
s2, carrying out continuous 2-generation selfing separation and directional selection on seeds of F1 generation, harvesting a strain which has excellent commodity properties, contains Cf-5, Mi and Ty-13 resistance genes and can resist tomato leaf mold, tomato root knot nematode disease and tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease, and planting to obtain seeds;
s3, soaking the obtained seeds in 0.1% forchlorfenuron solution for 5-10min, then putting the seeds into warm water at the temperature of 30-40 ℃ to be continuously stirred, treating the seeds for 30min, fishing out the seeds, wrapping the seeds with gauze, putting the seeds into a constant temperature box, and setting the temperature at 28-30 ℃ for accelerating germination until the seeds are exposed to white;
s4, taking planting soil, after being exposed to the sun for one week, mixing a proper amount of amino acid long-acting slow-release nitrogen, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and polysaccharide polypeptide biological potassium, uniformly mixing and stirring, filling the mixture into plug trays, watering the plug trays thoroughly, standing the plug trays for 1 day, gently pressing the exposed and white seeds into the planting soil, covering the seeds with soil with the thickness of 1cm, sowing 2 seeds in each plug tray, and performing conventional seedling culture;
s5, selecting a region with high terrain, deep soil, good drainage and irrigation, good ventilation and good ventilation, and not planting solanaceous vegetables within 2-3 years as a planting field, applying 700Kg of farmyard manure and 200Kg of decomposed straw in each mu in combination with deep ploughing, applying 30-50Kg of lime nitrogen in each mu in combination with fine ploughing, covering a film, covering for about 20 days in a stuffy way, removing the film, deep ploughing, and arranging ridges in the east and west direction for at least one week;
s6, transplanting the tomato seedlings after the tomato seedlings are 15-20 days old, transplanting the tomato seedlings together with planting soil during transplanting, keeping the plant spacing between 50-60cm and the row spacing between 1.2-1.3m, watering planting water thoroughly in time after planting, and watering 1 time of seedling reviving water after 3-5 days;
and S7, performing reasonable field management and fertilizer and water management until the tomatoes are harvested.
2. The method for breeding and planting high-yield and high-quality tomatoes, according to claim 1, wherein the target traits are good commercial traits, tomato leaf mold resistance, tomato root knot nematode disease resistance and tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance in step S1.
3. The method for selectively breeding and planting high-yield and high-quality tomatoes as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S4, the planting soil and the seedbed are sterilized.
4. The method for breeding and planting high-yield and high-quality tomatoes, as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S4, the ratio of the plant parts to the plant parts is 100: 2: 0.5: 5, adding a proper amount of amino acid long-acting slow-release nitrogen, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and polysaccharide polypeptide biological potassium.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S1, the selection of parent florescence is performed with the goal of adjusting the day interval from florescence to optimum flowering weather parameters based on the comparative analysis of the historical weather parameters of the target planting area and the optimum flowering and fruiting environmental parameters of tomatoes.
6. A high-yield and high-quality tomato seed selection and planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S2, the seed selection is performed by combining molecular marker-assisted selection and artificial inoculation pathogen identification.
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