CN113875472A - Tea oil tree planting method through soil improvement - Google Patents

Tea oil tree planting method through soil improvement Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113875472A
CN113875472A CN202111087075.4A CN202111087075A CN113875472A CN 113875472 A CN113875472 A CN 113875472A CN 202111087075 A CN202111087075 A CN 202111087075A CN 113875472 A CN113875472 A CN 113875472A
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China
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weight
parts
fertilizer
tea oil
soil
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CN202111087075.4A
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CN113875472B (en
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卢胜
吴立潮
陈利军
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Central South University of Forestry and Technology
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Central South University of Forestry and Technology
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
    • A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D1/00—Fertilisers containing potassium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/50—Surfactants; Emulsifiers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/80—Soil conditioners

Abstract

The invention relates to an agricultural planting technology and discloses a tea oil tree planting method through soil improvement. The tea-oil tree planting method comprises the following steps: (1) applying mixed base fertilizer to soil in a planting area and then deeply ploughing; (2) transplanting the tea oil tree seedlings into the soil treated in the step (1), and covering biochar on the soil around the root bases of the tea oil tree seedlings; (3) performing topdressing and insect disease prevention management on the camellia oleifera seedlings planted in the step (2); wherein the mixed base fertilizer contains vinasse enzymolysis liquid, rice chaff, a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, an organic fertilizer, brassinosteroid, a biological surfactant, glacial acetic acid, humic acid and a microbial pesticide. The planting method can provide balanced nutrition for the growth of the tea oil trees, can ensure the relative stability and balance of the air permeability, the humidity and the pH value of soil, and is beneficial to improving the yield of the tea oil.

Description

Tea oil tree planting method through soil improvement
Technical Field
The invention relates to an agricultural planting technology, in particular to a tea oil tree planting method through soil improvement.
Background
Tea oil trees are also called tea-oil trees, so the tea-oil trees are named because the seeds can squeeze tea oil for eating. The fatty acid composition, the grease characteristic and the nutrient component of the tea oil and the olive oil are similar, and the tea oil also contains tea polyphenol and camellin (tea saponin, or tea saponin) which are specific physiological active substances not contained in the olive oil, so the double functions of the tea oil in food therapy are actually superior to the olive oil. The tea oil raw juice is not only high in quality, but also meets the requirements of people for advocating nature and improving the quality of life, and is a top-quality product in the current edible oil. In addition, the tea oil can also be used as lubricating oil and antirust oil and is widely applied to industrial production.
With the wide acceptance of the health care effect of the tea oil, the demand of the tea oil is more and more large, and further the tea oil tree plantation needs to improve the yield of the tea oil urgently. The yield of tea oil is greatly influenced by the planting method of tea oil trees, and the method comprises the aspects of soil in a planting area, seedling cultivation, fertilization and pest control. Because people often lack judgment on the local soil physical condition in the early stage of tea-oil tree planting, the soil in some areas is seriously hardened, the air permeability is poor, the water permeability is poor, the pH value exceeds the standard and the like, the tea-oil tree planting method directly plants the tea-oil tree soil without improving the tea-oil tree soil, and the later-stage disease resistance and the tea-oil yield are directly influenced by improper planting methods. Therefore, it is an urgent problem to plant a tea oil tree that produces high yield of tea-oil camellia by a tea oil tree planting method of soil improvement.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems of lack of improvement of soil and improper planting method in the prior art, and provides a tea oil tree planting method through soil improvement.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for planting tea oil trees improved by soil, comprising the steps of:
(1) applying mixed base fertilizer to soil in a planting area and then deeply ploughing;
(2) transplanting the tea oil tree seedlings into the soil treated in the step (1), and covering biochar on the soil around the root bases of the tea oil tree seedlings;
(3) performing topdressing and insect disease prevention management on the camellia oleifera seedlings planted in the step (2);
wherein the mixed base fertilizer contains vinasse enzymolysis liquid, rice chaff, a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, an organic fertilizer, brassinosteroid, a biological surfactant, glacial acetic acid, humic acid and a microbial pesticide.
Preferably, 10 parts by weight of the nitrogen fertilizer is used as a reference in the base fertilizer, 8-15 parts by weight of the vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate, 6-10 parts by weight of rice chaff, 6-10 parts by weight of the phosphate fertilizer, 8-15 parts by weight of the potassium fertilizer, 30-50 parts by weight of the organic fertilizer, 0.5-1.5 parts by weight of brassinosteroid, 2-5 parts by weight of the biosurfactant, 0.5-1 part by weight of glacial acetic acid, 0.5-1.5 parts by weight of humic acid and 2-5 parts by weight of the microbial insecticide are used.
Preferably, the biosurfactant is selected from at least one of saponin, tea saponin and sophorolipid.
Preferably, in the step (1), the preparation method of the distiller's grains enzymolysis liquid comprises the following steps: carrying out enzymolysis treatment on the vinasse raw material by using cellulase, pectinase and alpha-amylase, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain vinasse enzymolysis liquid and vinasse enzymolysis residues; wherein the vinasse raw material is rice vinasse and/or wheat vinasse.
Preferably, the cellulase is 0.5-1.2 parts by weight, the pectinase is 0.8-1.4 parts by weight, and the alpha-amylase is 0.3-0.8 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the dry weight of the vinasse raw material.
Preferably, the biochar in the step (2) is prepared by drying the vinasse enzymolysis residues and then performing oxygen-cut carbonization at the temperature of 500-600 ℃.
Preferably, in the step (1), the microbial pesticide contains bacillus subtilis, bacillus megaterium, paecilomyces lilacinus, trichoderma and photosynthetic bacteria, and the total effective viable count in the microbial pesticide is more than or equal to 5 multiplied by 109cfu/g。
Preferably, in the step (1), the application amount of the mixed base fertilizer is 150-220 kg/mu;
and carrying out deep ploughing 2-4 days after the mixed base fertilizer is applied.
Preferably, the biochar is applied at 500-700g per camellia oleifera seedling in step (2).
Preferably, in the step (3), the top dressing process comprises: from 6-8 months of the second year, adding a special fertilizer to the camellia oleifera seedlings every 3-5 months, and applying 500-700g of the special fertilizer to each camellia oleifera seedling; the process for preventing the diseases comprises the following steps: spraying the bactericide for 1-3 times to the tea oil tree seedlings in 6-8 months of the second year, and spraying the insecticide every 2-3 months from 8-10 months of the second year.
Through the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the tea-oil tree planting method provided by the invention comprises the steps of firstly pretreating soil in a planting area before transplanting tea-oil tree seedlings, utilizing combined action of various proteins, fats and fibers rich in vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate and rice chaff to better improve the soil structure, serious soil hardening, poor soil permeability and the like in the planting area, then utilizing other nutrient components of mixed base fertilizer and microbial insecticide to adjust the nutrient balance of the soil in the planting area, improving the distribution of beneficial microbial communities in the soil, and adjusting the pH of the soil to be in a range suitable for the growth of tea-oil trees; secondly, biochar covers around the root base of the tea-oil tree seedlings after the tea-oil tree seedlings are transplanted, so that the fixation and slow release effects of nutrient components in vinasse enzymolysis liquid, rice chaff and base fertilizer can be realized, comprehensive nutrition can be provided for the tea-oil trees, soil nutrient loss is avoided, the fertilizer efficiency is long, the microbial propagation can be promoted, the physicochemical property and the biological activity of soil are improved, the tea-oil trees are well grown, and the tea-oil yield is obviously improved.
The adopted base fertilizer organically combines the brassinosteroid, the biological surfactant, the glacial acetic acid, the conventional nitrogen fertilizer, the conventional phosphate fertilizer, the conventional potash fertilizer, the conventional organic fertilizer, the conventional humic acid and the like, provides reasonable nutrient elements for the tea oil trees, regulates the metabolism of the tea oil trees, and can be more stably and more continuously absorbed by the roots of the tea oil trees under the action of the biochar and the biological surfactant, so that the rapid growth of the tea oil trees is facilitated, and the yield of the tea oil in the tea oil trees is remarkably improved.
According to the method, the enzymatic hydrolysate and the enzymatic residues obtained after the enzymatic hydrolysis of the vinasse are applied to the tea oil tree seedlings in different periods, so that the full resource utilization of the vinasse can be realized, and the vinasse is utilized to provide proper nutritional ingredients for the tea oil tree seedlings to promote the growth of the tea oil tree in combination with the growth requirement of the tea oil tree.
Detailed Description
The endpoints of the ranges and any values disclosed herein are not limited to the precise range or value, and such ranges or values should be understood to encompass values close to those ranges or values. For ranges of values, between the endpoints of each of the ranges and the individual points, and between the individual points may be combined with each other to give one or more new ranges of values, and these ranges of values should be considered as specifically disclosed herein.
The invention provides a tea tree planting method through soil improvement, which comprises the following steps:
(1) applying mixed base fertilizer to soil in a planting area and then deeply ploughing;
(2) transplanting the tea oil tree seedlings into the soil treated in the step (1), and covering biochar on the soil around the root bases of the tea oil tree seedlings;
(3) performing topdressing and insect disease prevention management on the camellia oleifera seedlings planted in the step (2);
wherein the mixed base fertilizer contains vinasse enzymolysis liquid, rice chaff, a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, an organic fertilizer, brassinosteroid, a biological surfactant, glacial acetic acid, humic acid and a microbial pesticide.
In the invention, the planting area of the tea oil tree can be a slope with deep soil layer and sufficient sunlight, and the planting method provided by the invention is suitable for normal plots and also suitable for plots with serious land consumption and unbalanced soil nutrition. The soil deep ploughing can adopt a conventional deep ploughing operation method in the prior art, the seedling raising and transplanting of the tea-oil tree seedlings respectively adopt a conventional seedling raising mode and a transplanting mode disclosed in the prior art, illustratively, a grafting propagation mode is adopted to obtain tea-oil tree seedlings, and the seedlings are planted in a nursery garden to be cultivated for 1 year to obtain the tea-oil tree seedlings; when the camellia oleifera seedlings are transplanted, the distance between two adjacent seedlings is 300-350 cm.
According to the invention, the nitrogen fertilizer can be one or more of conventional nitrogen fertilizers, for example, one or more of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and amide nitrogen fertilizer are used in combination; the phosphate fertilizer can be one or more of conventional phosphate fertilizers, for example, one or more of phosphorus pentoxide, natural phosphate fertilizers and chemical phosphate fertilizers can be adopted; the potash fertilizer can be one or more of conventional potash fertilizers, for example, one or more of potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, plant ash and potassium epsom salt are adopted; the humic acid can be prepared by a method which is commercially available or disclosed according to the prior art, illustratively, one or a mixture of more than two of crop straws, namely corn straws, sorghum straws, wheat straws and rice straws is crushed and mixed, sterilized at the high temperature of 70-80 ℃ for 10-30min, then cooled to 35-40 ℃ for fermentation, and added with fast-acting bacteria for fermentation for 15-25 days; the organic fertilizer can be prepared by adopting a method which is commercially available or disclosed according to the prior art, and exemplarily, the organic fertilizer is prepared by mixing livestock and poultry excrement, straws, rape seed cakes, peat soil and edible fungus residues according to a mass ratio of 5: 2:1: 0.5: 0.5, uniformly mixing, keeping the water content at 30-35%, keeping the pH at 6-6.8, adding 2-3% by mass of EM zymocyte agent, and processing after decomposing for 15-20 days.
According to the invention, the biosurfactant belongs to a degradable surfactant, and preferably, the biosurfactant is selected from at least one of saponin, tea saponin and sophorolipid. The inventor finds that under the preferred embodiment, the biological surfactant can enable the brassinosteroid to be better dispersed in the soil, so that the brassinosteroid can be more stably and continuously absorbed by the roots of the tea oil trees, the rapid growth of the tea oil trees is facilitated, and the yield of the tea oil in the tea oil trees is remarkably improved.
The preparation method of the mixed base fertilizer can adopt a conventional mode, and for example, the mixed base fertilizer can be prepared by uniformly mixing the components of the mixed base fertilizer.
According to the invention, the mixed base fertilizer takes 10 parts by weight of the nitrogen fertilizer as a reference, and the use amount of the vinasse enzymolysis liquid is 8-15 parts by weight, specifically 8 parts by weight, 10 parts by weight, 12 parts by weight, 14 parts by weight, 15 parts by weight, or any value between the two values; the rice chaff is used in an amount of 6-10 parts by weight, specifically 6 parts by weight, 7 parts by weight, 8 parts by weight, 9 parts by weight, 10 parts by weight, or any value between the two values; the content of the phosphate fertilizer is 6-10 parts by weight, and specifically can be 6 parts by weight, 7 parts by weight, 8 parts by weight, 9 parts by weight, 10 parts by weight, or any value between the two values; the content of the potash fertilizer is 8-15 parts by weight, and specifically can be 8 parts by weight, 10 parts by weight, 12 parts by weight, 14 parts by weight, 15 parts by weight, or any value between the two values; the content of the organic fertilizer is 30-50 parts by weight, and specifically can be 30 parts by weight, 35 parts by weight, 40 parts by weight, 45 parts by weight, 50 parts by weight, or any value between the two values; the brassinosteroids content is 0.5-1.5 parts by weight, specifically 0.5 parts by weight, 0.7 parts by weight, 0.9 parts by weight, 1.1 parts by weight, 1.3 parts by weight, 1.5 parts by weight, or any value between the two values; the content of the biosurfactant is 2-5 parts by weight, and specifically can be 2 parts by weight, 3 parts by weight, 4 parts by weight, 5 parts by weight, or any value between the two values; the content of the glacial acetic acid is 0.5-1 part by weight, and specifically can be 0.5 part by weight, 0.6 part by weight, 0.7 part by weight, 0.8 part by weight, 0.9 part by weight, 1 part by weight, or any value between the two values; the content of the humic acid is 0.5-1.5 parts by weight, and specifically can be 0.5 parts by weight, 0.7 parts by weight, 0.9 parts by weight, 1.1 parts by weight, 1.3 parts by weight, 1.5 parts by weight, or any value between the two values; the amount of the microbial pesticide is 2-5 parts by weight, and specifically may be 2 parts by weight, 3 parts by weight, 4 parts by weight, 5 parts by weight, or any value between the two values.
According to the invention, the vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate can be enzymatic hydrolysate obtained by carrying out solid-liquid separation on residues left after any one kind of grain brewing by lyase and/or hydrolase. Preferably, in the step (1), the preparation method of the distiller's grains enzymolysis liquid comprises the following steps: carrying out enzymolysis treatment on the vinasse raw material by using cellulase, pectinase and alpha-amylase, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain vinasse enzymolysis liquid and vinasse enzymolysis residues; the distillers ' grains are rice distillers ' grains and/or wheat distillers ' grains, the rice and the wheat are crops which are produced in the south, the rice distillers ' grains and the wheat are matched with the tea-oil tree in the south, the cost of the distillers ' grains can be saved, and the cost of planting the tea-oil tree is reduced. The cellulase, pectinase and alpha-amylase can be simultaneously mixed with the vinasse raw materials for enzymolysis, and the vinasse raw materials can also be hydrolyzed in sequence. The inventor finds that under the preferred embodiment, the method is beneficial to improving the nutrition balance in the soil during tea oil tree planting and promoting the growth of the tea oil trees.
Preferably, the cellulase is used in an amount of 0.5 to 1.2 parts by weight, the pectinase is used in an amount of 0.8 to 1.4 parts by weight, and the alpha-amylase is used in an amount of 0.3 to 0.8 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the dry weight of the whole stillage raw material. The inventors have found that in this preferred embodiment, it is advantageous to increase the efficiency of enzymatic digestion of whole stillage material.
Illustratively, 100 parts by weight of distiller's grains raw material is dried and then crushed, 2-5 times of water is added according to weight ratio to the powder, after the mixture is soaked for 3-5 hours, the mixture is fully stirred to form uniform slurry, the pH value is adjusted to 5.0 by using sulfuric acid solution, then 0.5-1.2 parts by weight of cellulase with the activity of 2000U/g, 0.8-1.4 parts by weight of pectinase with the activity unit of 30000U/g and 0.3-0.8 parts by weight of alpha-amylase with the activity unit of 6000U/g are added into the slurry, the mixture is stirred uniformly, the mixture is heated to 50-60 ℃, and after the heat preservation enzymolysis is carried out for 24-30 hours, solid-liquid separation is carried out to obtain distiller's grain enzymolysis liquid and distiller's grain enzymolysis slag. According to the present invention, the solid-liquid separation may be performed by any separation means, such as centrifugation, filtration, or the like.
In order to realize the sufficient resource utilization of the vinasse, preferably, the biochar in the step (2) is prepared from the vinasse enzymolysis residues obtained by solid-liquid separation after the enzymolysis of the vinasse raw materials, namely, the biochar is prepared by drying the vinasse enzymolysis residues and then performing oxygen-cut carbonization at the temperature of 500-600 ℃.
According to the invention, in the step (1), the microbial pesticide contains bacillus subtilis, bacillus megatherium, paecilomyces lilacinus, trichoderma and photosynthetic bacteria, and the total effective viable count in the microbial pesticide is more than or equal to 5 multiplied by 109cfu/g。
According to the invention, in the step (1), the application amount of the mixed base fertilizer is 150-220 kg/mu, specifically 150 kg/mu, 170 kg/mu, 190 kg/mu, 210 kg/mu, 220 kg/mu, or any value between the two values. The inventor finds that under the preferred embodiment, the tea oil tree planting soil modifying effect is improved, so that the soil air permeability is enhanced, and the fertility is sufficient and durable.
According to the invention, the deep ploughing is carried out 2-4 days after the mixed base fertilizer is applied. The inventor finds that under the preferred embodiment, the modification effect of the mixed base fertilizer on the soil is promoted, so that the soil structure, the soil hardening and the soil air permeability of the planting area are improved well.
According to the invention, 500-700g of the biochar is applied to each camellia oleifera seedling in step (2).
According to the invention, the management of top dressing and insect prevention of the tea oil tree seedlings can adopt a conventional or management mode disclosed in the prior art, and preferably, in the step (3), the top dressing process comprises the following steps: from 6-8 months of the second year, adding a special fertilizer to the camellia oleifera seedlings every 3-5 months, and applying 500-700g of the special fertilizer to each camellia oleifera seedling; the process for preventing the diseases comprises the following steps: spraying the bactericide for 1-3 times to the tea oil tree seedlings in 6-8 months of the second year, and spraying the insecticide every 2-3 months from 8-10 months of the second year.
Illustratively, the top dressing process of the camellia oleifera seedlings can be specifically as follows: starting from the middle ten days of 7 months in the second year, adding a special fertilizer to the camellia oleifera seedlings every 4 months, and applying 500-700g of the special fertilizer to each camellia oleifera seedling; the special fertilizer can be a special fertilizer for tea oil trees sold in the market or a special fertilizer for tea oil trees prepared according to the prior art, and is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100-120 parts of pig manure, 50-60 parts of cow manure, 4-8 parts of urea, 4-6 parts of amino acid, 2-4 parts of humic acid, 1.2-1.8 parts of polyspora fertilizer, 0.8-1.2 parts of zinc sulfate and 0.1-0.3 part of ammonium molybdate; the insect and disease prevention management process of the tea oil tree seedlings can be specifically as follows: spraying the bactericide to the tea oil tree seedlings once in the middle ten days of the second year in 6 months and the upper ten days of the second year in 7 months, and spraying the insecticide once every 2 months from the 10 months of the second year; starting in 12 months of the second year, a layer of white pulp is applied to the trunk of the camellia oleifera seedling in 12 months of the year. The bactericide and the insecticide can be respectively conventional commercial products, and the spraying amount is conventional or prepared and sprayed according to corresponding instructions, for example, the bactericide is chlorothalonil, and the insecticide is abamectin.
According to the invention, the planting process of the camellia oleifera seedlings further comprises pruning, shaping and weeding, and specifically comprises the following steps: from 12 months of the second year, the camellia oleifera seedlings are pruned once in 12 months of the second year, and scattered branches are pruned, so that branches of a tree body are uniformly distributed, and the structure is compact; intertillage weeding is carried out every 2 months from the first 7 months of the second year, weeds around the seedlings of the tea-oil trees are removed, and soil is kept loose.
The present invention will be described in detail below by way of examples.
In the following examples, commercially available products were used as starting materials unless otherwise specified, and the room temperature was 25. + -. 5 ℃.
The preparation process of the organic fertilizer comprises the following steps: livestock and poultry excrement, straw, rape seed cake, peat soil and edible fungus residue are mixed according to the mass ratio of 5: 2:1: 0.5: 0.5, uniformly mixing, keeping the water content at 30-35%, keeping the pH at 6-6.8, adding 2.5% by mass of EM zymocyte agent, and processing after decomposing for 18 days.
The preparation process of the humic acid comprises the following steps: mixing corn straw, sorghum stalk and wheat straw according to a mass ratio of 1:1:1, crushing, mixing, sterilizing at a high temperature of 75 ℃ for 20min, cooling to 38 ℃ for fermentation, adding quick-acting bacteria, fermenting for 20 days, and processing to obtain the corn straw, sorghum stalk and wheat straw.
Preparation example 1
(1) Drying and crushing rice wine lees with the dry weight of 100kg, mixing and soaking the rice wine lees with 300kg of water for 4 hours, fully stirring to form uniform slurry, regulating the pH to 5.0 by using a sulfuric acid solution, then adding 1kg of cellulase with the activity of 2000U/g, 1kg of pectinase with the activity unit of 30000U/g and 0.5kg of alpha-amylase with the activity unit of 6000U/g into the slurry, uniformly stirring, heating to 55 ℃, preserving heat and performing enzymolysis for 25 hours, and filtering to obtain wine lees enzymatic hydrolysate and wine lees enzymatic hydrolysis residues;
(2) drying the enzymolysis residues of the vinasse, and then carrying out oxygen-cut carbonization at the temperature of 550 ℃ to obtain the biochar.
Preparation example 2
(1) Drying and crushing rice wine lees with the dry weight of 100kg, mixing and soaking the crushed rice wine lees with 500kg of water for 3 hours, fully stirring to form uniform slurry, adjusting the pH to 5.0 by using a sulfuric acid solution, then adding 1.2kg of cellulase with the activity of 2000U/g, 1.4kg of pectinase with the activity unit of 30000U/g and 0.8kg of alpha-amylase with the activity unit of 6000U/g into the slurry, uniformly stirring, heating to 60 ℃, preserving heat, performing enzymolysis for 24 hours, and filtering to obtain wine lees enzymatic hydrolysate and wine lees enzymolysis residues;
(2) drying the enzymatic residue of the vinasse, and then carrying out oxygen-cut carbonization at the temperature of 600 ℃ to obtain the biochar.
Preparation example 3
(1) Drying and crushing wheat vinasse with the dry weight of 100kg, mixing and soaking the crushed wheat vinasse with 200kg of water for 5 hours, fully stirring to form uniform slurry, adjusting the pH to 5.0 by using a sulfuric acid solution, then adding 0.5kg of cellulase with the activity of 2000U/g, 0.8kg of pectinase with the activity unit of 30000U/g and 0.3kg of alpha-amylase with the activity unit of 6000U/g into the slurry, uniformly stirring, heating to 50 ℃, preserving heat, performing enzymolysis for 30 hours, and filtering to obtain vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate and vinasse enzymolysis residues;
(2) drying the enzymatic residue of the vinasse, and then carrying out oxygen-cut carbonization at the temperature of 500 ℃ to obtain the biochar.
Example 1
(1) Uniformly mixing 10kg of the vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate prepared in preparation example 1, 8kg of rice chaff, 10kg of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, 8kg of phosphorus pentoxide, 10kg of potassium chloride, 40kg of organic fertilizer, 1kg of brassinosteroids, 3kg of saponin, 0.8kg of glacial acetic acid, 1kg of humic acid and 3kg of microbial insecticide to obtain a mixed base fertilizer, wherein the microbial insecticide contains bacillus subtilis, bacillus megaterium, paecilomyces lilacinus, trichoderma and photosynthetic bacteria, and the total effective viable count in the microbial insecticide is more than or equal to 5 multiplied by 109cfu/g；
(2) Selecting a slope with a deep soil layer and sufficient sunlight as a planting area, and applying 200kg of the mixed base fertilizer prepared in the step (1) to the soil of the planting area per mu for 3 days to carry out deep ploughing;
(3) transplanting tea oil tree seedlings into the soil treated in the step (2), wherein the distance between every two adjacent seedlings is 320cm, and 600g of biochar prepared in the preparation example 1 is covered on the soil around the root base of each tea oil tree seedling;
(4) topdressing and insect disease prevention management are carried out on the camellia oleifera seedlings planted in the step (3): starting from the middle ten days of 7 months in the second year, adding a special fertilizer to the tea oil tree seedlings once every 4 months, and applying 600g of the special fertilizer to each tea oil tree seedling, wherein the special fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 110 parts of pig manure, 55 parts of cow manure, 6 parts of urea, 5 parts of amino acid, 3 parts of humic acid, 1.5 parts of polysporal fertilizer, 1 part of zinc sulfate and 0.2 part of ammonium molybdate; spraying a bactericide (chlorothalonil) to the tea oil tree seedlings respectively in the middle ten days of the second year in 6 months and the upper ten days of the second year in 7 months, and spraying a pesticide (abamectin) every 2 months from the 10 months of the second year; coating a layer of white pulp on the trunk of the tea oil tree seedling in 12 months every year from 12 months in the second year; from 12 months of the second year, the camellia oleifera seedlings are pruned once in 12 months of the second year, and scattered branches are pruned, so that the branches of the tree body are uniformly distributed, and the structure is compact; intertillage weeding is carried out every 2 months from the first 7 months of the second year, weeds around the seedlings of the tea-oil trees are removed, and soil is kept loose.
Example 2
(1) Uniformly mixing 8kg of the vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate prepared in preparation example 2, 6kg of rice chaff, 10kg of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, 6kg of natural phosphate fertilizer, 8kg of potassium sulfate, 30kg of organic fertilizer, 0.5kg of brassinosteroids, 2kg of tea saponin, 0.5kg of glacial acetic acid, 0.5kg of humic acid and 2kg of microbial insecticide to obtain a mixed base fertilizer, wherein the microbial insecticide contains bacillus subtilis, bacillus megaterium, paecilomyces lilacinus, trichoderma and photosynthetic bacteria, and the total effective viable count in the microbial insecticide is more than or equal to 5 multiplied by 109cfu/g；
(2) Selecting a slope with a deep soil layer and sufficient sunlight as a planting area, and applying 150kg of the mixed base fertilizer prepared in the step (1) to the soil of the planting area per mu for 2 days to carry out deep ploughing;
(3) transplanting tea oil tree seedlings into the soil treated in the step (2), wherein the distance between every two adjacent seedlings is 300cm, and covering 700g of biochar prepared in the preparation example 2 on the soil around the root base of each tea oil tree seedling;
(4) topdressing and insect disease prevention management are carried out on the camellia oleifera seedlings planted in the step (3): starting from the middle ten days of 7 months in the second year, adding a special fertilizer to the tea oil tree seedlings once every 3 months, and applying 700g of the special fertilizer to each tea oil tree seedling, wherein the special fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of pig manure, 50 parts of cow manure, 4 parts of urea, 4 parts of amino acid, 2 parts of humic acid, 1.2 parts of polysporal fertilizer, 0.8 part of zinc sulfate and 0.1 part of ammonium molybdate; spraying a bactericide (chlorothalonil) to the tea oil tree seedlings respectively in the middle ten days of the second year in 6 months and the upper ten days of the second year in 7 months, and spraying a pesticide (abamectin) every 2 months from the 10 months of the second year; coating a layer of white pulp on the trunk of the tea oil tree seedling in 12 months every year from 12 months in the second year; from 12 months of the second year, the camellia oleifera seedlings are pruned once in 12 months of the second year, and scattered branches are pruned, so that the branches of the tree body are uniformly distributed, and the structure is compact; intertillage weeding is carried out every 2 months from the first 7 months of the second year, weeds around the seedlings of the tea-oil trees are removed, and soil is kept loose.
Example 3
(1) Uniformly mixing 15kg of the vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate prepared in preparation example 3, 10kg of rice chaff, 10kg of amide nitrogen fertilizer, 5kg of natural phosphate fertilizer, 5kg of chemical phosphate fertilizer, 5kg of potassium sulfate, 10kg of plant ash, 50kg of organic fertilizer, 1.5kg of brassinosterol, 5kg of sophorolipid, 1kg of glacial acetic acid, 1.5kg of humic acid and 5kg of microbial insecticide to obtain a mixed base fertilizer, wherein the microbial insecticide contains bacillus subtilis, bacillus megaterium, paecilomyces lilacinus, trichoderma and photosynthetic bacteria, and the total effective viable count in the microbial insecticide is more than or equal to 5 multiplied by 109cfu/g；
(2) Selecting a slope with a deep soil layer and sufficient sunlight as a planting area, applying 220kg of the mixed base fertilizer prepared in the step (1) to the soil of the planting area per mu for 4 days, and deeply ploughing;
(3) transplanting tea oil tree seedlings into the soil treated in the step (2), wherein the distance between every two adjacent seedlings is 350cm, and covering 500g of biochar prepared in the preparation example 3 on the soil around the root base of each tea oil tree seedling;
(4) topdressing and insect disease prevention management are carried out on the camellia oleifera seedlings planted in the step (3): starting from the middle ten days of 7 months in the second year, adding a special fertilizer to the tea oil tree seedlings once every 5 months, and applying 500g of the special fertilizer to each tea oil tree seedling, wherein the special fertilizer is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 120 parts of pig manure, 60 parts of cow manure, 8 parts of urea, 6 parts of amino acid, 4 parts of humic acid, 1.8 parts of polysporal fertilizer, 1.2 parts of zinc sulfate and 0.3 part of ammonium molybdate; spraying a bactericide (chlorothalonil) to the tea oil tree seedlings respectively in the middle ten days of the second year in 6 months and the upper ten days of the second year in 7 months, and spraying a pesticide (abamectin) every 3 months from the 10 months of the second year; coating a layer of white pulp on the trunk of the tea oil tree seedling in 12 months every year from 12 months in the second year; from 12 months of the second year, the camellia oleifera seedlings are pruned once in 12 months of the second year, and scattered branches are pruned, so that the branches of the tree body are uniformly distributed, and the structure is compact; intertillage weeding is carried out every 2 months from the first 7 months of the second year, weeds around the seedlings of the tea-oil trees are removed, and soil is kept loose.
Example 4
Tea oil trees were planted according to the method of example 3, except that the mixed base fertilizer in step (1) contained the distiller's grain enzymatic hydrolysate prepared in preparation example 3, rice chaff, a nitrogen fertilizer (an amide nitrogen fertilizer), a phosphate fertilizer (a natural phosphate fertilizer + a chemical phosphate fertilizer), a potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate + plant ash), an organic fertilizer, brassinosteroids, sophorolipid, glacial acetic acid, humic acid, and a microbial insecticide (mass ratio is 5:4:10:10:15:5:0.2:0.2:1:1.5: 1).
Example 5
Tea oil trees were planted according to the method of example 3, except that the vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate and charcoal were prepared by:
(1) drying 100kg of barley grains, crushing, mixing with 200kg of water, soaking for 5 hours, fully stirring to form uniform slurry, adjusting the pH to 5.0 by using a sulfuric acid solution, adding 0.5kg of cellulase with the activity of 2000U/g into the slurry, uniformly stirring, heating to 50 ℃, preserving heat, performing enzymolysis for 30 hours, and filtering to obtain vinasse enzymolysis liquid and vinasse enzymolysis residues;
(2) drying the enzymatic residue of the vinasse, and then carrying out oxygen-cut carbonization at the temperature of 500 ℃ to obtain the biochar.
Example 6
Tea oil trees were planted according to the method of example 3, except that the biosurfactant in step (1) was a polymeric surfactant.
Comparative example 1
Tea oil trees are planted according to the method of example 3, except that the mixed base fertilizer in the step (1) contains the vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate prepared in the preparation example 3, rice chaff, a nitrogen fertilizer (an amide nitrogen fertilizer), a phosphate fertilizer (a natural phosphate fertilizer and a chemical phosphate fertilizer), a potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate and plant ash), an organic fertilizer, sophorolipid, glacial acetic acid, humic acid and a microbial insecticide (mass ratio is 15:10:10:10:15:50:5: 1.5: 5).
Comparative example 2
Tea oil trees are planted according to the method of example 3, except that the mixed base fertilizer in the step (1) contains the vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate prepared in the preparation example 3, rice chaff, a nitrogen fertilizer (an amide nitrogen fertilizer), a phosphate fertilizer (a natural phosphate fertilizer and a chemical phosphate fertilizer), a potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate and plant ash), an organic fertilizer, glacial acetic acid, humic acid and a microbial pesticide (the mass ratio is 15:10:10:10:15:50:1:1.5: 5).
Comparative example 3
Tea oil trees were planted according to the method of example 3, except that step (2) was replaced with: transplanting the tea oil tree seedlings into the soil treated in the step (1), wherein the distance between two adjacent seedlings is 350 cm.
Comparative example 4
Tea oil trees were planted according to the method of example 3, except that the mixed base fertilizer in step (1) contained a nitrogen fertilizer (amide nitrogen fertilizer), a phosphate fertilizer (natural phosphate fertilizer + chemical phosphate fertilizer), a potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate + plant ash), an organic fertilizer, brassinosteroids, sophorolipids, glacial acetic acid, humic acid, and a microbial insecticide (mass ratio 10:10:15:50:1.5: 5).
During the tea oil tree planting process of examples 1-6 and comparative examples 1-4, the growth of tea oil trees is observed and recorded, and the yield is counted, and the statistical result is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
Numbering Tea oil mu yield (kg) Oil yield (%)
Example 1 72 50.6
Example 2 69 51.1
Example 3 71 47.8
Example 4 64 45.4
Example 5 62 46.1
Example 6 60 44.8
Comparative example 1 48 38.5
Comparative example 2 42 33.6
Comparative example 3 45 39.5
Comparative example 4 43 41.1
As can be seen from the results in table 1, in examples 1 to 6, the yield per mu of tea oil and the oil yield of tea oil seeds were greatly improved by using the tea oil tree planting method provided by the present invention, compared to comparative examples 1 to 4. The tea-oil tree planting method provided by the invention is characterized in that the soil of a planting area is pretreated before tea-oil tree seedlings are transplanted, the combined action of various proteins, fats and fibers rich in vinasse enzymolysis liquid and rice chaff is utilized, so that the soil structure, the soil hardening severity, the soil air permeability difference and the like of the planting area are better improved, the nutrition balance of the soil of the planting area is adjusted by utilizing other nutrient components of mixed base fertilizer and microbial pesticide, the distribution of beneficial microbial communities in the soil is improved, and the pH of the soil is adjusted to be in a range suitable for the growth of the tea-oil trees; the biochar covers around the root base of the tea-oil tree after the tea-oil tree seedlings are transplanted, so that the fixation and slow release effects of nutrient components in vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate, rice chaff and base fertilizer can be realized, comprehensive nutrition can be provided for the tea-oil tree, soil nutrition loss is avoided, the fertilizer efficiency is long, the microbial propagation can be promoted, the physicochemical property and the biological activity of soil are improved, the tea-oil tree grows well, and the tea-oil yield is obviously improved.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above in detail, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Within the scope of the technical idea of the invention, many simple modifications can be made to the technical solution of the invention, including combinations of various technical features in any other suitable way, and these simple modifications and combinations should also be regarded as the disclosure of the invention, and all fall within the scope of the invention.

Claims (10)

1. A method for planting tea oil trees improved by soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) applying mixed base fertilizer to soil in a planting area and then deeply ploughing;
(2) transplanting the tea oil tree seedlings into the soil treated in the step (1), and covering biochar on the soil around the root bases of the tea oil tree seedlings;
(3) performing topdressing and insect disease prevention management on the camellia oleifera seedlings planted in the step (2);
wherein the mixed base fertilizer contains vinasse enzymolysis liquid, rice chaff, a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, an organic fertilizer, brassinosteroid, a biological surfactant, glacial acetic acid, humic acid and a microbial pesticide.
2. The camellia sinensis planting method according to claim 1, wherein the base fertilizer comprises, based on 10 parts by weight of the nitrogen fertilizer, 8-15 parts by weight of the vinasse enzymatic hydrolysate, 6-10 parts by weight of the rice chaff, 6-10 parts by weight of the phosphate fertilizer, 8-15 parts by weight of the potash fertilizer, 30-50 parts by weight of the organic fertilizer, 0.5-1.5 parts by weight of the brassinosteroid, 2-5 parts by weight of the biosurfactant, 0.5-1 part by weight of the glacial acetic acid, 0.5-1.5 parts by weight of the humic acid, and 2-5 parts by weight of the microbial pesticide.
3. The tea oil tree planting method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the biosurfactant is at least one selected from saponin, tea saponin and sophorolipid.
4. The tea oil tree planting method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the step (1), the preparation method of the distiller's grain enzymolysis solution comprises: carrying out enzymolysis treatment on the vinasse raw material by using cellulase, pectinase and alpha-amylase, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain vinasse enzymolysis liquid and vinasse enzymolysis residues; wherein the vinasse raw material is rice vinasse and/or wheat vinasse.
5. The method for planting camellia sinensis as claimed in claim 4, wherein the cellulase is used in an amount of 0.5-1.2 parts by weight, the pectinase is used in an amount of 0.8-1.4 parts by weight, and the alpha-amylase is used in an amount of 0.3-0.8 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the dry weight of the whole stillage raw material.
6. The camellia sinensis planting method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the biochar in the step (2) is prepared by drying the vinasse enzymolysis residues and then performing oxygen-cut carbonization at the temperature of 500-600 ℃.
7. The method for planting camellia oleifera as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein in step (1), the microbial pesticide contains bacillus subtilis, bacillus megaterium, paecilomyces lilacinus, trichoderma and photosynthetic bacteria, and the total effective viable count in the microbial pesticide is not less than 5 x 109cfu/g。
8. The camellia sinensis planting method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein in the step (1), the application amount of the mixed base fertilizer is 150-220 kg/mu;
and carrying out deep ploughing 2-4 days after the mixed base fertilizer is applied.
9. The camellia sinensis planting method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the biochar is applied at 500-700g per camellia sinensis seedling in step (2).
10. The tea tree planting method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the step (3), the topdressing process comprises: from 6-8 months of the second year, adding a special fertilizer to the camellia oleifera seedlings every 3-5 months, and applying 500-700g of the special fertilizer to each camellia oleifera seedling;
the process for preventing the diseases comprises the following steps: spraying the bactericide for 1-3 times to the tea oil tree seedlings in 6-8 months of the second year, and spraying the insecticide every 2-3 months from 8-10 months of the second year.
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