CN1136340A - 滑动部件及其制造方法 - Google Patents

滑动部件及其制造方法 Download PDF

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CN1136340A
CN1136340A CN95190953A CN95190953A CN1136340A CN 1136340 A CN1136340 A CN 1136340A CN 95190953 A CN95190953 A CN 95190953A CN 95190953 A CN95190953 A CN 95190953A CN 1136340 A CN1136340 A CN 1136340A
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松浦尚
山川晃
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Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
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Abstract

本发明提供一种滑动部件，它具有能满足挺杆、摇臂等发动机部件和轴承等为首的要求耐磨损性的许多滑动面。该滑动部件的构成是，基体(3)是钢制的，其滑动面内，形成至少一处滑动面(1)的构件A，例如Si3N4，与上述基体(3)加热接合在一起而形成滑动部件。其制造方法是对钢制的基体进行渗碳处理，并经过回火处理后，与形成滑动面的构件A加热接合的方法。该滑动部件容易制造并可降低成本。

Description

滑动部件及其制造方法
本发明涉及汽车发动机的气门阀类部件，凸轮从动件和摇臂等滑动构件，特别是由将金属母材和陶瓷滑动构件接合起来的结构组成、用于挺杆时发挥其效用的滑动部件及其制造方法。
以前是从滑动面的耐磨损性好和滑动阻力小的观点来选择滑动部件，作为滑动部件，利用特性优良的单一材料，或者制作使用它的接合体而实用化起来。
近年，具有优良滑动特性的陶瓷引起重视，尤其是出现了使陶瓷与金属材料接合，以便使陶瓷处于条件苛刻的滑动部位的实用例。
例如，相应于发动机的高功率化和废气法规，发动机用挺杆中在滑动部位往往有将滑动特性优良的氮化硅陶瓷接合起来的部件。
另一方面，在这种滑动部件中，滑动部位中除了使用陶瓷以外的滑动部分要求滑动特性，或者整个部件往往也要求滑动特性，为了提高金属材料的滑动特性，施以硬化处理。
因此，在先的特开平2-55809号公报和特开平2-199073号公报、特开平4-2672号公报中，公开了利用在金属和陶瓷加热接合时的加热和冷却进行金属部分的硬化处理。
然而，利用上述加热接合的硬化处理中，与普通钢的硬化处理中所用的加热硬化处理相比其加热温度不同，往往得不到滑动特性所需要的硬度，而且冷却方法也特殊，适合进行这种处理的金属材料受到限制，因而存在成本高的问题。
鉴于上述先有技术的问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种进一步提高实用性的滑动部件及其制造方法。
为了达到上述目的，本发明提供的滑动部件及制造方法中，其滑动部件的特征在于，它是基体为钢制的，其滑动面内，形成至少一处滑动面的构件与上述基体加热接合在一起的滑动部件，钢制基体在接合前施以加热硬化处理；滑动部件制造方法的特征在于，接合时钢制基体的温度比该钢加热硬化处理的温度要低。
本发明滑动部件的构成要素是，加热接合前进行过加热硬化处理的钢制滑动部件基体至少是一处以上的滑动面，该滑动面的至少一处通过加热接合安装在基体上。
接合前的滑动部件基体，通过加热硬化处理而使其表面硬化，而且，接合时钢部分的温度，比钢加热硬化处理温度要低，因此，被接合的钢的硬度大致保持加热硬化处理时的硬度。因此本发明滑动部件的滑动特性，与上述加热接合时进行硬化处理的先有技术材料相比较，有大幅度的提高。
接合后的钢基体的硬度，按HRC标度为45以上。HRC不足45时，磨损大，耐久性差，得不到足够的滑动特性。接合前的钢基体硬度，随着加热接合，硬度有一些降低，因此希望HRC标度为50以上。
滑动部件基体的材质是钢，只要是经过加热硬化处理后能达到HRC为50以上即可，对钢的种类没有特殊的限定，但从强度、材料和加工成本方面考虑，最好是作为机械结构用钢而广泛使用的碳素钢和添加Ni，Cr，Mo合金元素的合金钢。
钢基体和构成滑动面的构件，其接合面积希望两者的界面面积为50％以上，不足上述面积时，会加大对接合部分的荷重使之超过接合部分的破坏荷重，导致滑动面构件剥离的可能性增大。
与滑动部件基体加热接合并形成滑动面的构件，最好是由氮化硅类陶瓷组成，其室温下的强度及夏氏冲击值各自为130Kg/mm2以上、15KJ/m2以上。
在这种情况下，由于将陶瓷的强度规定在(130Kg/mm2以上，因而能耐加热接合时因钢和陶瓷的热膨胀系数不同而在内部产生的拉伸热应力，能很容易地防止裂纹产生。
如果考虑实际使用状态，例如，如图2所示，在发动机用阀的驱动系中，往往有来自金属制凸轮的冲击荷重的作用，为了防止此时陶瓷破损，希望夏氏冲击值规定为15J/m2以上。
接合时的钢温度，为抑制接合时的加热而引起的钢的回火软化，最好尽可能地低于钢的加热硬化处理温度。例如，如果是亚共析钢，则加热硬化处理时的适当加热温度为800℃左右，该温度是加热时仅呈奥氐体相的AC3或AC1变态点以上30～50℃，因此接合时钢部分的温度最好是尽可能比800℃低的低温。作为接合方法，只要其接合温度符合上述条件就行，可以利用钎焊或扩散接合等公知方法。
被加热接合的构件是陶瓷时，用钎焊进行接合，但钎焊材料，最好使用接合温度比钢的加热硬化处理温度低的钎焊材料。例如，如果使用Al合金钎焊，其接合温度为580℃左右，可以进行比加热硬化处理温度低得多的低温接合。
使用Ag-Ti，Ag-Cu-Ti等接合温度比钢的加热硬化处理温度高的钎焊材料时，最好是在钢部分的温度比钎焊材料部分的温度低，以使钢部分的温度比加热硬化处理温度低的低温状态下进行接合。
具体说，最好是利用高频加热或微波加热、激光加热等仅对钎焊材料部分进行加热的方法，或利用通电加热和放电等离子体加热等使陶瓷部分达到高温、使钢部分达到低温的倾斜温度加热法。此外，还希望钎焊气氛是非氧化气氛(真空、Ar、N2、H2等)。
以下简单说明附图。
图1是采用本发明的挺杆的说明图。
图2是挺杆使用状态的说明图。
图3是将滑动构件与钢制基体接合的方法的说明图。
图中符号说明如下。
1  滑动面，2  滑动面，3  挺杆基体，4  凸轮，5  推杆部件，A滑动构件，6  发热用碳模，7  氮化硅，8  钎焊材料，9  钢基体，10  热电偶，11  热电偶。
以下通过实施例具体说明本发明。
实施例1
图1示出按照本发明作为滑动部件的例子而制成的挺杆。该挺杆从图2示出的实际使用状态可清楚地看出，滑动面1以及推杆接触面2的滑动条件特别苛刻，按照本发明通过钎焊接合氮化硅制滑动构件A以便形成滑动面1，推杆接触面2部分的钢大致保持加热硬化处理时的硬度。图2中的4表示凸轮，5表示推杆部件。氮化硅制滑动部件A按下述方法制作。
在市售的氮化硅粉末中添加作为烧结助剂的5重量％的Y2O3，2重量％的Al2O3，在乙醇中用球磨机混合48小时。干燥后，将所得混合粉末进行挤压、CIP后，在2个大气压的氮气气氛中进行1650℃、1小时的HIP处理。
从所得烧结体上切下直径为30mm，厚1mm的原材料，将成为滑动面的平面部分加工成平面度为10μm，表面粗糙度为0.3μm以下(十点平均粗糙度)。表1示出所得烧结体的机械特性。
                     表  1
                     机械特性
         弯曲强度                   135(kg/mm2)
         夏氏冲击值                 15.2(KJ/m2)
挺杆基体3使用机械合金铬钢SCr440(JIS G4104)，加工后，加热到850℃，然后在油中进行加热硬化处理，然后通过厚度为100μm的铝合金钎焊材料(JIS BA4145)，利用通常的电阻加热炉在真空中570℃下保持30分钟的方法，对滑动构件A和挺杆基体3进行钎焊。
作为比较例，将不进行加热硬化处理的SCr 440用作基体3，按与上述同样的方法进行与滑动构件的接合。
以上制得的接合挺杆，测定滑动面2的硬度后，组装到市售的OHV方式的柴油机中，用劣化油按发动机旋转数1000rpm进行2000小时耐久试验，测定滑动面2的磨损量。
表2中示出接合前后的滑动面2的硬度以及磨损量的结果。但磨损的判定是将不足10μm的情况规定为“无磨损”，10μm以上的情况规定为“有磨损”。
如表2所示，进行过加热硬化处理的实施例，即NO.1～NO.3，接合前后的硬化劣化少，与作为未进行过加热硬化处理的比较例即NO.4～NO.6相比较，其硬度以及耐磨损性都优良。
与NO.1同样，选择NO.2，3中所示的加热硬化钢材及钎焊材料，在各接合温度下于真空中进行钎焊，然后进行评价。作为比较例，采用未进行过加热硬化处理的钢材，实施NO.5和NO.6。各例都显示出，还是实施例中的硬度和耐磨损性优良。
                    表    2
No. 滑动构件A材质 钢材质 加热硬化温度 钎焊材料(JIS) 接合温度 滑动面2的硬度(洛氏硬度的C标度)接合前             接合后 磨损
1 氮化硅 Scr440 830℃ 铝合金(BA 4145) 570℃ 60 55 无
2 氮化硅 SCM420 800℃ 银钎料(BAg-1) 620℃ 62 53 无
3 氮化硅 SNCM616 880℃ 银钎料(BAg-7) 800℃ 50 45 无
*4 氮化硅 Scr440 无 铝合金(BA 4145) 570℃ 25 24 有
*5 氮化硅 SCM420 无 银钎料(BAg-1) 620℃ 30 28 有
*6 氮化硅 SNCM616 无 银钎料(BAg-7) 800℃ 35 30 有
(注)*表示比较例
实施例2
将与实施例1同样的氮化硅用于滑动构件A
挺杆基体3采用机械合金钢铬钢SCr420(JIS G4104)，加工后加热至800℃，然后于油中进行加热硬化处理，其后通过厚度为100μm的铝合金钎焊材料(JIS BA4145)将滑动构件和挺杆基体3接合在一起，如图3所示，接合面位置在发热用碳模6的内部，滑动面2的部分被安置成在发热用碳模的外部露出。将这种碳模6设置在可进行机械加压和通过脉冲电流进行急速加热的炉内，在真空度为103Torr状态下，外加“通一断”的比例为12∶2的脉冲电流5000A，利用放电等离子法在3分钟内使热电偶10的接合面温度升至620℃，保持5分钟，5分钟内冷却至室温，进行钎焊。NO.7此时的热电偶11在滑动面部位的温度上升至最高为550℃。
作为NO.10，将与NO.7同样的材料配置在普通的电阻加热炉中，加热至620℃进行钎焊。此时，接合面和滑动面2一起都加热至620℃。
对以上制得的接合挺杆的滑动面2进行接合前后的硬度评价，作为实施例的NO.7，接合前后的HRC仅降低至60→55，而作为比较例的NO.11时降低至60→48，因此NO.7显示出良好的滑动特性。
与NO.7相同，选择NO.8、NO.9、NO.10中所示的加热硬化处理钢材及钎焊材料，利用通电加热、高频或激光仅加热接合面，进行钎焊。此时的滑动面温度比接合面的温度低100℃左右。作为比较例的NO.11、NO.12利用通常的电阻加热进行钎焊。如表3所示，作为实施例，显示出硬度高，滑动部件的滑动特性良好。
                        表    3
No. 钢材质 加热硬化温度 原材料(JIS) 加热方法   温    度接合部               滑动面2 滑动面2的硬度(洛氏硬度的C标度)接合前                接合后
7 Scr 440 800℃ 铝铪金(BA4343) 等离子加热 620℃ 550℃ 60 55
8 SCM 420 800℃ 铝铪金(BA4343) 通电加热 620℃ 540℃ 60 58
9 SNCM616 850℃ 金钎料(BAu-2) 高频加热 890℃ 800℃ 65 53
10 Scr 440 880℃ 镍(BNi-7) 激光加热 930℃ 800℃ 70 50
*11 SCM 420 800℃ 铝合金(BA4145) 电阻加热 620℃ ← 60 48
*12 SCM 440 850℃ 金钎料(BAu-4) 电阻加热 890℃ ← 65 43
*13 SNCM616 880℃ 镍(BNi-7) 电阻加热 930℃ ← 70 40
实施例3
制作显示下表4中特性的氮化硅滑动构件A，实施例和比较例都各自制作10个，每个构件都按与实施例1相同的方法与SCr 440进行钎焊接合。
使用实施例的氮化硅时，10个样品都可以获得良好的接合体；而使用比较例的氮化硅时，由于不耐因加热接合时钢和陶瓷的热膨胀系数不同而导致在陶瓷内部产生的拉伸热应力，在10个接合体内有5个氮化硅部位产生裂纹。对制得的接合挺杆内，用透射X射线调查氮化硅中不产生裂纹的物件(实施例：10个，比较例：5个)的接合界面的结构，结果发现，实施例的接合体的接合面积为接合界面面积的75～100％。另一方面，比较例却为30～48％。
然后将这些接合挺杆(实施例：10个，比较例：5个)，组装到市售的OHV式柴油机中，使用劣化油按发动机旋转数1000rpn进行2000小时耐久试验。其结果，实施例情况下的接合体，10个都很良好；而比较例的情况下，5个接合体内，有2个的氮化硅部位由于金属制凸轮的冲击荷重而被破坏，其余3个的氮化硅也从钢基体上剥离下来。
              表4
实施例 比较例
弯曲强度 135(kg/mm2) 105(kg/mm2)
夏氏冲击值 15.2(kJ/m2) 12.8(kJ/m2)
                表5
接合面积     接合体破坏数
接合时                       耐久试验时
实施例 75～100％ 0/10 0/10
比较例 30～48％ 5/10 5/5(内剥离3个)
以上说明可得知，本发明通过在接合滑动部件中，使用与钢制基体接合前进行过加热硬化处理的钢这种简单构成，而具有显著改善滑动特性的效果。因此，适于用作汽车发动机的气门阀类部件、凸轮从动件和摇臂等的滑动构件以及它们的制造方法。

Claims (13)

1.滑动部件，其特征在于，它是一种基体是钢制的，在其滑动面内形成至少一处滑动面的构件，与上述基体加热接合而成的滑动部件，钢制基体在加热接合前进行过加热硬化处理。
2.权利要求1所述的滑动部件，其中对钢制基体进行加热硬化使其在加热接合前的硬度HRC为50以上。
3.权利要求1或2所述的滑动部件，其中，对钢制基体进行加热硬化，使其在加热接合后的硬度HRC为45以上。
4.权利要求1、2或3所述的滑动部件，其中，接合面积为形成滑动面的构件与钢基体之间界面面积的50％以上。
5.权利要求1～4中任何一项所述的滑动部件，其中，与基体加热接合而形成滑动面的构件是由氮化硅类陶瓷组成，其室温下的强度及夏氏冲击值，各自为130kg/mm2以上、15KJ/mm2以上。
6.权利要求1～5中任何一项所述的滑动部件，其中，形成滑动面的构件和钢基体是用Al或Al合金钎焊材料接合起来。
7.权利要求1所述滑动部件的制造方法，其特征在于，在比钢制基体进行加热硬化处理时的温度更低的温度下，对加热硬化处理过的钢制滑动部件基体和形成滑动面的构件进行加热接合。
8.权利要求7所述的滑动部件的制造方法，其中，加热接合时接合部位的温度比钢制基体的温度高。
9.权利要求7或8所述的滑动部件的制造方法，其中，形成滑动面的构件和钢基体是用Al或Al合金钎焊接合起来。
10、权利要求7～9中任一项所述的滑动部件的制造方法，其中，加热时使用放电等离子加热法。
11.权利要求7～9中任一项所述的滑动部件的制造方法，其中，加热时使用通电加热法。
12.权利要求7～9中任一项所述的滑动部件的制造方法，其中，加热时使用高频加热法。
13.权利要求7～9中任一项所述的滑动部件的制造方法，其中，加热时使用激光加热法。
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