CN1134875C - 能量存储系统 - Google Patents
能量存储系统 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1134875C CN1134875C CNB998072109A CN99807210A CN1134875C CN 1134875 C CN1134875 C CN 1134875C CN B998072109 A CNB998072109 A CN B998072109A CN 99807210 A CN99807210 A CN 99807210A CN 1134875 C CN1134875 C CN 1134875C
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- management system
- control device
- electric
- electric power
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Abstract
电力控制系统(10),用来管理电池(11)的电力输出,其组成如下:输出终端(12),把来自电池(11)的电力传送给负载;控制装置(14),与电池(11)连接,检测预先选定的电池(11)的操作参数,并且在第一操作模式中把来自电池(11)的电力提供给输出终端(12);第一电容器(15),用来储备预定数量的电力,被连接在控制装置(14)和电池系统(11)之间,当控制装置(14)处于第二操作模式时,该电容器对来自控制装置(14)的指令信号作出反应,把储备的电力提供给电池(11);第二电容器(16),用来储备预定数量的电力,被连接在控制装置(14)和输出终端(12)之间,并且在控制装置(14)处于第二操作模式时,该电容器对来自控制装置(14)的指令信号作出反应,把储备的电力供应给输出终端(12)。
Description
发明所属技术领域
发明涉及能量储存系统,更具体地说,涉及用来改善电池性能的电池管理系统。
与本发明相关的背景技术
电池产业面临对电池管理技术日益增长的需求,这主要是由于消费者对电池供电的便携式设备(如移动电话和手提电脑)的轻便性的要求越来越高。此外,由于迅速增加的政府规章,以及消费者对空气和噪声污染的忧虑,当前日渐强调电动工具和零排放车辆(用于这些新一代车辆的主要动力源是电池)的发展。另一个需要高效电池的领域是能量储存应用,例如用于敏感的电子元器件的负载平衡、应急或备用电力和电力质量系统。
由于对电池供电设备需求日增,电池产业面临的竞争压力是生产理想的电池。理想的电池是那种几乎没有重量、不占据空间、提供以循环次数表示的超长的寿命,具有理想的充放电性能,并且失效后不破坏环境。电池产业最常应用的是铅-酸电池技术,这种电池正面临着挑战,即要达到更高的能量密度、更小的尺寸、更好的性能水平、更长的循环次数寿命和保证可回收利用。
一些制造商正在研究包括镍氢电池、锂-离子电池等在内的特种电池,但是此类电池价格昂贵,现阶段不具经济可行性,尤其不适用成长最迅速的市场之一——两轮/三轮载人车辆。应当认识到,电池的性能,即便现有的铅-酸电池的性能,可以通过对电池工作条件的适当管理得到改进。
在现阶段的电池管理中有几个方面定位是不适当的,这些方面包括:
(I)防止在再次充电或再生操作期间过度充电;
(II)防止在大功率放电或长时间操作期间过度放电;
(III)使电池的内电阻的负面效应最小化;以及
(IV)监视、控制和保护电池系统中单个电池单元的能力。
铅-酸电池的充电器通常有两项任务要完成。第一项任务是尽可能迅速地恢复容量,第二项任务是通过补偿自动放电保持容量。在这两种情况下,最佳操作都要求准确地检测电池的电压和温度。典型的铅-酸电池单元在充电时,硫酸铅在电池的负极和正极极板上分别被转化为铅和二氧化铅。待绝大部分硫酸铅完成转化时,开始过度充电反应,由于分解电解液产生氢气和氧气,这通常被称为“放气”。在带排气口或有阀门调节的电池中,这导致电解质耗损和电解质脱水,因此影响电池的循环次数寿命。
通过监测电池电压可以检测到开始过度充电。电池电压的急剧上升,表明开始过度充电反应。开始过度充电反应的那个点取决于充电速率,并且随着充电速率提高,开始过度充电的复始容量的百分比减少,也就是说,在过度充电过程中使用的能量不能由电池恢复。通常采用有所控制的过度充电,以尽快地恢复全容量和恢复电池平衡,但这是以减少循环次数寿命为代价的。
虽有多种方法可用来给电池充电,但是这些方法都把一组电池单元看成一个整体,而且实际上不监视电池中的单个电池单元,而后者对于在这组电池单元范围内实现真正的平衡是必不可少的。典型的12伏特电池是由6个2伏特电池单元在一个壳体内串联而成的,而且有用于主要连接的主终端。通常,电池中的各个电池单元并非步调一致,在充放电期间这些电池单元逐渐退化到“不平衡”状态。
影响电池寿命的两个关键因素是电压水平上下限。如果铅-酸电池中的2伏特电池单元在充电或再生期间超过大约2.6伏特,将出现放气,造成电解液脱水和影响电池寿命。在放电期间,如果电池单元的电压下降到大约1.6伏特以下,那么将造成对极板表面的永久性损坏。最常见的充电系统,充电器仅仅与电池单元组的第一个终端和最后一个终端连接,所以不能精确地监视和防止单个电池单元受损。通常,充电器只监测累计电压,并且只对该累计电压作出反应,其结果是,为满足充电器预定的要求,好电池单元被过度充电,以弥补弱电池单元的电压不足。这种过度充电使电解液脱水,使好电池单元遭受损耗,不仅严重地影响该电池单元的循环次数寿命,而且严重地影响整个电池的循环次数寿命。
电池的内电阻是另一个大幅度影响电池系统充放电能力的因素。电池存在许多导致性能下降的问题,但是主要限制之一是克服内电阻。每个电池系统都有一个内电阻,但是目标是要使内电阻最小,同时使每单位重量的能量存储最大。在把负载与电池连接时,所需电流流出,并且由于电池内阻导致电池电压下降。内电阻越低,电池的压降就越低。这是由于电池内总电阻造成的,该总内电阻是由各个组成部分的物理电阻,以及诸如活性极化和浓差极化之类的极化作用造成的电阻组成的。
在任何电池系统中,总内电阻有很大一部分是由极化作用产生。简单地说,浓差极化涉及在电极表面反应物或产物的聚集,即限制反应物朝电极扩散和产物离开电极。电流越大,电池系统极化损耗就越大。因此,可能从电池系统中获得的最大电流,要受该电池系统内极化作用程度的限制。但是,如果能够控制极化损耗,就可以从大多数电池系统中,以最小的电压损失获得更多的电流。
因此,本发明的目的之一是提供一种电力控制装置,由电池提供预定的电力输出,该装置将大大减少大多数类型电池的内电阻损失。
发明概要
本发明的内容之一,是提供一种电力控制装置,由电池提供预定的电力输出,该装置包括:
(I)输出装置,将该系统的电力传送给负载;
(II)控制装置,它适合与电池系统连接,以便检测该电池系统预先选定的操作参数,并且在控制装置处于第一操作模式时,把来自该电池系统的电力提供给输出装置;
(III)第一电容器装置,该装置适于连接在控制装置与电池系统之间,适合储备预定数量的电力,并且在控制装置处于第二操作模式时,依据来自控制装置的指令信号,把储备的电力供应给电池系统;
(IV)第二电容器装置,该装置连接在控制装置与输出装置之间,它适合储备预定数量的电力,并且在控制装置处于其第二操作模式时,依据来自控制装置的指令信号,把它储备的电力供应给输出装置。
优选的是,第一和第二电容器装置,适合储备从电池转移出去的少量电力。
在本发明的一个实施例中,控制装置在开始由该电力控制系统供电之后,按照预定的时间间隔,把指令信号提供给第一电容器装置和第二电容器装置。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,控制装置适合检测电池中的极化水平,并且在电池极化水平超过预定的极限时,发出对第一电容器装置和第二电容器装置的控制信号。
在第一电容器装置中储备的电力,引发反向充电或脉冲,以激励电池系统内的电极,其放电率与控制装置检测到的该电池系统的内电阻成正比。对电极表面的这种激励,允许更大电流流入和流出该电池,因此就电池系统而言,允许更大电流消耗、更快的再次充电,获得更长的循环使用寿命。
所述的控制系统,能够适用把电池系统作为一个整体,或者作为由各个电池单元组成的电池系统,检测其预先选定的操作参数。
所述的电力控制装置适用自动监测电池的电流、温度、内电阻和操作性能,还可适用在充电和放电循环期间,监测电池系统中每一个电池单元。
另一方面,所述的电力控制系统,可以用于由充电器将预定的电力输入电池系统。
再有,本发明提供了一种电池管理系统,该管理系统是为至少具有一个电池单元,具有至少一对电极,并且易受极化作用影响的电池准备的,所述的电池管理系统包括:
(I)监测装置,用于指示电池或每个电池单元的极化水平的预定参数;
(II)储备装置,储存将被转移到电池中或从电池中转移出去的预定数量的电力;以及
(III)把相反的电荷或脉冲引入电极以便减少极化作用的装置。
附图简要说明
图1是根据本发明的一个实施例,一个特定电力控制装置,由电池系统提供预定的电力输出的方框图。
图2是基于本发明的第二个实施例,通用的电力控制装置的的方框图。
图3是图1所示的电力控制系统应用于铅-酸电池系统的的方框图。
图4是配有/未配有本发明的电力控制装置的铅-酸电池,其循环使用次数对应电池容量图。
图5是图1所示的电力控制系统应用于氧化还原-凝胶(Redox-Gel)电池系统的方框图。
优选实施例的详细描述
图1所示的电力控制系统10,适合把来自电池系统11的预定的电力输出,通过终端或输出装置12提供给负载,如所连接的电动车辆。在输出端12和电池系统11的端子13之间,有一个控制装置14,该装置检测电池系统11的预定操作参数。控制装置14在第一操作模式期间,把来自电池系统11的电力提供给输出端12。
连接在电池系统11和控制装置14之间的第一电容器装置15,在控制装置14的第一操作模式期间,储存来自电池系统11的预定数量的电力,并且在该控制装置处于第二操作模式时,依据来自控制装置14的指令信号,把它储存的电力提供给电池系统11。
连接在输出端12和控制装置14之间的第二电容器装置16,在控制装置14处于第一操作模式时储存来自蓄电池系统11的预定数量的电力,并且在该控制装置处于第二操作模式时,依据来自控制装置14的指令信号,把它储存的电力提供给输出端12。
这样,该电力控制系统包含两个电容器网络,在所述控制装置14检测到电池系统11极化水平过高,或者电力从首先提供给负载起超过预定的时间间隔,它开始给电池系统11施加反向电荷。在这个放电过程中,控制装置14允许第一电容器网络15,把存储的能量用于向电池系统11充电,与此同时,第二电容器装置16把电力提供给输出端12,从而不间断供电。由于此逆向过程或放电过程非常短暂,并且非常有效,可以按规定的时间间隔设定。
这种逆向充电可以在电池系统内产生破坏极化作用的效果,并且使极化作用的影响和相关的损失降低到最小。
这种电力控制系统还可以与一个充电器一起工作,以在其整个运作过程中提供最佳性能和电池维护。这种电力控制系统可能适合防止将未经授权的充电器连接到电池系统上,借此防止潜在的滥用,保证车主不试图在家里使用不适当的充电器给电池系统充电。
这种电力控制系统、充电器和车辆可以与个人的电子签名合并,使整个系统受到很准确的跟踪和监测。每次电池系统被安装到一个充电器上,电力控制系统都作自我识别,确认其从哪辆车拆下,以及车主身份。
所述的控制系统,不仅可用于识别电池能量水平,亦可根据电量使用情况,估算剩余行驶里程。由此,车辆驾驶员可获知在现有电能情况下,还可行驶多少公里。
每个充电器单元都可以借助遥测系统连接到一个操作中心,该中心可以持续监视充电站网络中所有的充电站。
这种电力控制系统可以包括速度控制模块的功能和特征,这意味着车辆管理者可以省略车辆上的速度控制装置,只需借助该电力控制系统控制输出。这将降低车辆的成本、减少制造商的担保风险,并且能够借助遥感通信系统提供连续的性能监测。
这种电力控制系统可以应用于各种电池系统,例如带调节阀的铅酸电池、镍氢电池和氧化还原-凝胶(redox-gel)电池,针对每种系统都有其优势和特定目标的应用。
另外,这种电力控制系统还可以用于改善边远地区备用电力系统性能,负载平衡和应急后备电池系统的性能。边远地区使用和应急情况备用的固定的电池系统,可以任由它长期被充分地充电。由于各个电池单元以不同的速率自动放电,可通过编程由电力控制系统定期检查每个电池单元的状况,并利用电池平衡技术对各个电池单元进行内部平衡。另外,充电系统可以保持在待机状态,按所需由电力控制系统控制。
在图2中用方框图形式表示的,是所述电力控制系统的一个优选实施例,包括微处理器40和附带的软件57,管理下述的全部功能。在这个实施例中,微处理器是以8MHz的速度运行的8位微处理器,但是4位、16位、32位或64位的微处理器也都可以使用。微处理器速度可以从4MHz到166MHz。另外,数字信号处理芯片可以根据各个电池的需要予以选用。微处理器有EEPROM(电可擦除只读存储器)、ROM(只读存储器)和RAM(随机存储器)。另外,ASIC(特定应用专用集成电路)也可使用。
各个电池单元的电压测量模块41,与各电池单元分别连线,此导线仅用于测量电压。对不超过24伏特的电池,每个电池单元的电压都是以接地点为基准进行测量,也可以视需要和精度要求的规定直接测量每个电池单元的电压。
模块42可以用来调整各个电池单元的电压测试,该模块包括一个用电阻器网络分配电池单元电压,并且借助分压器中跨接接地电阻器的滤波电容器进行平滑处理的电路。可使用利用运算放大器的有源滤波或其它滤波装置。用分压器和滤波器把电压按比例缩放成适合模数转换的电压。这里,4.95伏代表每条电池引线的期望最高电压。12位的模数转换器被用于测量每个电池单元的电压。该模数转换器是受微处理器连续控制的,它通过按比例缩放每个电压,用每个电池单元正极一侧的电压减去其负极一侧的电压,把各个实测电压转换成电池单元电压。这是针对每个电池单元进行的,这种方法可应用于电池单元电压不超过24伏或30伏的情况。
对于超过24伏或30伏的情况,可采用上述方法,应用多级数据处理,借助光学耦合串行通信,通过传送系列数字数据,确定电池单元电压。也可采用跨接每个电池单元的电压一频率转换器,用于直接测量电池单元电压,作为频率信息发送给微处理器。这些电压-频率转换器可以与微处理器是电耦合的或光学耦合的,微处理器将频率信息转换成电压信息。
电流测量模块43测量分路电阻器的两端电压,使用带有源滤波器的电流传感放大器获得电流值。另一种方法是,采用霍尔效应装置测量电流,然后对所获信号做适当调整。
电流测试调整是由电路模块44完成的,在该模块中分路两端的实测电压被转换成与电流方向无关的0-5伏的电压,然后将该电压输入12位模数转换器,与前述用来测电压的模数转换器相同。此调整电路系统还向微处理器输入数字信号,提供电流方向信息。这是借助外部元器件最少的集成电路完成的。解决分离元件问题也将降低这方面的成本。
温度是电路模块45测定的,电路板上装有温度传感器。此装置可在不同区域任意设置,例如,电池、各个电池单元和外部,以获知周边温度。
温度测试调整是由电路模块46完成的,在该模块中:
温度值是一个电压输出值,使用低偏压运算放大器,把这个数值调制成0-5伏电压,以便适合输入模数转换器,此模数转换器与前述测量电压和电流所用相同。
液晶显示器(LCD)47被用于显示信息,例如所余电量、所余里程数及其他信息。
显示器驱动器48直接受微处理器40驱动,其方法是根据储存在微处理器40内部的检索表,把适当的数值写入存储单元。根据微处理器的要求和LCD的复杂程度,可能需要独立的集成电路驱动器。也可使用发光二极管(LED)或气体等离子体显示器。另外,也可采用液晶显示模块。
声信号指示器模块49,包括向用户提供声信号的压电蜂鸣器。此装置最好直接由微处理器驱动,如有必要也可以用晶体管驱动器驱动。
倘若电池被用来提供车辆动力,距离传感器50可安装在车轮上。这个传感器50可以是电磁传感器,将磁体安装在车轮上,霍尔效应传感器安装在车辆的固定部分。另外,也可以采用光学传感器。
距离传感器的调整,是借助电路模块51完成的。在该模块中,距离传感器50的输出是频率信号,该频率信号按比例缩放后用微处理器40进行测量,然后再将这个测量值转换成速度或距离值。
压力传感器模块52,包括位于电池中的低电压(大约为0-100毫伏)输出的压力传感器。
压力传感器调整模块53,借助精密运算放大器把该输出按比例放大到0-5伏,然后送入模数转换器。
通信模块54,保证来自电池充电器的全部控制和通信信号借助直接来自微处理器40的串行总线进行通信。此串行总线还可连接PC进行标定。
为了保证电池使用寿命,最佳方案中所有元器件的选用,都要考虑降低电流消耗。微处理器、模数转换器和所有的其它电路系统,都可以通过把来自微处理器的信号传送给低电流模式模块55,被置于低电流消耗模式。
为了获得必要的精确度水平,传送给微处理器的模拟输入,经校准模块56校准,而校准因子和残留误差被储存在EEPROM存储器中。
软件57优选轮询确定的地址,以及因临界时间事件(例如当前对累积能耗的监控)中断的驱动。优选的是,该软件能够确定各个电池单元是否出了故障,并且通知电池充电器。
该软件可以包括多项式电压电流算法,可以通过断开开关防止电池过度放电。该软件适合于:
(a)计算电池的自动放电和能够启动电池单元的平衡处理;
(b)记录循环次数并且把这个信息发送给电池充电器;
(c)监视、通讯和启动保护性措施,以防止电压过高或电压过低;
(d)按照一定的时间间隔进行电流取样,计算电流对时间的积分,以便提供已使用的安培小时数据和所剩安培小时数据;以及
(e)根据当前周期的负载,校正已使用的安培小时数和剩余的安培小时数。
微处理器40还可以驱动场效应晶体管(FETS)或IGBT,以便控制提供给电机58的电流。这可以为换向型电机提供调制单脉冲宽度的控制,或者为多种类型的无电刷电机(例如磁阻电机或无电刷的直流电机)提供准正弦曲线控制。
FET或IGBT开关59,被用于电池的安全和保护。低电阻的FET开关(FETS)被采用。
开关59受开关控制模块60的控制,该控制模块是受微处理器40驱动的,而FETS或IGBT的驱动装置利用被切换的电源提升电压,以使高压侧驱动成为可能。
在电阻控制模块61中,微处理器控制FET,该FET的功能是定期向一个电容器充电,使之电压高于电池电压,在电容器向电池放电时,同时切换到另一个电容器,由该电容器持续提供负载电流。
能量计量表62的输出显示在LCD显示器上,显示所剩能量。这个数值是通过求电流对时间的积分计算出来的。按照一定的时间间隔进行电流取样,从总量中减去计算值,计算百分比,给出所余电量。
内电阻/阻抗模块63,借助测定电流步进变化前后的电压变化计算内电阻。这可以发生在充电期间和放电期间。AC电流或电压被注入电池,测量最终的电压或电流,也可以计算内电阻或阻抗。
电池单元平衡模块64是这样操作的,在发现一个电池单元比电池组中的其它电池单元自动放电多时,将从整组电池中提取电力,利用开关式大功率转换器,把该电力转换成适当的电压,并且分配给最弱的电池单元,从而使诸电池单元达到平衡。
传统的铅-酸电池存在下述缺点,即可利用的容量有限、放电深度低、循环次数寿命短、能量密度低、温度管理问题,以及为了保持电池良好状态需经常充电。铅-酸电池还要求较长的充电时间,而大充电电流仅能在非常低的充电状态下使用几分钟。如果使用大电流,通常导致高于允许的电压,引起电解质损耗和降低电池的容量。在补充充电的情况下,如果遵循适当的充电曲线,铅-酸电池补充充电的时间最多能达到4小时。
铅-酸电池的循环次数寿命变化很大,取决于在循环期间放电的深度。就电动车辆应用而言,90-100%的DOD(放电深度)并不少见,并且在这样的DOD水平,常见的深度放电循环铅-酸电池的循环次数寿命大约为300个循环周期。
图3所示电力控制系统20,应用于铅-酸电池,采用经过证明的铅-酸格式,采用了先进的螺旋缠绕技术用于它的电池单元结构。12个独立的电池单元21,是由电阻非常低的螺旋式,有很大表面积的电极构成的。已研制出先进的电解液,有助于允许从该电池系统提取非常大的电流。该电池系统,结合了电力控制系统20、螺旋缠绕电池单元技术和改进的电解液。各个电池单元21通过总线22串联起来,该总线还被连接到第一电容器装置23、控制装置24、第二电容器装置25和输出端26上。虚线27表示指令信号从控制装置24传送到第一电容器装置23。带阀门调节的铅-酸格式的运用,以比较低的成本和成熟的技术,作为“租赁能量”系统的起点。
通过利用电力控制系统20,重新组合优化电池设计的优点,提供了一种有重大改进的电池,该电池可提供更大的电流、更大容量、延长了循环次数寿命和缩短了充电时间,并且仅具有较高的边际制造成本。
这在图4中得到证明,该图是配有/未配有本发明的电力控制装置的铅-酸电池,其循环使用次数对应电池容量曲线。一个循环是从充电到放电然后回到充电。
增大的电流意味着电力和容量的利用得到改进,从而可获得的更高的安培-小时值和更远的行车距离。延长的循环次数寿命,意味着该电池在被更换前可以被再次充电更多次数,因此降低了年度运行成本。减少充电时间,意味着该电池能更迅速地周转,因此减少了能量租赁系统中需要备用的电池数量。
该电力控制系统还可以应用于常见的镍-金属-氢化物(NiMH)电池,该电池系统采用先进的工艺,高纯度材料,致使成本很高。为了得到高性能的电池,用膨胀的镍泡沫、高纯度氢氧化镍化合物和经过处理的金属合金材料,都需要非常严格的质量控制。
NiMH氢化物电池还可能存在一些自动放电问题,而且还可能受温度的影响。就某些系统而言,提取大电流可能引起电池单元的损坏,而且必须避免给电池过度充电。在这方面,为了保证适当充电,需要先进的电池充电器。
这个实施例的NiMH电池系统,采用了先进的NiMH技术,该设计利用了电池电力控制系统提供的全部优势。电池单元结构利用螺旋缠绕电池单元技术,电池单元电力输出能力大大提高。电力控制系统被并入电池体。该电力控制系统可以大幅度降低极化作用的影响,从而允许该电池系统提供更大的电流,而不损害循环次数寿命。
由于这个集成单元的全部功能都受电力控制系统的监视,所以它实际上是一个独立的智能型能量储存系统。该电力控制系统可以采取积极步骤来维持最佳的电池性能,同时延长循环次数寿命。
这种NiMH系统非常适合“能量租赁”系统,因为它的优势包括能量密度高、电能高、循环次数寿命长和充电时间短。与带阀门调节的电池系统相比,这个系统将允许电动车辆行驶更长的距离,只是成本稍高。但是,这个实施例所采用系统的生产成本大大低于现有的产品,按市价评估结果表明,就NiMH系统而言,总价格几乎是目前所用的产品价格的1/10。
NiMH系统尤其适合电动自行车,为长距离旅行准备的小型电池系统是符合要求的。
所述的电力控制系统还可应用于已经研制多年的氧化还原(Redox)电池。这些电池主要是以氧化还原流电池的形式出现的,它把能量储存在与电池叠片分开保存的液体电解质中。在操作期间,电解质通过该系统循环,而能量在电解质中来回转移。氧化还原流电池通常存在下述缺点,即能量密度低和泵送损失,后者与电解质通过该系统再循环相关联。在某些情况下,存在高自动放电率,这取决于隔膜或是否存在内部分路电流。
氧化还原凝胶(redox-gel)电池不同于氧化还原流电池,主要是其电解质不需要再循环,因为其电解质是高度浓缩的凝胶。
常规的电池系统采用某种形式的固体金属电极,涉及相转移反应。这通常致使重量增加和效率降低。氧化还原凝胶电池使用高度浓缩的凝胶,它把带正电荷和带负电荷的活性离子高度浓缩在各自的凝胶中。所有的活性组分都被包含在凝胶中,而且不发生相转移反应,所以将由于损失最小而获得高效率。
本发明的电力控制系统可以被集成在氧化还原凝胶电池组中,以降低极化作用的影响。由于凝胶是高度浓缩的,在把大负载施加给电池系统时,极化作用可能更强。专门为氧化还原凝胶电池设计的电力控制系统,能够克服在氧化还原凝胶电池系统设计中存在的许多限制。
图5所示的电力控制系统30,包括在内部连接各个电池单元32的总线系统31、控制装置33、第一电容器装置34、第二电容器装置35和输出端36。线37代表指令信号。
专门为氧化还原凝胶电池设计的控制装置33还有许多监控功能,例如监测各个电池单元的电压和温度。它还可以监测密封的电池组内部的压力,以及确定该系统在任何给定条件下容许的负载限度。控制装置33,能够在充电的任何阶段采取积极步骤,维持最佳的电池性能。在系统受到这种高水平的控制时,该系统能够在非常长的循环次数寿命中,反复利用它的全部容量。
这个系统有极具竞争力的价格,对于当前可利用的能量储存系统来说,它提供了优越的性能。氧化还原凝胶电池所用的电极只具有简单的功能,即把电能转移到凝胶电解质中和从凝胶电解质中转移出去。这些电极是惰性的,并且可以用专门研制的导电塑料等材料来生产。
这个系统把氧化还原凝胶电池与电力控制系统合并,生产一种能量储存系统,其能量密度几乎是NiMH系统的两倍。由于凝胶电解质的稳定性,该系统还具有非常长的循环次数寿命。这个系统从整体上说是非常经济的。由于它重量轻而且坚固耐用,它非常适用对“租赁能量的”车辆更换电池。
本发明的另一个实施例,涉及电池的充电和调整模块,该模块与电力控制系统结合成一体,被集成在电池系统中。
电池系统会有许多问题,其中主要限制之一是被不当充电或统调充电(gang charging),电池的总体情况被记录下来,并且实施定量的充电。但是,这个概念不考虑各个电池单元的情况,所以充电最多的电池单元通常被过度充电,而充电最少的电池单元往往充电不足。结果导致电池的整体寿命被大大减少。
另一个问题是,由于在各个组成部分上内电阻所产生的内部效应,致使电池不能接受大的充电电流。快速充电通常引起放气,产生氢气,这不仅是很危险的,而且由于分解电解液,而缩短限制了电池的寿命。这个充电器与电力控制系统结合起来运行,可限制内电阻,因此允许较快的充电速率,而且不影响电池的循环次数寿命。
本发明提供一种独特的电池充电和调节模块,该模块被集成在电力控制系统中,与电池系统结合成一体。这个电力控制系统的主要功能是减少由于电池内电阻而产生的极化效应。重要的是,它已经允许控制多重机载功能,例如监控各个电池单元、提供电力输出控制功能、与专用电池充电器结合在一起运行、提供保护和调整功能。
专用电池充电器能够识别该电力控制系统,并因此能够识别借助远程通信系统转发给操作中心的电池模块编号。一旦电池已被登记而且顾客帐户已得到确认,电力控制系统允许电池充电器开始充电。
实际的充电功能是与电力控制系统结合起来完成的,以便保证每个电池单元都受到监控,并且对其特殊的要求进行处理或调整。这种能力防止由于充电不足或过度充电损坏电池单元,并因此大大提高了电池的总循环次数寿命。
所述的电池充电器能够识别电池的类型,并且能够自动选择正确的方式。如果未经授权的电池被安装到该充电器上,将不允许连接。该充电器还能够通过来自电力控制系统的反馈,检查电池是否已用任何其它装置充过电,或者检查所述的优化模块或电池是否已经任何途径被篡改,并且把这种信息及时地传送给操作中心。
每个充电器单元,都经由遥测系统被连接到操作中心,该中心持续不断地监视网络中所有站点,附带监控每个电池的位置、每个帐户的状况。
工业实用性
所述的电池管理系统可以用于租赁能量概念,可在许多服务设施中安装,例如,可装在自动售货机、手动安装充电组件、自动拆卸和更换电池的传送装置、机器人电池更换设施和停车/充电站。
Claims (22)
1.一种电力控制系统,用来从电池系统提供预定的电力输出,该系统包括输出装置,将该系统的电力传送给负载,其特征在于还包括:
(I)控制装置,它适合与电池系统连接,以便检测该电池系统预先选定的操作参数,并且在控制装置处于第一操作模式时,把来自该电池系统的电力提供给输出装置;
(II)第一电容器装置,该装置适合在控制装置处于第一操作模式时储备预定数量的电力,所述第一电容器装置连接在控制装置与电池系统之间,在控制装置处于第二操作模式时,依据来自控制装置的指令信号,把储备的电力供应给电池系统;
(III)第二电容器装置,该装置适合在控制装置处于第一操作模式时储备预定数量的电力,所述第二电容器装置连接在控制装置与输出装置之间,在控制装置处于其第二操作模式时,依据来自控制装置的指令信号,把它储备的电力供应给输出装置。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电力控制系统,其中,第一和第二电容器装置,适合储存从电池转移出来的小百分比的电力。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电力控制系统,其中,在控制装置处于第一操作模式期间在开始给输出装置供电后,控制装置按照预定的时间间隔把指令信号提供给第一电容器装置和第二电容器装置。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电力控制系统,所述控制装置适合检测电池里的极化水平,并且在电池里的极化水平超过预定的极限时,把控制信号传送给第一电容器装置和第二电容器装置。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电力控制系统,其中储备在第一电容器里的电力,引发反向充电或脉冲,以与控制装置检测到的电池系统内电阻成正比的速率,激活电池系统内的电极。
6.一种电池管理系统,该管理系统是为至少具有一个电池单元,具有至少一对电极,并且易受极化作用影响的电池准备的,所述的电池管理系统的特征在于包括:
(I)监测装置,用于指示电池或每个电池单元的极化水平的预定参数;
(II)储备装置,用于储存从电池中被转移出去的预定数量的电力;以及
(III)根据极化水平把相反的电荷或脉冲从所述储备装置引入电极以便减少极化损耗的装置。
7.根据权利要求6所述的电池管理系统,其中预定的参数是电池或每个电池单元的内电阻。
8.根据权利要求6所述的电池管理系统,其中反向充电或脉冲,是以与电池或每个电池单元的内电阻和/或能量流水平成正比被诱发的。
9.根据权利要求6所述的电池管理系统,其中所述电池具有多个电池单元,所述监测装置将监测每个电池单元的预定参数,而反向充电或脉冲被引入每个电池单元。
10.根据权利要求6所述的电池管理系统,包括识别与电池连接的电池充电器的装置,及用来识别电池的装置,充电器将不给不能识别的电池充电。
11.根据权利要求6所述的电池管理系统,其中,所述的电池是铅-酸电池。
12.根据权利要求11所述的电池管理系统,其中铅-酸电池结合使用具有螺旋形缠绕电极和具高能量转换容量的电解质介质。
13.根据权利要求11所述的电池管理系统,其中铅-酸电池结合使用压制成平板的电极、能量转换能力高的电解质介质。
14.根据权利要求11所述的电池管理系统,其中铅-酸电池包括一种双极电池形式。
15.根据权利要求6所述的电池管理系统,其中所述电池是镍-金属-氢化物电池。
16.根据权利要求15的电池管理系统,其中镍-金属-氢化物电池结合使用具有螺旋形缠绕电极和具高能量转换容量的电解质介质。
17.根据权利要求15所述的电池管理系统,其中镍-金属-氢化物电池结合使用结合使用压制成平板的电极、能量转换能力高的电解质介质。
18.根据权利要求6所述的电池管理系统,其中所述电池是氧化还原(Redox-Gel)电池。
19.根据权利要求18所述的电池管理系统,其中氧化还原(Redox-Gel)电池结合使用具有螺旋形缠绕电极和具高能量转换容量的电解质介质。
20.根据权利要求18所述的电池管理系统,其中氧化还原(Redox-Gel)电池结合使用压制成平板的电极、能量转换能力高的电解质介质。
21.根据权利要求6所述的电池管理系统,其中所述的预定参数选自每个电池单元的电压、电流、温度、压力、内电阻或内电阻抗。
22.根据权利要求6至21中任一权利要求所述的电池管理系统,其中,所述储备装置是第一储备装置,并且还包括第二储备装置,用于储存从电池中被转移出去的预定数量的电力,和用于当相反的电荷或脉冲被引入电极时从所述第二储备装置向负载提供存储的电力的装置。
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AUPP3992A AUPP399298A0 (en) | 1998-06-09 | 1998-06-09 | Methods of limiting the double layer effects in electrochemical systems |
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1999
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- 1999-06-09 CN CNB998072117A patent/CN1185743C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-06-09 EP EP99928873A patent/EP1118146A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-06-09 MX MXPA00012257A patent/MXPA00012257A/es not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-06-09 EA EA200001257A patent/EA200001257A1/ru unknown
- 1999-06-09 WO PCT/AU1999/000469 patent/WO1999065131A1/en active IP Right Grant
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- 1999-06-09 WO PCT/AU1999/000471 patent/WO1999065100A1/en active IP Right Grant
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- 1999-06-09 KR KR1020007013565A patent/KR20010071363A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-06-09 JP JP2000554014A patent/JP2002518795A/ja active Pending
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2002
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- 2002-01-11 HK HK02100208.6A patent/HK1038651A1/zh unknown
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