CN113287477A - Potato planting method - Google Patents

Potato planting method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113287477A
CN113287477A CN202110759838.9A CN202110759838A CN113287477A CN 113287477 A CN113287477 A CN 113287477A CN 202110759838 A CN202110759838 A CN 202110759838A CN 113287477 A CN113287477 A CN 113287477A
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China
Prior art keywords
potato
fertilizer
soil
management
sowing
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
方治国
王四清
冯鹏
温海霞
宿秀丽
张�杰
朱杰
谭顺林
李瑞琪
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Xiangyang Academy Of Agricultural Sciences
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Xiangyang Academy Of Agricultural Sciences
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
    • A01C1/08—Immunising seed
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
    • A01G13/0231—Tunnels, i.e. protective full coverings for rows of plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
    • A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
    • A01G13/0268—Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
    • A01G13/0275—Films
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
    • A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/28—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture specially adapted for farming

Abstract

The invention provides a potato planting method, which comprises the following steps: step A, pre-treatment of seeding, deep ploughing soil and applying a first organic fertilizer to the soil; and B: sowing, namely mechanically sowing the disinfected and cut seed potato blocks, and applying a high-nitrogen high-potassium compound fertilizer, a second organic fertilizer and a herbicide; and C: covering a film and building a shed, and after covering a mulching film, building an arched shed; step D: performing field management, namely performing film breaking and seedling guiding after the sowed seed potatoes grow out, and performing field management on the potato seedlings, wherein the field management comprises temperature ventilation management, water and fertilizer management and disease and pest control; the water and fertilizer management comprises the step of spraying phosphorus-potassium foliar fertilizer when the potatoes grow to the ridge sealing period. The invention has the beneficial effects that: can further advance the harvest time of potato, guarantee output, the operation of also being convenient for more has reduced the use amount of compound fertilizer, adopts mechanized seeding further to practice thrift the recruitment cost, increases economic profit.

Description

Potato planting method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of agricultural planting, in particular to a potato planting method.
Background
The potato has the characteristics of wide adaptability, high nutritive value, large yield-increasing potential, high comparable benefit, wide application and the like, is the fourth grain crop in China, has the planting area of about 8400 ten thousand mu and is the first place in the world. With the continuous adjustment of the agricultural industry structure, the potato industry is developed rapidly, the planting area is increased continuously, the potatoes are important economic crops, and the potatoes are put into the market earlier, so that the economic income is increased.
At present, in order to make potatoes appear on the market earlier, after the potato seeds are fixedly planted, mulching is carried out, for example, a cultivation technical method of mulching is adopted in a mulching film potato cultivation technology such as single macro, Song Jianjun and Qiyunling. However, on the premise of only mulching film heat preservation, in winter extreme low temperature rain and snow weather and late spring cold period, the heat preservation is not sufficient, and the condition that the seed potatoes and seedlings are frozen often occurs. And a large amount of nitrogenous fertilizers and potash fertilizers need to be applied additionally in the traditional fertilization mode, but due to the limitation of the mulching film, a common fertilization method cannot be adopted, and a water soluble fertilizer is applied by drip irrigation generally to meet the fertilizer quantity requirement of the potatoes in the later period under the limitation of the mulching film, namely, fertilizer water must be applied together in the later period. The cultivation method is very suitable for cold and dry climate areas in winter, but in subtropical monsoon climate with little difference in dry and wet in winter and summer, the moisture of the subtropical monsoon climate is excessive, tubers are easy to rot, field diseases occur, and the quality and the yield of the subtropical monsoon are further influenced. Therefore, it is very important to research the potato premature planting method suitable for subtropical monsoon climate.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a potato planting method.
The specific technical scheme is as follows:
a potato planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step A, pre-treatment of seeding, deep ploughing soil and applying a first organic fertilizer to the soil;
and B: sowing, namely sowing the seed potato blocks which are disinfected and cut into blocks, ridging and covering soil after sowing, and then applying a high-nitrogen high-potassium compound fertilizer, a second organic fertilizer and a herbicide;
and C: covering a film and building a shed, and after covering a mulching film, building an arched shed;
step D: performing field management, namely performing film breaking and seedling guiding after the sowed seed potatoes grow out, and performing field management on the potato seedlings, wherein the field management comprises temperature ventilation management, water and fertilizer management and disease and pest control; and the water and fertilizer management comprises the step of spraying a phosphorus-potassium foliar fertilizer when the potatoes grow to the ridge sealing period.
Further, in the step A, the land with loose soil, fertile soil, deep soil layer and good irrigation and drainage is deeply ploughed by 30-40 cm.
Further, in the step B, the seed potatoes are aired and rotten potato diseases are removed in sequence, 30g of 60% imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent is diluted by adding 100mL of 2.5% fludioxonil suspension seed coating agent and 1kg of water, and then the diluted mixture is uniformly sprayed on 100kg of seed potatoes for disinfection; then, slicing the disinfected seed potatoes, adopting longitudinal cutting during slicing, dividing the terminal buds into two parts, wherein the slices are rhombus or cubic, each slice at least has 1-2 bud eyes, the weight of each slice is 25-35 g, and a slicing tool is soaked in 75% v/v ethanol or 0.5% wt potassium permanganate solution for 20min in advance for disinfection; finally, 2.5kg of talcum powder is used for dry mixing the seed potatoes which are cut into blocks with 100kg of talcum powder, and the seed potatoes are sowed after the cut is healed.
Further, in the step B, single-ridge double-row sowing is adopted, and the distance between the seed potatoes and the ridge top after earthing is 9-12 cm; the ridge distance is 80 cm-100 cm, and the furrow width is 25 cm-35 cm; the planting distance of the seeds is 23 cm-28 cm, the planting density is 5000 plants/mu-6500 plants/mu, and the weight of each mu of the potato seeds is 150 kg-175 kg; when sowing, the ground temperature is 7-10 ℃.
Further, in the step A, the first organic fertilizer is decomposed organic fertilizer, and the application amount is 1000 kg/mu to 2000 kg/mu.
Further, in the step B, the high-nitrogen high-potassium compound fertilizer is N, P2O5And K2The mass ratio of O is (15-25): (5-10): (15-30), the application amount is 80-120 kg/mu; the organic matter content of the second organic fertilizer is not less than 40 wt%, and the application amount is 180 kg/mu-220 kg/mu.
Further, in the step B, the herbicide is 33% pendimethalin, and the spraying amount is 2.0L/hm2～2.5L/hm2(ii) a Or 39 percent of methyl amyl oxadiazon, and the spraying amount is 2.0L/hm2～2.5L/hm2(ii) a Or 48 percent of trifluralin, and the spraying amount is 1.2L/hm2～1.8L/hm2。
Further, in the step C, the width of the arched shed is 2.4-3.0 m, the height is 1.2-1.5 m, the length is not more than 30m, the arched shed is composed of a flexible bamboo pole and a non-drip agricultural film covered on the flexible bamboo pole, and the thickness of the non-drip agricultural film is 0.5-1.0 mm; the mulching film is a transparent film with the thickness of 0.01 mm.
Further, the length of the arched shed is 20 m-30 m.
Further, in the step D, after the potatoes emerge, timely breaking the film to guide the seedlings, wherein the broken openings are small, and fine soil is used for sealing the seedling holes.
Further, in the step D, the water and fertilizer management further includes: in the seedling emergence stage, the soil humidity is controlled to be 40-50 percent; controlling the soil humidity at 70-80% from the seedling stage to the tuber forming stage; in the tuber expansion period, the soil humidity is controlled to be 75-90 percent; no water is applied 10-15 days before harvesting; in the ridge sealing period, 0.25-0.35 wt% of monopotassium phosphate is used for foliage spraying, the spraying amount is 55-65 kg/mu, and the spraying is carried out for 1-2 times.
Further, in the step D, the temperature ventilation management includes: opening the greenhouse film for ventilation, and ensuring that the temperature in the greenhouse is 18-22 ℃ in the daytime and 12-15 ℃ at night.
Further, the temperature ventilation management further comprises: and if the outside temperature is stable above 20 ℃ in the daytime and above 12 ℃ at night, removing the shed film of the arched shed.
Further, step D, the pest control comprises: in the ridge sealing period, 1.5-2.0 g/L of 50-60L/mu of ambam is sprayed for 1-2 times to prevent late blight; if the central disease plant is found, the central disease plant is immediately eliminated, and therapeutic medicaments such as dimethomorph, fluorothiazole pyrithylone, azoxystrobin and the like are selected for prevention and treatment; physical measures are adopted to prevent insect damage.
Further, the physical measures include: yellow board or black light lamp is used to prevent and kill pests.
Further, in the step D, the field management further includes chemical regulation, and the chemical regulation includes: 0.02-0.03 wt% of mepiquat chloride aqueous solution is adopted for foliage spraying on the field with the excessive growth tendency, and the spraying amount is 15-25 kg/mu.
Further, in the step D, the field management further includes light management, and the light management includes wiping the shed film of the arched shed to keep the light transmittance.
Further, the mechanical operation is adopted to simultaneously complete ditching, ridging, fertilizing, seeding, earthing, herbicide spraying and film covering.
Furthermore, the variety of the seed potato is medium potato No. 5, sweet potato No. 1 or Fibrought.
Further, the potatoes are planted in subtropical monsoon climate regions.
Further, the planting method of the potatoes further comprises harvesting, wherein the harvesting comprises: and (3) killing seedlings three days before harvesting, selecting fine weather, adopting mechanical or artificial digging to harvest, and removing and recovering residual mulching films in time after harvesting.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the potatoes are planted in a mode of a mulching film and a small arched shed, so that the potatoes are prevented from being frozen at low temperature, the seedling emergence time of the potatoes can be advanced to about 10 days, the harvesting date is advanced by about 15 days, the economic value of the potatoes is further improved, the potatoes are beneficial to early cropping, and gold stubble is provided for crops in the next season; the organic fertilizer and the high-nitrogen high-potassium fertilizer are used as base fertilizers, the fertilizing method of applying the phosphorus-potassium foliar fertilizer at the later stage is adopted, and a reasonable management mode is matched, so that the yield and the fertilizer utilization rate are improved, the operation is more convenient, and the using amount of the compound fertilizer is reduced; the pre-emergence herbicide is sprayed before film mulching after sowing, the total plant control effect and the total fresh weight control effect on weeds are more than 80%, and the yield and the potato yield are further improved.
(2) The mode that adopts plastic film plus little arched shed has stronger ability of resisting winter sleet weather and the cold low temperature that arouses of late spring and freeze the damage, can not take place the seed potato and suffer from phenomenons such as freezing and seedling stage freeze damage, improve the potato emergence rate, ensure the healthy growth of plant, especially in winter snowfall weather, more traditional steel pipe greenhouse easily clears up canopy top snow, can not cause snow to collapse the canopy body, meanwhile, the arched shed still possesses rain-proof function, has reduced the emergence probability of seedling stage field disease.
(3) The arched shed is formed by bending long bamboo poles and building a non-drop agricultural film, the width of the arched shed is about 2.4-3.0 m, the height of the arched shed is 1.2-1.5 m, the length of the arched shed is not more than 30m, the structure is simple and economical, the cost can be saved, the ventilation effect is guaranteed, and high-foot seedlings are prevented from being formed.
(4) The mechanical operation is adopted to complete ditching, ridging, fertilizing, sowing, earthing, herbicide spraying and film covering at one time, compared with manual operation, the cost is saved, and the efficiency is improved.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described in detail below with reference to specific examples so that those skilled in the art can more clearly understand the present invention.
The following examples are provided only for illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by a person skilled in the art based on the specific embodiments of the present invention without any inventive step are within the scope of the present invention.
In the examples of the present invention, all the raw material components are commercially available products well known to those skilled in the art, unless otherwise specified; in the examples of the present invention, unless otherwise specified, all technical means used are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art.
The mechanical potato seeding is a comprehensive mechanical ridge planting technology integrating operations of ditching, ridging, fertilizing, seeding, covering soil, herbicide spraying, film mulching and the like, and is an important method for improving planting efficiency and planting economic benefit. However, mechanical sowing of potatoes often causes miss-sowing, so that the application of the potatoes is limited.
In the invention, the inventor team adopts single-ridge double-row seeding, when the ridge distance is 80-100 cm and the furrow width is 25-35 cm, the operation of the integrated seeder is ensured, and 3 ridges can be planted in each arched shed. By reducing the planting distance of sowing to 23-28 cm, the planting density is expanded to 5000-6500 plants/mu, the effective number of plants in the field is increased, the influence of missed sowing is reduced, and the economic value of the field is further improved.
The experimental raw materials involved in the invention are described as follows:
decomposing fertilizer: the fertilizer is prepared by fermenting animal and plant organic wastes by microorganisms.
Ternary compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O17: 9:20) was purchased from hebei flourishing bio ltd.
The second organic fertilizer is a commercial organic fertilizer (N + P + K is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent) purchased from Wuhanjin gramineae technology-limited development companies.
Monopotassium phosphate was purchased from Shanxitaida technologies, Inc.
The 33% pendimethalin emulsifiable concentrate was purchased from Shandong Bingkun agricultural technologies, Inc.
80% wettable zineb powder was purchased from the united states of america, leonton.
The 60% imidacloprid suspension seed coating is purchased from Bayer crop science, Germany.
The 50% dimethomorph wettable powder is purchased from Qingdao Runsheng agricultural chemical company Limited.
A 10% fluthiazopyridone dispersible oil suspension was purchased from dupont.
The 25% azoxystrobin suspending agent was purchased from mr. subsp. r.c. crop protection, inc.
96% s-metolachlor was purchased from Synindac (Suzhou) crop protection, Inc.
90% acetochlor was purchased from south-Tong Jiangshan pesticide chemical Co., Ltd.
45% of isoprons acetochlor was purchased from Huaxing chemical Co., Ltd, Anhui.
39% Methylpentanedione was purchased from Jiangsu Huanong Biochemical Co., Ltd.
48% trifluralin was purchased from Vast Biotech GmbH, Vandaisy, Inc.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a potato planting test carried out in 2016-2020 year in zhanjiaji townhuanjicun of xiangyang city, which comprises the following specific steps:
1. selecting land parcels: selecting the land with loose soil, fertile soil, deep soil layer and good irrigation and drainage, wherein the previous stubble is radish or Chinese cabbage.
2. Winter ploughing soil: after harvesting the previous stubbles, deeply ploughing the soil for more than 30cm in time, and broadcasting 1000-2000 kg/mu of decomposed fertilizer subjected to harmless treatment by combining deep ploughing.
3. Variety selection: the first-grade virus-free seed potato No. 5 in early-maturing, high-quality and disease-resistant varieties suitable for local planting is selected.
4. Seed potato treatment: after purchasing the seed potatoes, sun-drying the seed potatoes for 1-2 days, and removing rotten diseased potatoes. And (3) taking out the seed potatoes 2-3 days before sowing, removing diseased potatoes, rotten potatoes and deformed potatoes, diluting the seed potatoes with 30g of 60% imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent, adding 100mL of 2.5% fludioxonil suspension seed coating agent, adding 1kg of water, uniformly spraying the seed potatoes on 100kg of seed potatoes, airing the liquid medicine, and cutting into blocks. Each cut piece has 1-2 bud eyes, and the single piece is about 30g in weight. When cutting into blocks, each person prepares 2-3 cutters, and soaks in advance with 75% v/v ethanol or 0.5% wt potassium permanganate solution for 20min for disinfection, so that the diseased potatoes on the cutters should be replaced and disinfected immediately, and the diseased potatoes are eliminated in time. After the seed potatoes are cut into pieces, 2.5kg of talcum powder is dry-mixed with 100kg of seed potatoes, and the cut is healed for sowing.
5. Sowing: the five-year sowing time of 2016-2020 is respectively 1 month 6-8 days, 1 month 23-24 days, 1 month 8-9 days, 12 months 27-29 days and 12 months 25-28 days. The sowing method comprises the step of sowing by using a 2CM-2C type single-ridge double-row potato integrated sowing machine, wherein the ridge distance is 90CM, the groove width is 30CM, the plant distance is 23-28 CM, 6300 plants are fixedly planted per mu, and the weight is 150-175kg per mu. Ternary compound fertilizer for furrow application (in terms of N: P)2O5:K2O mass is 17:9:20), 100 kg/mu, 200 kg/mu of second organic fertilizer, the soil thickness after sowing is 10cm (potato blocks to ridge tops), 100mL of 33% pendimethalin missible oil of the pre-emergence herbicide is sprayed per mu, and when the fertilizer is sprayed, 30L of water is added into 100mL of pendimethalin for dilution.
6. Covering a film and building a shed: after sowing, continuously covering a white mulching film with the width of 90cm and the thickness of 0.01mm by using an integrated sowing machine, and building arched sheds by using long bamboo poles with the length of 4m and a non-drip agricultural film with the thickness of 0.8mm, wherein each arched shed covers 3 ridges of potatoes, and the length of the shed is 30 m.
7. Field management: after the potatoes grow out, the film is broken in time to guide the seedlings, the broken openings are small, and the seedling holes are sealed by fine soil. When the air temperature in the greenhouse reaches 15 ℃ at 7 am, opening the greenhouse film for ventilation at 9 am, and closing air at about 4 pm to ensure that the temperature in the greenhouse is 18-22 ℃ in the daytime and 12-15 ℃ at night, thereby avoiding the formation of high seedlings. When the outside temperature is stabilized at 20 ℃ in the daytime and above 12 ℃ at night, the shed film is completely removed, and the potato seedlings are prevented from being burnt by high temperature in the noon. And in the ridge sealing period, 200g of monopotassium phosphate is diluted by 60kg of water for each mu, and then the foliage spraying is carried out, wherein the spraying frequency is 1-2 times, so that the healthy growth of plants is promoted. In the ridge sealing period, 100g of 80% mancozeb wettable powder is sprayed 1-2 times per mu and diluted by 50-60L of water for use, the wettable powder can be used for preventing late blight, if central disease strains of the late blight are found, the wettable powder is immediately pulled out and thrown away from a field, and at the same time, 40g of 50% dimethomorph wettable powder, 15mL of 10% fluthiazopyr dispersible oil suspending agent or 20mL of 25% azoxystrobin suspending agent is sprayed on the leaf surface for prevention and treatment after being diluted by 50-60L of water for each mu. When the height of the plant is 15cm in the seedling stage, 30 degradable yellow plates are inserted per mu for trapping and killing aphids. Irrigation is not carried out in the seedling stage, furrow irrigation is carried out properly in the seedling stage and the tuber forming stage, the water content of soil is kept at 70% -80%, the water content of soil is kept at about 80% in the tuber expanding stage, water is drained timely when much rainwater exists, and irrigation is stopped 10-15 days before harvesting.
8. Harvesting: the potatoes are harvested and listed in time according to the field price of the potatoes, the commodity potato rate is above 85 percent at the moment, and if the price is not ideal, the potatoes are harvested after the leaves of the potato plants 2/3 turn yellow and the potatoes are ripe. Three days before harvesting, killing seedlings, selecting sunny weather, adopting mechanical or artificial digging to harvest, realizing simultaneous harvesting and transportation, and avoiding tuber insolation and greening. After harvesting, the residual mulching film is removed and recovered in time.
Example 2
This example provides a potato planting trial in 2017 conducted in Zhang Jiaji Zhen Hanjicun in Xiangyang city, where the seeding time is 1 month 23-24 days, the management method is substantially the same as the potato planting method in 2018 in example 1, except that in step 5, a compound fertilizer is applied per mu (N, P m)2O5And K2And (3) mass meter: 17:9:20)80kg + 200kg of second organic fertilizer, and the rest management modes are the same.
Example 3
The embodiment provides that a potato planting test is carried out in high and new area cluster mountain towns in Xiangyang city in 2018, the sowing time is 1 month and 8-9 days, the management method is approximately the same as that of the embodiment 1, except that in the step 5, the herbicide is 96% s-metolachlor, and the spraying amount is 2.25L/hm2150mL of the solution is diluted by adding 30L of water.
Example 4
The embodiment provides that the potato planting test is carried out in high and new area cluster mountain towns in Xiangyang city in 2018, the sowing time is 1 month and 8-9 days, the management method is approximately the same as that of the embodiment 1, except that in the step 5, the herbicide is 90% acetochlor, and the spraying amount is 1.8L/hm2120mL of the solution was diluted with 30L of water.
Example 5
In this example, a potato planting test was performed in 2018 in high-new area cluster mountain towns in Xiangyang city, the sowing time was 1 month for 8-9 days, the management method was substantially the same as that of example 1, except that in step 5, the herbicide was 39% methyl amyl oxadiazon, and the spraying amount was 2.25L/hm2150ml of the solution is diluted by adding 30L of water.
Example 6
The embodiment provides that a potato planting test is carried out in high and new area cluster mountain towns in Xiangyang city in 2018, the sowing time is 1 month and 8-9 days, the management method is approximately the same as that of the embodiment 1, except that in the step 5, the herbicide is 48% trifluralin, and the spraying amount is 1.5L/hm2100ml of the solution is diluted by adding 30L of water.
Example 7
In this embodiment, a potato planting test was performed in the high-new area towns in Xiangyang city in 2016 and 2018, the seeding time in 2016 is 1 month and 6-8 days, and the seeding time in 2018 is 1 month and 8-9 days, and the management method is the same as that in embodiment 1.
Example 8
In this example, a potato planting test was performed in 2016 in the area of xiangyang, zhang kunjun by zhanjiaji town, with a sowing time of 1 month and 6-8 days, and the planting procedure was substantially the same as that of example 1, except that in step 6, the canopy length was 20 m.
Example 9
In this example, a potato planting test was performed in 2016 in the area of xiangyang, zhang kunjun by zhanjiaji town, with a sowing time of 1 month and 6-8 days, and the planting procedure was substantially the same as that of example 1, except that in step 6, the canopy length was 40 m.
Example 10
In this example, a potato planting test was performed in 2016 in the area of xiangyang, zhang kunjun by zhanjiaji town, with a sowing time of 1 month and 6-8 days, and the planting procedure was substantially the same as that of example 1, except that in step 6, the canopy length was 50 m.
Comparative example 1
The comparison example provides that a potato planting test is carried out in 2018-2020 on zhanjiaji townhuanjicun in xiangyang city, the specific method is basically the same as that of example 1, and the difference is as follows: only mulching films are covered, and an arched shed is not built; and (3) ridging by adopting a small machine, and manually finishing fertilizing, sowing, earthing, spraying a herbicide and laminating.
Comparative example 2
In the comparative example, potato planting tests were performed in the high and new area of the Xiangyang city, namely, the town of Fuyang province in 2016, the sowing time was 1 month and 6-8 days, the management method was substantially the same as that of the example 7, except that in the step 6, the antifreezing solution was sprayed after the mulching film was covered, and the arched shed was not built.
Comparative example 3
In the comparative example, potato planting tests are carried out in the high and new area of Xiangyang city, namely, the town of Tunyang province, in 2016, the sowing time is 1 month and 6-8 days, the management method is almost the same as that of the example 7, except that in the step 6, soil is covered on the film, and an arched shed is not built.
Comparative example 4
In the comparative example, potato planting tests are carried out in the high and new district of Xiangyang city in the 2016 year, the sowing time is 1 month and 6-8 days, the management method is the same as that of the example 7, and the difference is that only film covering is carried out and an arched shed is not built.
Comparative example 5
This comparative example provides that a potato planting trial was conducted in 2017 in the area of Xiangyang, Xiangzhou province, Zhangjiaji town Korea village, with a sowing time of 1 month 23-24 days, and the management method was substantially the same as the potato planting method in 2018 years in example 1, except that in step 5, 100kg ammonium bicarbonate + compound fertilizer (N, P mm) per mu was used2O5And K2Mass meter of O: 15:15:15) of 100kg, and the rest management modes are the same.
Comparative example 6
According to the comparison example, in 2018, potato planting tests are carried out in high and new district cluster mountain towns in Xiangyang city, the sowing time is 1 month and 6-8 days, the test variety is Zhongshu No. 5, and the test field is light clay. The management method is the same as that of the example 1, except that in the step 5, no herbicide is sprayed, but clear water is used for replacement, and the spraying amount is 450L/hm2。
The emergence time and the harvest time of example 1 and comparative example 1 were counted, and the results are shown in table 1; the planting costs of example 1 and comparative example 1 were counted, and the results are shown in table 2.
Table 1 emergence times and harvest times for example 1 and comparative example 1
Figure BDA0003148460550000111
Table 2 planting costs for example 1 and comparative example 1
Figure BDA0003148460550000112
Compared with the comparative example 1, the embodiment 1 adopts the double-film planting of mulching films and arched sheds, and the results of the tables 1 and 2 show that compared with the comparative example 1, the seedling emergence time is 9-10 days earlier, the harvesting time is 14-15 days earlier, and the yield per mu is at least improved by 1500 yuan.
Moreover, compared with the manual operation for completing fertilization, seeding, soil covering, herbicide spraying and film covering, the planting cost is further reduced, and the net income per mu is further improved.
The results of the yield per mu, the amount applied and the fertilizer utilization rate in example 1 in 2017 years, example 2 and comparative example 5 are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 comparison of different treatment yields and fertilizer utilization
Figure BDA0003148460550000121
Note: fertilizer utilization ratio (PFP) acre yield (kg/acre)/acre chemical fertilizer pure nutrient application amount (kg/acre)
Examples 1 to 2 differ from comparative example 5 in that: after sowing, the high-nitrogen high-potassium compound fertilizer and the second organic fertilizer are used together, and as can be seen from the table 3, compared with the comparative example 5, the yield of the fertilizer applying scheme provided by the invention is increased to more than 2700 kg/mu, and the fertilizer utilization rate is more than 60. Meanwhile, the yield and the fertilizer utilization rate of the example 1 are best, and compared with the situation that the fertilization is reduced by 25.93 percent in the comparative example 5, the yield can be improved by 5.26 percent, and the fertilizer utilization rate is improved by 42.1 percent.
The total weed control effects in 2018 of examples 3 to 7 and comparative example 6 are shown in table 4, and the yields, the sweet potato yields, and the sweet potato yields are shown in table 5.
Table 4 total control of weeds by different herbicides (%)
Figure BDA0003148460550000122
Figure BDA0003148460550000131
TABLE 5 Effect of different herbicides on Potato yield
Figure BDA0003148460550000132
The difference between examples 3-7 compared with comparative example 6 is that after sowing, herbicide is applied, and the results in table 4 show that the total control effect and the total fresh weight control effect of metolachlor, pendimethalin, pentoxydim and trifluralin on weeds are all more than 80% at 80 days after application; wherein, the total plant control effect and the total fresh weight control effect of pendimethalin, pentoxydim and trifluralin on weeds are more than 90 percent, and the control effects on field broadleaf weeds and gramineous weeds are ideal; in the aspect of yield, the metolachlor, the pendimethalin, the pentoxydim and the trifluralin all have yield increasing effects compared with the comparative example 6, wherein the pendimethalin, the trifluralin and the pentoxydim are obviously increased in yield compared with a contrast, the yield increasing amplitude is 9.7-11.3%, and the yield increasing rate of the sweet potatoes is increased by 12.6-14.8%.
The plant height, main stem thickness and yield of 2016-year-round potato seedlings of examples 8 to 10 and example 1 are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6 comparison of the traits and yields in the different treatments
Figure BDA0003148460550000133
Figure BDA0003148460550000141
The results show that the yield per mu of the embodiment 1 and the embodiments 8 to 10 reaches more than 2600 kg/mu, wherein the yield of the embodiment 1 and the embodiment 8 reaches more than 2750 kg/mu and has little difference, which indicates that the high seedlings are not easy to form and the field yield performance is better when the length of the arch shed is less than 30 m.
2016 in example 7 and comparative examples 2 to 4, the average freezing damage rate and average freezing damage index of potato plants in the cultivation test were maintained at an average temperature of 8 ℃ or lower, and the results are shown in Table 7.
TABLE 7 average freezing injury rate and freezing injury index table
Figure BDA0003148460550000142
The results in Table 7 show that the antifreezing effect is excellent at a temperature of 8 ℃ or lower compared with comparative examples 2 to 4.
It should be noted that the above examples are only for further illustration and description of the technical solution of the present invention, and are not intended to further limit the technical solution of the present invention, and the method of the present invention is only a preferred embodiment, and is not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. A potato planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step A, pre-treatment of seeding, deep ploughing soil and applying a first organic fertilizer to the soil;
and B: sowing, namely sowing the seed potato blocks which are disinfected and cut into blocks, ridging and covering soil after sowing, and then applying a high-nitrogen high-potassium compound fertilizer, a second organic fertilizer and a herbicide;
and C: covering a film and building a shed, and after covering a mulching film, building an arched shed;
step D: performing field management, namely performing film breaking and seedling guiding after the sowed seed potatoes grow out, and performing field management on the potato seedlings, wherein the field management comprises temperature ventilation management, water and fertilizer management and disease and pest control;
and the water and fertilizer management comprises the step of spraying a phosphorus-potassium foliar fertilizer when the potatoes grow to the ridge sealing period.
2. The potato planting method of claim 1, wherein in step A, the plots with loose soil, fertile soil, deep soil and good irrigation and drainage are selected for deep ploughing by 30-40 cm.
3. The potato planting method of claim 1, wherein in step B, single-ridge double-row sowing is adopted, and the distance between the seed potatoes and the ridge top after earthing is 9-12 cm; the ridge distance is 80 cm-100 cm, and the furrow width is 25 cm-35 cm; the planting distance of the seeds is 23 cm-28 cm, the planting density is 5000 plants/mu-6500 plants/mu, and the weight of each mu of the potato seeds is 150 kg-175 kg; when sowing, the ground temperature is 7-10 ℃ at a depth of 10 cm.
4. The potato growing method of claim 1, wherein the furrowing, ridging, fertilizing, seeding, earthing, herbicide spraying and film mulching are simultaneously performed by a mechanized operation.
5. The potato planting method of claim 1, wherein the first organic fertilizer is a decomposed organic fertilizer, and the application amount is 1000 kg/mu to 2000 kg/mu; in the step B, the high-nitrogen high-potassium compound fertilizer is N, P2O5And K2And the mass ratio of the O is (15-25): (5-10): (15-30), the application amount is 80-120 kg/mu; the organic matter content of the second organic fertilizer is not less than 40 wt%, and the application amount is 180 kg/mu-220 kg/mu.
6. The potato planting method of claim 1, wherein in step B, the herbicide is 33% pendimethalin, and the spray application rate is 2.0L/hm2～2.5L/hm2(ii) a Or 39% ofSpraying amount of pentoxazone is 2.0L/hm2～2.5L/hm2(ii) a Or 48 percent of trifluralin, and the spraying amount is 1.2L/hm2～1.8L/hm2。
7. The potato planting method of claim 1, wherein in the step C, the arched shed is 2.4-3.0 m wide, 1.2-1.5 m high and no more than 30m long, and is composed of flexible bamboo poles and non-drop agricultural film covering the flexible bamboo poles.
8. The potato planting method of claim 1, wherein in step D, the water and fertilizer management further comprises: in the seedling emergence stage, the soil humidity is controlled to be 40-50 percent; controlling the soil humidity at 70-80% from the seedling stage to the tuber forming stage; in the tuber expansion period, the soil humidity is controlled to be 75-90 percent; no water is applied 10-15 days before harvesting; in the ridge sealing period, 0.25-0.35 wt% of monopotassium phosphate is used for foliage spraying, the spraying amount is 55-65 kg/mu, and the spraying is carried out for 1-2 times.
9. The potato planting method of claim 1, wherein in step D, the temperature ventilation management comprises: opening the greenhouse film for ventilation, and ensuring that the temperature in the greenhouse is 18-22 ℃ in the daytime and 12-15 ℃ at night.
10. The potato growing method of claim 1, wherein step D, said pest control comprises: in the ridge sealing period, 1.5-2.0 g/L of 50-60L/mu of mancozeb is sprayed for 1-2 times; if a central disease plant is found, the central disease plant needs to be removed in time, and meanwhile, dimethomorph, fluorothiazole pyrithylone or azoxystrobin is selected for prevention and treatment; physical measures are adopted to prevent insect damage.
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