CN113231446B - 生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置系统 - Google Patents
生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113231446B CN113231446B CN202110564668.9A CN202110564668A CN113231446B CN 113231446 B CN113231446 B CN 113231446B CN 202110564668 A CN202110564668 A CN 202110564668A CN 113231446 B CN113231446 B CN 113231446B
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- subsystem
- reaction tank
- treatment
- filtrate
- fly ash
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置系统,适用于城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的清洁高效处置,包括三级梯度水洗子系统、滤液后处理子系统、MVR蒸发制盐子系统、压滤子系统和滤饼后处理子系统。本发明的系统中三级梯度水洗子系统对飞灰水洗脱氯率可达99%;滤液后处理子系统解决了飞灰脱除技术选择性和灵敏性低、处理成本高和脱除不彻底等问题,实现洗灰废水中重金属含量降低至符合水泥窑协同处置飞灰预处理产品水洗氯化物标准,部分可降低至污水排放标准,实现高盐洗灰废水的无机盐回收再利用,促进了飞灰预处理产生的洗灰废水的资源化利用进程。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置领域,尤其涉及生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置系统。
背景技术
随着我国城镇化的快速发展和人民生活水平的日益提高,城市生活垃圾生成量增长迅速,全国城市生活垃圾产生量在2019年达到了21147.3万吨。生活垃圾焚烧具有减量化明显、占用土地资源少及可实现能源化等优势,逐渐成为我国生活垃圾处理处置的主流方式。然而城市生活垃圾焚烧产生的大量的飞灰中含有重金属、二噁英等有毒有害物质,成为了世界各国需要重点控制的危险废物。《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485-2014含修改单)已将飞灰列为危险废物,规定必须对飞灰进行稳定化和无害化处理。
目前,垃圾焚烧飞灰的处理处置技术主要包括固化/稳定化、高温烧结、高温熔融、水泥窑协同处置等。但是无论何种技术,均面临飞灰中高含量氯化物、二噁英、重金属对后续处置的环保特性、产品特性和过程设备的腐蚀、冲蚀产生极大负面影响的局面。因此,对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行处置之前必须进行预处理,降低飞灰中氯含量以满足后续处置要求。
目前,垃圾焚烧飞灰的处理技术主要包括有:
中国实用新型专利CN 207081011 U授权公布了一种垃圾焚烧飞灰处理系统,主要包括有飞灰供给系统、水洗系统、蒸发系统、氧化碱浸系统、浸出液体处理系统,利用鳌合药剂去除重金属离子,实现洗灰废水的软化处理。
中国发明专利CN 108607870 A公布了一种主要应用飞灰水洗系统以及废水处理系统的飞灰处理工艺,飞灰多级水洗以及洗灰废水净化处置的组合工艺可降低后续水泥窑协同处置的负面影响。但应用硫化钠药剂、聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂以形成硫化物沉淀的形式脱除洗灰废水中的锌、铜、镍、铬、铅等重金属离子,及活性炭脱除二噁英的方式进行的洗灰废水净化处理仍然存在重金属离子、二噁英脱除不彻底,药剂回收利用难度大等问题。
中国发明专利CN 109290345 A公布了一种飞灰处理系统以及处理装置,其洗灰废水处理单元应用“脱钙+过滤+中和+MVR蒸发结晶”组合工艺,采用二次逆流漂洗、共絮凝沉淀、多效蒸发的处理处置方法,实现了大量氯离子的脱除以及结晶盐的资源化利用,但经处理后的洗灰废水并未实现完全清洁处理。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置系统。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置系统,包括三级梯度水洗子系统、滤液后处理子系统、MVR蒸发制盐子系统、压滤子系统和滤饼后处理子系统;
所述三级梯度水洗子系统包括三个梯度搅拌水洗反应池和三级沉淀池,每个梯度一级搅拌水洗反应池和一级沉淀池,同级搅拌水洗反应池出料口连接同级沉淀池进料口;上两级沉淀池的滤液和滤饼分别通入下一级搅拌水洗反应池;下两级沉淀池的剩余滤液和补充水混合后分别回流至上一级沉淀池;经三级梯度水洗子系统处理后的滤液和滤饼分别通入滤液后处理子系统和压滤子系统;所述搅拌水洗反应池中加入水灰比为10:1的工艺水;
所述滤液后处理子系统包括依次连接的无机膜过滤反应池、调碱反应池、重金属脱除反应池和调硬反应池;所述无机膜过滤反应池内设有孔径≤100nm的无机陶瓷膜,用于过滤滤液;所述调碱反应池内通入酸性溶液,用于调节滤液pH至中性;所述重金属吸附反应池内通入重金属定向吸附材料;所述调硬反应池内通入碱性溶液;经调硬反应池处理的滤液通入MVR蒸发制盐子系统蒸发制盐;
所述压滤子系统将滤饼压滤后,送至滤饼后处理子系统处理。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述吸附材料为具有记忆功能的多孔高分子材料,用于选择性的结合和移除目标金属离子,其制备方式为:
a. 将目标金属离子与有机配体进行配位合成一类可进一步聚合的金属簇;
b. 加入交联剂与金属簇交联形成多孔高分子材料;
c. 将高分子材料经过酸处理移除金属离子,形成具有记忆功能的多孔高分子材料。
所述吸附材料为有机共价骨架材料COFs。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述重金属脱除反应池包括过滤装置和酸化反应池;
经重金属脱除反应池处理的飞灰洗灰废水通入调硬反应池,重金属脱除反应池的反应废液经过滤装置固液过滤后,固体部分即吸附了重金属离子的吸附材料进入酸化反应池酸化回收吸附材料,回收的吸附材料循环送入重金属脱除反应池。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述压滤系统为板框压滤,包括依次连接的板框压滤机、干化装置、掺混装置、输运装置;所述输运装置将处理后的滤饼送至滤饼后处理子系统处理。
进一步的,所述板框压滤机输出的滤液送入第一级沉淀池和/或无机膜过滤反应池用作循环水。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述滤饼后处理子系统为高温烧结系统、高温气化/等离子体熔融系统、水泥窑协同处置系统或固化/稳定化处理系统。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述无机陶瓷膜孔径≤100nm。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述调硬反应池内的碱性溶液为可溶性碳酸盐;调硬反应池为非金属材料制备的罐体中。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述MVR蒸发制盐子系统包括顺序连接的预热器、加热器和分离器;预热器处理后的滤液经循环泵通入加热器;分离器用于分离钾盐和钠盐,分离器分离后的剩余水分经压缩机输运返回加热器,经加热蒸发后通入预热器。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述MVR蒸发制盐子系统为三级出盐,依次是粗盐、细盐、杂质盐。
本发明实现了城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的清洁高效处置,在脱除可溶性氯盐、吸附重金属离子以及二噁英的同时,实现了资源化利用,与现有技术相比,本发明具有的优点和效果如下:
1.本发明实现了水洗预处理过程中飞灰氯含量的降低,包括溶解度差异较大的NaCl、KCl、CaCl2、CaClOH的洗脱。可实现三级水洗脱氯率达到99%。
2.本发明解决了由于飞灰中重金属种类多、浓度差别大,导致的脱除技术选择性和灵敏性低、处理成本高和脱除不彻底等问题。经脱除后的洗灰废水满足水泥窑协同处置飞灰预处理产品水洗氯化物”标准(T/CCAS 010-2019)的重金属含量指标,部分重金属如(Cr、Hg)可达到污水排水标准。
3.本发明应用无机陶瓷膜,针对性的拦截掉二噁英等微颗粒飞灰,促进了洗灰废水中无机盐的资源化应用。微颗粒飞灰(含二噁英)拦截后氯盐中二噁英含量≤0.1μg/kg。
4.本发明工艺流程简单,易于控制,且处理过程中产生的废液经洗脱后,可实现多级循环利用,节约成本。
5.本发明针对性改造MVR系统为三级出盐的方式,依次是粗盐、细盐、杂质盐。经过多级出盐处理后的清液中杂质成分大幅度减小,实现了钠盐钾盐的回收再利用。
附图说明
图1a、图1b、图1c和图1d为本发明的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置工艺流程图。
图2是本发明的三级梯度水洗子系统的详细流程示意图。
图3是本发明的滤液后处理子系统的详细流程示意图。
图中:1飞灰料仓,2三级梯度水洗子系统,201一级搅拌水洗反应池,202二级搅拌水洗反应池,203三级水洗搅拌反应池,3沉淀池,301一级沉淀池,302二级沉淀池,303三级沉淀池,4压滤子系统,401板框压滤机,402掺混装置,403干化装置,404输运设备,5滤液后处理子系统,501无机膜过滤反应池,502调碱反应池,50201加料装置,503重金属吸附反应池,50301加料装置,50302过滤装置,50303酸化反应池,504调硬反应池,50401加料装置,6MVR蒸发制盐子系统,601预热器,602循环泵,603加热器,604压缩机,605分离器,7高温熔融气化系统,8高温等离子体熔融系统,9水泥窑协同处置系统,10高温烧结系统,11固化/稳定化处理系统。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例,并结合附图,对本发明的技术方案作进一步具体的描述说明。
如果无特殊说明,本发明的实施例中所采用的原料均为本领域常用的原料,实施例中所采用的方法均为本领域的常规方法。
实施例1
一种生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置系统,如图1~3所示,包括三级梯度水洗子系统2、滤液后处理子系统5、MVR蒸发制盐子系统6、压滤子系统4和滤饼后处理子系统;所述滤饼后处理子系统为高温烧结系统10,高温气化/等离子体熔融系统7、8,水泥窑协同处置系统9或固化/稳定化处理系统11。
所述压滤子系统将滤饼压滤后,送至滤饼后处理子系统处理。生活垃圾焚烧飞灰首先经过三级梯度水洗子系统进行水洗预处理,然后经板框压滤机分离或水洗预处理沉淀池沉淀实现固液分离,滤液后处理子系统5主要对分离的洗灰废水进行净化处理,高温熔融气化系统7和/或高温等离子体熔融系统8和/或水泥窑协同处置系统9和/或高温烧结系统10和/或固化/稳定化处理系统11,主要对经预处理后的飞灰进行处理处置。
本发明具体的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰循环洗涤系统以及滤液后处理子系统如图2和图3所示。
各系统结构及工艺流程具体如下:
(1)三级梯度水洗子系统采用三级逆流循环梯度洗涤工艺,在对飞灰进行循环梯度水洗处理时,在预搅拌水洗反应池中加入水灰比为10:1的工艺水(补充水或洗后收集的滤液)。飞灰料仓1中原灰直接通入一级搅拌水洗反应池201,二级沉淀池302中洗灰剩余滤液与补充水混合后回用流入一级搅拌水洗反应池201,进行一级搅拌水洗;经一次搅拌水洗沉淀后的滤饼与三级沉淀池303中洗灰剩余滤液以及补充水混合通入二级搅拌水洗反应池202,进行二级搅拌水洗;最后,将二级搅拌水洗沉淀后剩余的滤饼与经水处理单元过滤后的一级水洗剩余滤液及补充水混合,通入三级搅拌水洗反应池203,完成三级水洗,剩余滤饼通入板框压滤装置4压滤。经三级循环梯度水洗后的氯去除率达到99%;
(2)经三级梯度水洗子系统处理后的滤饼通入压滤子系统,水洗飞灰采用板框压滤机401进行灰水分离,经串联的第一一级/二一级板框压滤机401处理后的飞灰(滤饼)经干化装置402干燥和/或掺混装置混合403输送进后续飞灰处理处置工艺,如高温烧结系统7、高温气化/等离子体熔融系统8、水泥窑协同处置系统9等热处理工艺以及固化/稳定化处理系统10进行后续处置及资源化应用。经第一一级/二一级板框压滤机401处理后的滤液经由输送管道输运至一级沉淀池301和/或无机膜过滤反应池501,用作循环水。
(3)经三级梯度水洗子系统处理后的滤液通入滤液后处理子系统5,滤液后处理子系统5包括依次连接的无机膜过滤反应池501、调碱反应池502、重金属脱除反应池503和调硬反应池504。
采用陶瓷膜过滤技术对循环洗涤清液中残留的微颗粒飞灰(含二噁英)于无机膜过滤反应池中进行拦截,在无机膜过滤反应池501中的微通道(孔径≤100nm)作用下,微颗粒飞灰(二噁英大部分附着在微颗粒飞灰中)被拦截;本实施例中,根据陶瓷膜材料种类、颗粒度、造孔剂种类含量、成型干燥参数和烧结温度对多孔材料结构性能和力学性能的影响,制备出高过滤精度和过滤通量的陶瓷膜过滤器,具体的,通过成孔剂的种类、尺寸、数量对膜孔径控制以达到需要的膜孔径分布和孔隙率;通过针对原材料的种类、粒径、烧成温度控制膜材料与支撑体的结合强度;通过添加外加剂以控制支撑体与膜材料的膨胀系数,防止两者因膨胀系数的差异导致支撑体与膜的开裂。针对多种且不同的陶瓷膜过滤器运行参数(表面流速、压力、温度)对不同浓度的飞灰水洗溶液中飞灰微颗粒实现精准拦截。微颗粒飞灰(含二噁英)拦截后氯盐中二噁英含量≤0.1μg/kg。
洗脱后的洗灰废水通入调碱反应池502,经加料装置50201加入包括盐酸、硫酸等酸性溶液,调节陶瓷膜过滤后的洗灰废水的pH值,由12~13调节至7~9,呈中性;经加料装置50301投入和/或混合回收利用的一种或几种新型重金属离子吸附材料,对Cu2+、As3+、Al3+、Cr3+、Hg2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Fe3+等特异性的结合和检测,于重金属脱除反应池503实现不同价态重金属离子的高效、稳定脱除。本实施例所指的重金属吸附脱除主要为COFs即有机共价骨架材料,考虑到不同的官能团对重金属具有不同的吸附选择性,例如,咔咯对Cr(Ⅲ),巯基对Hg(Ⅱ)具有较强的吸附选择性,因此利用含咔咯基团的共价有机骨架材料CorMeO-COF和含巯基的COF-S-SH作为吸附材料,对洗灰废水中的Cr(Ⅲ)和Hg(Ⅱ)进行选择性吸附移除。利用该材料作为吸附剂,可以把废水中Cr(Ⅲ)和Hg(Ⅱ)的浓度降到0.1mg/kg和0.02mg/kg以下,达到饮用水的标准。
本发明中使用的COFs为具有特定记忆功能的多孔高分子材料,其配位官能团络合金属簇的形成方式如下所示:首先使目标金属离子与有机配体进行配位合成一类可进一步聚合的金属簇;加入交联剂与金属簇交联形成多孔高分子材料;高分子材料经过酸处理移除金属离子,形成具有记忆功能的多孔高分子材料。由于该类材料对所去除的金属离子具有选择性的配位作用,所以该类材料可用于选择性的结合和移除目标金属离子,并且通过酸化洗涤可以使吸附材料实现再生。
通过一系列具有特定记忆功能的多孔高分子材料,利用配位基团较高的灵敏度高效选择性的移除目标金属离子。经脱除后的洗灰废水满足重金属选择性吸附脱除后氯盐中重金属指标(铅(Pb≤25mg/kg)、镉(Cd≤2.5 mg/kg)、铬(Cr≤1.5mg/kg)、汞(Hg≤0.02 mg/kg)、砷(As≤5 mg/kg))。
经重金属脱除反应池503脱除重金属离子的洗灰废水通入调硬反应池504,重金属脱除反应池503的反应废液送入过滤装置。
反应废液经过滤装置50302固液分离后,吸附了重金属离子的吸附材料进入酸化反应池50303,在酸化反应池50303中,对使用过的含有重金属定向吸附材料的废液中加入酸性溶液,溶解重金属离子后,回收的吸附材料循环送入重金属脱除反应池503用于吸附重金属离子,实现吸附材料的再生和回收利用,重金属离子溶解在酸化反应池中,需按期进行更换。洗灰废水通入调硬反应池504中,经加料装置50401添加可溶性碳酸盐(如Na2CO3、K2CO3)于非金属材料制备的常规罐体中进行调硬处理,水质硬度指标控制在0.6 mmol/L以下。
(4)飞灰水洗产生的高盐废水在经压滤子系统4、无机膜过滤反应池501、调碱反应池502、重金属脱除反应池503、调硬反应池504等多道废水处理工序后,通过MVR蒸发制盐系统6进行蒸发处理。经调硬反应池504调硬处理后的洗灰废液中主要成分为NaCl、KCl,次要成分为Na2CO3、Na2SO4、NaOH等碱性物质,其他杂质成分微量。进入MVR蒸发制盐系统6的洗灰废水,首先通入预热器601后经循环泵602通入加热器603,蒸发脱水,经脱水处理后的无机盐于分离器605中实现钾盐和钠盐的分离,其无机盐类物质得以回收利用;同时洗灰废水经分离器605分离后的剩余水分,经压缩机604的输运后,经加热器603加热蒸发后通入预热器601,供给热量。
本文中所描述的具体实施例仅是对本发明精神作举例说明。本发明所属技术领域的技术人员可以对所描述的具体实施例做不同的修改或补充或采用类似的方式替代,但并不会偏离本发明的精神或者超越所附权利要求书所定义的范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置系统,其特征在于,包括三级梯度水洗子系统、滤液后处理子系统、MVR蒸发制盐子系统、压滤子系统和滤饼后处理子系统;
所述三级梯度水洗子系统包括三个梯度搅拌水洗反应池和三级沉淀池,每个梯度包括一级搅拌水洗反应池和一级沉淀池,同级搅拌水洗反应池出料口连接同级沉淀池进料口;上两级沉淀池的滤液和滤饼分别通入下一级搅拌水洗反应池;下两级沉淀池的剩余滤液和补充水混合后分别回流至上一级沉淀池;经三级梯度水洗子系统处理后的滤液和滤饼分别通入滤液后处理子系统和压滤子系统;所述搅拌水洗反应池中加入水灰比为10:1的工艺水;
所述滤液后处理子系统包括依次连接的无机膜过滤反应池、调碱反应池、重金属脱除反应池和调硬反应池;所述无机膜过滤反应池内设有孔径为100nm的无机陶瓷膜,用于过滤滤液;所述调碱反应池内通入酸性溶液,用于调节滤液pH至中性;所述重金属吸附反应池内通入重金属定向吸附材料;所述调硬反应池为非金属材料制备的罐体,调硬反应池内通入可溶性碳酸盐;经调硬反应池处理的滤液通入MVR蒸发制盐子系统蒸发制盐;
所述吸附材料为具有记忆功能的多孔高分子材料,用于选择性的结合和移除目标金属离子,其制备方式为:
a. 将目标金属离子与有机配体进行配位合成一类可进一步聚合的金属簇;
b. 加入交联剂与金属簇交联形成多孔高分子材料;
c. 将高分子材料经过酸处理移除金属离子,形成具有记忆功能的多孔高分子材料;
所述重金属脱除反应池包括过滤装置和酸化反应池;
经重金属脱除反应池处理的飞灰洗灰废水通入调硬反应池,重金属脱除反应池的反应废液经过滤装置固液过滤后,固体部分即吸附了重金属离子的吸附材料进入酸化反应池酸化回收吸附材料,回收的吸附材料循环送入重金属脱除反应池;
所述压滤子系统将滤饼压滤后,送至滤饼后处理子系统处理。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,所述吸附材料为有机共价骨架材料COFs。
3.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,所述压滤子系统为板框压滤,包括依次连接的板框压滤机、干化装置、掺混装置、输运装置;所述输运装置将处理后的滤饼送至滤饼后处理子系统处理。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,所述滤饼后处理子系统为高温烧结系统、高温气化/等离子体熔融系统、水泥窑协同处置系统或固化/稳定化处理系统。
5.根据权利要求3所述的系统,其特征在于,所述板框压滤机输出的滤液送入第一级沉淀池和/或无机膜过滤反应池用作循环水。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,所述MVR蒸发制盐子系统包括顺序连接的预热器、加热器和分离器;预热器处理后的滤液经循环泵通入加热器;分离器用于分离钾盐和钠盐,分离器分离后的剩余水分经压缩机输运返回加热器,经加热蒸发后通入预热器。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,所述MVR蒸发制盐子系统为三级出盐,依次是粗盐、细盐、杂质盐。
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