CN113135879A - 一种近红外荧光染料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于荧光探针和细胞成像领域,具体涉及一种近红外荧光染料及其制备方法和应用。本发明所制备的荧光染料是由酚羟基为给体(D),萘乙烯为共轭桥(π),氰基环内酯为受体(A)组成的D‑π‑A型结构,由于分子内电荷转移作用的影响,荧光染料的最大吸收波长达到687nm,最大发射波长达到716nm,均在近红外区,在PBS(pH 7.4)中的荧光量子产率可达到3.2%。这种长波长的吸收和发射性质,使得该染料用于荧光成像时,能有效增加信号在组织内的穿透深度,并降低生物背景荧光的干扰和对生物体的光致毒性,而且该染料具有良好的化学稳定和光稳定性,能够减少在生物应用中的降解,提高成像的质量。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于荧光探针和细胞成像领域,具体涉及一种近红外荧光染料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
荧光成像技术由于时空分辨率好、灵敏度高、损伤小等优势在生物分析领域受到了极大的关注,广泛用于细胞内离子、小分子、蛋白质(酶)、核酸、多糖等的分析和检测。作为成像用的基本工具——荧光探针,其性能在很大程度上决定了荧光成像的效果。而荧光探针的信号报告基团一般由荧光染料组成,也就是说荧光染料对于生物荧光成像的效果至关重要。为了降低生物背景荧光的干扰和增加信号在组织内的穿透深度,用近红外发光的荧光染料构建探针则非常有意义,在生物成像领域,一般认为近红外光的波长范围为650-1000nm,它一方面能降低生物背景荧光的干扰,另一方面能增加信号在生物组织内的穿透深度。
专利CN 110194900 B提供了一种基于强给体(二乙基氨基)和强受体(三氟甲基修饰的TCF)的近红外发光染料,其最大发射波长达667nm,但是遗憾的是其最大吸收波长为602nm仍在可见光范围内。一般情况下,荧光团的最佳激发波长在其最大吸收波长附近,如果激发波长过短,激发光的穿透深度不够,深层次组织内的探针就无法被激活,这时候即使发射的荧光信号穿透深度很深,也无法达到预期的效果,而且较短的激发波长对组织的光毒性更大。除此之外,荧光团的稳定性也是很重要的因素,上述专利中采用了三氟甲基修饰的TCF(含三个氰基和一个三氟甲基)为受体,其缺电子能力很强,虽然有利于分子内的电荷转移作用,使得发射波长红移,但同时也会导致其最低未占分子轨道(LUMO)能级很低,在生物应用中可能受到亲核性组分的进攻从而发生降解,而且其光稳定性也并不是特别理想。
发明内容
为解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种吸收波长和发射波长均在近红外区,且化学稳定性和光稳定性良好,荧光量子产率高的荧光染料及其制备方法和应用。
本发明解决问题的技术方案是,提供一种近红外荧光染料,该染料的结构式如下:
本发明还提供了一种近红外荧光染料的制备方法,所述荧光染料由4-羟基-1-萘甲醛和氰基环内酯单体在催化剂的催化作用下发生Knoevenagel缩合反应制得。
优选地,所述4-羟基-1-萘甲醛、氰基环内酯单体和催化剂的投料摩尔比为1 :1:(0.1-0.3)。
优选地,于惰性气体保护下进行反应。
优选地,Knoevenagel缩合反应的反应温度为60-120℃,反应12-24h。
优选地,反应溶剂为有机溶剂。
优选地,所述有机溶剂包括甲醇、乙醇、四氢呋喃、乙腈、丙酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和甲苯中的一种或多种。
优选地,所述催化剂包括哌啶、吡啶、四氢吡咯、醋酸、醋酸铵、醋酸钾中的一种或多种。
优选地,还包括以下步骤:将反应产物经硅胶柱层析纯化后,得到近红外荧光染料。
本发明另一个目的是提供一种近红外荧光染料在活细胞荧光成像的应用。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明所制备的荧光染料是由酚羟基为给体(D),萘乙烯为共轭桥(π),氰基环内酯为受体(A)组成的D-π-A型结构,由于分子内电荷转移作用的影响,荧光染料的最大吸收波长达到687nm,最大发射波长达到716nm,均在近红外区,在PBS(pH 7.4)中的荧光量子产率可达到3.2%。
为了使D-π-A型化合物的光谱红移,一是改善分子的共轭情况,二是提高分子内电荷转移作用。本发明中的羟基萘、乙烯基、氰基环内酯和苯环共同形成共轭结构,进而提高染料分子整体的共轭程度;另外,羟基在萘环上取代位置的合理安排(即羟基与受体的双键分别位于萘环的1,4位),使得羟基和受体之间共轭程度达到最佳状态,这种良好的共轭能充分发挥受体的拉电子作用,促使羟基在模拟生理环境的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 7.2-7.4)中电离,实际分子中的给体将转变为推电子能力更强的酚氧负离子,从而增加供体的给电子能力,提高分子内电荷转移作用。因此,本发明的吸收波长和发射波长大大红移,达到近红外区。
此外,由于酚氧负离子强的给电子能力,受体(A)的拉电子能力无需太强,就可通过分子内电荷转移的作用使得吸收和发射峰都达到近红外区,而且分子的LUMO能级不会太低,进而减少在生物应用中亲核性组分的进攻而发生降解,提高稳定性。
这种长波长的吸收和发射性质,使得该染料用于荧光成像时,能有效增加信号在组织内的穿透深度,并降低生物背景荧光的干扰和对生物体的光致毒性,提高成像的质量。
该近红外荧光染料中的羟基,作为常见的化学反应活性位点,可以与一系列用于离子、小分子、或生物大分子等检测用的识别基团相连接,从而制备出具有特定功能性的荧光探针,应用范围广,实用性强;且荧光染料结构简单,合成原料来源丰富,制备成本低。
附图说明
图1 是一种近红外荧光染料的合成反应流程图;
图2 是一种近红外荧光染料的质谱图;
图3 是一种近红外荧光染料在PBS/DMSO(v/v,2/8)溶液中的吸收和荧光发射图谱;
图4是在一种近红外荧光染料的PBS/DMSO(v/v,2/8)溶液中分别加入常见的生物组分后荧光强度的变化;图中1: control; 2: Cys; 3: Hcy; 4: GSH; 5: Na2S; 6Na2SO3; 7: H2O2; 8: HClO; 9: Vc。
图5是将一种近红外荧光染料(10μM)用氙灯在700 nm的波长下持续照射60分钟的荧光强度;
图6 是一种近红外荧光染料对HeLa细胞的成像图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。此外,本领域技术人员对本发明所做的各种改动或修改,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所要求保护的范围内。
实施例1
一种近红外荧光染料,由图1所示的反应路线制备。其制备步骤如下:
氩气保护下,将4-羟基-1-萘甲醛(1.11 g, 6.44 mmol)和氰基环内酯单体(1.19g, 6.44 mmol)溶解在乙醇(10mL)中,并加入哌啶(0.1mL,1.0mmol)做催化剂,80 ℃下搅拌12h。
旋蒸除掉溶剂后,用硅胶柱层析提纯,淋洗剂为石油醚/乙酸乙酯(3/1,v/v)。得到一种发射近红外光的荧光染料1.71 g,产率78.3%。
得到的荧光染料质谱图如图2所示。
由图3的荧光染料在PBS/DMSO(v/v,2/8)溶液中的吸收和荧光图谱可知,其最大吸收波长为687nm,最大发射波长为716nm,达到了近红外发光的范畴。
为了说明本发明的一种近红外荧光染料比现有染料具有更好的稳定性,向本实施例的荧光染料的PBS/DMSO(v/v,2/8)溶液中分别加入常见的生物组分,如亲核性的生物硫醇氨基酸、硫化钠和亚硫酸钠,活性氧物种,以及还原性物种,从图4可以看出,其荧光强度变化都很小,说明该染料的化学稳定性很好。
如图5所示,将本实施例的近红外荧光染料(10μM)放在荧光仪中,用氙灯在700 nm的波长下持续照射60分钟,荧光强度仍然保持了原来的90%以上,说明该种近红外荧光染料光稳定性好。
本实施例的近红外荧光染料可用于活细胞的荧光成像实验:
将HeLa细胞于含浓度为10 μM的荧光染料的培养基中培养20min后,用PBS洗3次,在荧光共聚焦扫描显微镜下观察,激发波长设为633nm,荧光收集波长为680-759 nm,比例尺10 μm。得到如图6所示的细胞成像图。
由图6所示,经本发明的荧光染料培养的HeLa细胞可观察到明亮的红色荧光,成像亮度高、质量好。
实施例2
一种近红外荧光染料,其制备步骤如下:
氩气保护下,将4-羟基-1-萘甲醛(1.11 g, 6.44 mmol)和氰基环内酯单体(1.19g, 6.44 mmol)溶解在四氢呋喃(10mL)中,并加入醋酸(0.1mL,1.7mmol)做催化剂,60℃下搅拌24h。
旋蒸除掉溶剂后,用硅胶柱层析提纯,淋洗剂为石油醚/乙酸乙酯(3/1,v/v)。得到一种发射远红光的荧光染料1.82 g,产率83.3%.
实施例3
一种近红外荧光染料,其制备步骤如下:
氩气保护下,将4-羟基-1-萘甲醛(1.11 g, 6.44 mmol)和氰基环内酯单体(1.19g, 6.44 mmol)溶解在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(10mL)中,并加入醋酸钾(0.1g,1.02mmol)做催化剂,120 ℃下搅拌12h。
旋蒸除掉溶剂后,用硅胶柱层析提纯,淋洗剂为石油醚/乙酸乙酯(3/1,v/v)。得到一种发射远红光的荧光染料1.68 g, 产率76.9%.
实施例4
一种近红外荧光染料,其制备步骤如下:
氩气保护下,将4-羟基-1-萘甲醛(1.11 g, 6.44 mmol)和氰基环内酯单体(1.19g, 6.44 mmol)溶解在乙腈/甲苯(10mL)中,并加入醋酸(38μL)做催化剂,90 ℃下搅拌16h。
旋蒸除掉溶剂后,用硅胶柱层析提纯,淋洗剂为石油醚/乙酸乙酯(3/1,v/v)。得到一种发射远红光的荧光染料1.69 g, 产率77.3%。
比较例1
荧光染料的合成中,使用2-羟基-1-萘甲醛替代4-羟基-1-萘甲醛,其他均同实施例1,得到如下式所示染料:
比较例2
荧光染料的合成中,使用6-羟基-2-萘甲醛替代4-羟基-1-萘甲醛,其他均同实施例1,得到如下式所示染料:
比较例3
荧光染料的合成中,使用3-羟基-1-萘甲醛替代4-羟基-1-萘甲醛,其他均同实施例1,得到如下式所示染料:
评价
1、评价过程
A、吸收波长
使用PerkinElmer Lambda 365 紫外可见光谱仪测得荧光染料在PBS/DMSO(v/v,2/8)溶液(10μM)中的吸收光谱。
B、发射波长
使用Hitachi F-4500 荧光光谱仪测得荧光染料在PBS/DMSO(v/v,2/8)溶液(10μM)中的发射光谱。
2、评价结果
实施例与比较例的评价结果如表1所示。
表1实施例与比较例评价结果表
如表1可以看出,比较例1、比较例2和比较例3的吸收波长、发射波长要明显低于实施例1,这说明羟基在萘环上取代位置的不同会影响供体和受体之间的共轭程度,从而影响荧光染料的发光性质。
以上对本发明的实施例进行了示例性说明,但所述内容仅为本发明的较佳实施例,不能被认为用于限定本发明的实施范围。凡依据本发明申请范围的均等变化与改进等,均应归属于本发明的专利涵盖范围之内。
Claims (10)
2.一种根据权利要求1所述的近红外荧光染料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述荧光染料由4-羟基-1-萘甲醛和氰基环内酯单体在催化剂的催化作用下发生Knoevenagel缩合反应制得。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种近红外荧光染料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述催化剂包括哌啶、吡啶、四氢吡咯、醋酸、醋酸铵、醋酸钾中的一种或多种。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种近红外荧光染料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述4-羟基-1-萘甲醛、氰基环内酯单体和催化剂的投料摩尔比为1 :1:(0.1-0.3)。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种近红外荧光染料的制备方法,其特征在于,于惰性气体保护下进行反应。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一种近红外荧光染料的制备方法,其特征在于,Knoevenagel缩合反应的反应温度为60-120℃,反应12-24h。
7.根据权利要求2所述的一种近红外荧光染料的制备方法,其特征在于,反应溶剂为有机溶剂。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种近红外荧光染料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述有机溶剂包括甲醇、乙醇、四氢呋喃、乙腈、丙酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和甲苯中的一种或多种。
9.根据权利要求2所述的一种近红外荧光染料的制备方法,其特征在于,采用硅胶柱层析法将反应产物纯化后,得到所述近红外荧光染料。
10.一种根据权利要求1所述的近红外荧光染料在活细胞荧光成像的应用。
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