CN113135804B - Flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer capable of reducing application amount of chemical bactericide pesticide and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer capable of reducing application amount of chemical bactericide pesticide and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural fertilizers, and relates to a flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of chemical bactericide pesticides, and a preparation method and application thereof. The tobacco-curing base fertilizer comprises, by weight, 0.1-1 part of tobacco seed oil, 5-40 parts of tobacco seed meal, 5-150 parts of sunflower straw carbide, 5-40 parts of three-stage conversion weathered coal, 0.01-1 part of microbial agent, 20-50 parts of potassium nitrate, 5-50 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 0-40 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer, 0-60 parts of mineral potassium and 0-16 parts of potassium sulfate on a dry basis.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural fertilizers, relates to a flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer, and particularly relates to a flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of a chemical bactericide pesticide, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
Improper fertilization easily causes soil acidification and hardening, thereby causing a series of problems of aggravation of diseases of tobacco roots, excessive use of chemical bactericides, overproof pesticide residues in tobacco leaves and the like. In the tobacco producing area, the improper fertilization is mainly caused by improper structure of the fertilizer, excessive potassium sulfate application amount and unclear formula raw materials of the special fertilizer for tobacco.
The improper structure of the fertilizer is embodied in that the input of organic matters and microorganisms is small, and the fertilizer is used singly in an excessive way for a long time. Through investigation and analysis of a plurality of fertilization structures in a tobacco producing county, more than 70% of potassium sources in a tobacco area are potassium sulfate which is a physiological acid fertilizer, and researches show that the physiological acidity of sulfate radicals is one of important reasons for soil acidification, the physiological acid fertilizer is excessive in application amount, the sulfate radicals and calcium ions are combined to form insoluble calcium sulfate, the capillary phenomenon of soil is blocked, and the fertilizer is one of main factors for soil hardening. In addition, the raw materials of the special fertilizer for tobacco are unknown, and for a long time, the fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco is mainly purchased in a mode of bid inviting of tobacco companies, and a bid inviting party usually attaches importance to the aspects: the proportion and content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the percentage of nitrate nitrogen in the total nitrogen, the content of chloride ions, the price and the like, and the prescription of the raw materials is rarely specified. The special fertilizers with the mixture ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 10-10-20, 10-10-24, 12-12-24, 12-10-25 and 15-10-22 can be completely produced by using chemical acidic and physiological acidic fertilizers, so that individual fertilizer production enterprises are not excluded in the case, and cheap chemical acidic or physiological acidic raw materials are used for producing the special tobacco fertilizers in a large proportion in order to seek the maximization of product profit. Possible acidic fertilizers to be incorporated include: the chemical acid fertilizer ammonium nitrate phosphorus is used as a main or only source of nitrate nitrogen, and a part of nitrogen fertilizers and phosphate fertilizers in other forms are provided; the physiological acid potassium sulfate is used as the main or only source of the potash fertilizer; the physiological acidic ammonium sulfate is used as one of the main sources of the nitrogen fertilizer; and so on. The special fertilizer using the acidic raw materials as the formula components in a large proportion has the defects that the acidification and hardening of soil become heavier and heavier, the rhizome diseases become heavier and the pesticide residue exceeds the standard are difficult to effectively control if the special fertilizer is continuously used again.
In conclusion, the current tobacco production needs a fertilizer which does not cause soil acidification and hardening, is used for improving soil properties, reducing the disease rate of root diseases and reducing the application amount of chemical bactericides.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art and provides a flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of a chemical bactericide pesticide, and a preparation method and application thereof.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of chemical bactericide pesticides comprises the following components in parts by dry weight:
0.1-1 part of tobacco seed oil, 5-40 parts of tobacco seed meal, 5-150 parts of sunflower straw carbide, 5-40 parts of three-stage conversion weathered coal, 0.01-1 part of microbial agent, 20-50 parts of potassium nitrate, 5-50 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 0-40 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer, 0-60 parts of mineral potassium and 0-16 parts of potassium sulfate.
Further, 0.3-0.8 part of tobacco seed oil, 20-35 parts of tobacco seed meal, 45-65 parts of sunflower straw carbide, 20-30 parts of three-stage converted weathered coal, 0.3-0.8 part of microbial agent, 20-30 parts of potassium nitrate, 25-40 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 20-25 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer, 25-45 parts of mineral potassium and 5-10 parts of potassium sulfate.
The tobacco seed oil and the tobacco seed meal are both derived from tobacco seeds. The tobacco seed oil is rich in plant phospholipids, can provide energy for plant growth, enhance cell metabolic capability, improve quality indexes such as oil content, sweetness and taste of agricultural products, has the function of a surfactant, can enhance the buffer capacity of a soil solution so as to bidirectionally adjust the pH value of the soil, inhibit acidification and salinization, and enable the dispersion phase of nutrient elements in the soil solution to be more stable so as to promote plant absorption, reduce leaching loss and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer.
The tobacco seed oil is the highest unsaturated fatty acid content in the known plant oil at present, and when the tobacco seed oil is used in a flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer, on one hand, the oil content index of flue-cured tobacco can be improved, and on the other hand, the fluidity of the surface of the fertilizer can be increased.
The tobacco seed meal is residue after oil pressing of tobacco seed oil, and contains partial seed oil which is not pressed to be dry, high organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine and other full nutritional ingredients for crop growth. The research of the inventor proves that the tobacco seed meal is used as the organic fertilizer of the flue-cured tobacco, the fertilizer efficiency is equivalent to that of the traditional organic fertilizer such as bean cake, peanut cake, sesame cake and the like, and the disease resistance of the organic fertilizer is superior to that of the traditional organic fertilizer.
Preferably, the composition comprises the following components in parts by weight on a dry basis: 0.7 part of tobacco seed oil, 25 parts of tobacco seed meal, 50 parts of sunflower straw carbide, 25 parts of three-stage type converted weathered coal, 0.5 part of microbial agent, 25 parts of potassium nitrate, 30 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 22 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer, 30 parts of mineral potassium and 8 parts of potassium sulfate.
Wherein, the potassium nitrate is a neutral fertilizer, is a main source of nitrate nitrogen in the invention, and is an important source of a potassium fertilizer. The calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is an alkaline fertilizer, is originated from ore calcination, is a main source of the phosphate fertilizer, and can simultaneously provide medium element fertilizers such as calcium, magnesium and the like and trace element fertilizers such as boron, zinc and the like. The silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer is an alkaline fertilizer, is originated from ore calcination, is one of the sources of the potassium fertilizer, and can provide medium and trace element fertilizers. The mineral potassium is prepared by physical and chemical conversion of low-grade potassium ore, belongs to neutral fertilizer, and can provide potassium fertilizer and medium and trace element fertilizer for the invention. The potassium sulfate is the only acidic fertilizer used in the invention, and is considered to be used only when the fertilization cost and the fertilizer formula adjustment are difficult, and the usage amount takes the sulfur content of the base fertilizer formula not more than 3% as a limiting index.
Further, the content of water-soluble fulvic acid in the three-stage conversion weathered coal is 35-40%;
organic matters and humic acid in weathered coal are mostly insoluble, and the weathered coal can be absorbed and utilized by crops after being applied to soil through long-term biochemical conversion, but most of the currently adopted industrial chemical conversion methods are complex and expensive. The invention carries out simple and low-cost three-stage conversion treatment on the weathered coal, and improves the effectiveness of insoluble organic matters in the weathered coal. Experiments prove that the water-soluble fulvic acid content of the three-stage converted weathered coal obtained after conversion is increased from about 1.0% to 35% -40%. Organic matters and humic acid contained in the weathered coal are converted in a three-stage mode, so that soil can be improved, root system development of crops is promoted, soil buffering capacity is improved, the pH value of the soil is adjusted in a two-way mode, and nutritional stress resistance of the crops is improved; and the clay particle structure of the weathered coal is between the size of sandy soil and clay, so that the soil tilth can be improved, and therefore, the three-stage conversion of the weathered coal is an excellent fertilizer source.
The microbial agent is an indigenous bacterium microbial agent and comprises bacillus subtilis and bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The indigenous bacteria adopted by the invention are a type of indigenous bacteria separated from tobacco-planting soil in Dali of Yunnan province by the inventor, and the solid state fermentation is adopted to prepare the microbial agent. The similarity of the bacillus subtilis and bacillus subtilis with the preservation number of ACCC19743 of China agricultural microbial strain preservation management center is over 99 percent through identification.
The indigenous bacteria can resist high osmotic pressure, can not die after being mixed with chemical fertilizers, and can easily survive in soil with definite values; the fertilizer has stronger primary metabolic capability, on one hand, more structural substances of microorganisms can be formed, the biological sustained and controlled release of the fertilizer is realized through the organization of inorganic nutrients, the leaching loss of chemical nutrient elements is reduced, so that the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved, meanwhile, crops absorb more organic nutrients, the nutrient structure is improved, the product quality is improved, and the stress resistance is enhanced; on the other hand, the microbial fertilizer can quickly occupy the competitive advantage of the locus and inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, thereby establishing an excellent rhizosphere ecological microenvironment; in addition, the vigorous life activity of the microorganisms can accelerate the conversion of organic matters, release heat in the conversion process, improve low temperature and promote the early growth and quick growth of crops.
A preparation method of a flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of chemical bactericide pesticides can be prepared by respectively adopting a mixing mode and a compound mixing mode according to the granular or powdery shape states of potassium nitrate, a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, a silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, a mineral potassium fertilizer and potassium sulfate;
when the used potassium nitrate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, mineral potassium and potassium sulfate raw materials are granular, the fertilizer is prepared by adopting a mixing mode, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(11) preparing tobacco seed oil and tobacco seed meal, and uniformly mixing the indigenous bacteria microbial agent with the tobacco seed oil according to the weight part ratio for later use;
(12) preparing sunflower straw carbide and three-stage conversion weathered coal, mixing the tobacco seed meal prepared in the step (11) with the sunflower straw carbide and the three-stage conversion weathered coal, and preparing into particles with the water content of less than 3% by adopting a disc granulation or roller granulation process;
(13) uniformly mixing the granules prepared in the step (12) with granular potassium nitrate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, mineral potassium and potassium sulfate raw materials in a fertilizer mixing device according to the weight part ratio to prepare fertilizer granules;
(14) in an enveloping roller, quantitatively and uniformly spraying the mixture of the tobacco seed oil and the indigenous bacteria microbial inoculum prepared in the step (11) on fertilizer particles according to a certain proportion to obtain the fertilizer;
when the used potassium nitrate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, mineral potassium and potassium sulfate raw materials are powdery, the compound mixing mode is adopted for preparation, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(21) preparing tobacco seed oil and tobacco seed meal, and uniformly mixing the indigenous bacteria microbial agent with the tobacco seed oil according to the weight part ratio for later use;
(22) preparing sunflower straw carbide and three-stage conversion weathered coal, uniformly mixing the tobacco seed meal prepared in the step (21) with the sunflower straw carbide, the three-stage conversion weathered coal and powdery potassium nitrate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, mineral potassium and potassium sulfate in parts by weight, and preparing fertilizer particles with the water content of less than 12% by adopting a disc granulation or roller granulation process;
(23) and (3) in an enveloping roller, quantitatively and uniformly spraying the mixture of the tobacco seed oil prepared in the step (21) and the indigenous bacteria microbial agent on fertilizer particles according to a certain proportion to obtain the fertilizer.
Further, the three-stage conversion weathered coal is prepared by a three-stage conversion method, and the preparation steps comprise: step one, physical treatment: crushing weathered coal into powder which is sieved by a 40-80-mesh sieve; preferably a 60 mesh screen; step two, chemical treatment: adding potassium carbonate accounting for 0.6-10% of the weight of the weathered coal into the sieved weathered coal powder, uniformly mixing, regulating the water content of the mixture to be 1-50%, stacking for 48-72 h, and turning once every 12h in the process for 3 times; step three, biological treatment: 6kg/T of indigenous bacteria microbial inoculum containing 200 hundred million/g of bacillus subtilis is added into the chemically treated weathered coal powder, namely the adding amount is 6 kg/ton, and then the weathered coal powder is stacked and covered for 10-15 days. The weathered coal is cheap and easy to obtain, and the three-stage conversion method is simple in treatment method and low in cost.
Further, the preparation steps of the tobacco seed oil and the tobacco seed meal are as follows: drying tobacco seeds in a self-control thermostat at a low temperature of 40-45 ℃ for 1-1.5 h, and extruding seed oil by a physical squeezing method to obtain tobacco seed oil; the residual residue is the tobacco seed meal, and the fermentation treatment is not needed. The tobacco seeds mainly come from the self-fruited tobacco plants after the tobacco leaves are harvested, are agricultural wastes and are cheap and easy to obtain.
Furthermore, the sunflower straw carbide is selected as one of the organic matter and the potassium source, because the flue-cured tobacco is a potassium-loving crop, the sunflower straw is the current plant straw with the highest potassium content, and the sunflower straw is strongly alkaline after being carbonized, so that the sunflower straw can prevent and correct soil acidification and inhibit the growth of harmful pathogens living in an acidic environment. The raw material of the sunflower straw carbide is from farmland waste sunflower straw, and the preparation steps of the carbide are as follows: the sunflower straw is rolled into sections of 10-15 cm and is prepared by adopting a smoldering method. The preparation method has simple steps and easily obtained raw materials.
The application of the flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of the chemical bactericide for preventing and treating the black rot, the black shank and the bacterial wilt of tobacco roots is disclosed.
Further, when the method is applied, the fertilizing amount of the flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer is determined according to a local soil testing formula fertilizing scheme, namely, firstly, the organic fertilizer dosage, the nitrogen phosphorus potassium dosage, the medium trace element dosage and the microbial fertilizer dosage are determined according to the local soil testing formula fertilizing scheme, and then, the formula is designed and the fertilizing amount is determined by using the formula raw materials; before ridging, applying the base fertilizer for the flue-cured tobacco to the ridge bottom of flue-cured tobacco planting at one time, and then, carrying out large-water flood irrigation once along a furrow; meanwhile, the amount of chemical bactericides used for preventing and treating the black rot, the black shank and the bacterial wilt of the tobacco, which are specified by a local flue-cured tobacco disease and insect pest comprehensive prevention and treatment scheme, is reduced by 50-100 percent.
The principle of application lies in that:
the tobacco root black rot, the phytophthora parasitica and the bacterial wilt pathogenic bacteria all need to survive in an acid environment, more than 90 percent of the raw materials of the flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer are neutral and alkaline raw materials, the pH value of the fertilizer is more than 8.0, and the rhizosphere pH value can be improved through one-time base application and large water flood irrigation after application, so that a rhizosphere environment which is not beneficial to the survival of the pathogenic bacteria is created, and the main reason why the tobacco base fertilizer can reduce the morbidity and reduce the application amount of the chemical bactericide is provided. Meanwhile, the fertilizer can prevent and correct soil acidification hardening, promote plant growth and development, enhance the stress resistance of plants and play an auxiliary role in reducing the application amount of chemical bactericides.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the base fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco provided by the invention can reduce the application amount of chemical bactericides for locally preventing and controlling tobacco root black rot, black shank and bacterial wilt by 50-100%, thereby reducing the pesticide residue and improving the safety of agricultural products.
(2) The flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer provided by the invention can not cause soil acidification and hardening, can gradually improve the acidified and hardened soil properties, reduces the incidence rate of root diseases, and reduces the application amount of chemical bactericides; in the planting period, if the fertilizer is used in the tobacco planting season, when partial acid fertilizer is used in other non-tobacco planting seasons, acidification and hardening of soil can still be inhibited and improved, and the full planting period only uses the base fertilizer of the flue-cured tobacco as an optimal choice.
(3) The base fertilizer for the flue-cured tobacco prepared by the invention has comprehensive nutrient components, can meet the requirement of normal growth and development of high-quality tobacco leaves, and simultaneously increases the net benefit of tobacco planting.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
For further understanding of the present invention, the present invention will be further described with reference to examples.
Example 1
A flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of chemical bactericide pesticides comprises the following components in parts by dry weight: 0.5 part of tobacco seed oil, 30 parts of tobacco seed meal, 100 parts of sunflower straw carbide, 25 parts of three-stage type converted weathered coal, 0.5 part of bacillus subtilis, 35 parts of potassium nitrate, 30 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 20 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer, 30 parts of mineral potassium and 8 parts of potassium sulfate.
The method for preparing the flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of the chemical bactericide pesticide comprises the following steps of (1) calculating all components adopted in the preparation process according to the specified parts by weight in the embodiment; when the raw materials of potassium nitrate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, mineral potassium and potassium sulfate in the components are granular, the method comprises the following steps:
(11) drying tobacco seeds in a self-control thermostat at a low temperature of 40-45 ℃ for 1-1.5 h, and extruding seed oil by a physical squeezing method to obtain tobacco seed oil; the residual residue is the tobacco seed meal; mixing 0.5 part of Bacillus subtilis and 0.5 part of tobacco seed oil uniformly for later use;
(12) rolling a sunflower straw raw material into a section of 10-15 cm, and carbonizing, wherein the carbide is prepared by a smoldering preparation method of biochar; crushing weathered coal, sieving the weathered coal by a 60-mesh sieve, adding potassium carbonate accounting for 0.6-10% of the weight of the weathered coal powder into the sieved weathered coal powder, uniformly mixing, adjusting the water content to 1-50%, stacking for 60 hours, and turning for 3 times once every 12 hours; then 6kg/T of indigenous bacteria microbial inoculum containing 200 hundred million/g of bacillus subtilis is added into the obtained weathered coal powder, and the weathered coal is stacked and covered for 10-15 days to obtain three-stage converted weathered coal;
mixing 30 parts of tobacco seed meal with 100 parts of prepared sunflower straw carbide and 25 parts of three-stage type conversion weathered coal, and preparing into particles with the water content of below 3% by adopting a disc granulation or roller granulation process;
(13) uniformly mixing the granules prepared in the step with 35 parts of granular potassium nitrate, 30 parts of calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer, 20 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer, 30 parts of mineral potassium and 8 parts of potassium sulfate in a fertilizer mixing device to prepare fertilizer granules;
(14) and (3) quantitatively and uniformly spraying the mixture of the tobacco seed oil and the indigenous bacteria microbial inoculum on fertilizer particles in an enveloping roller to obtain the base fertilizer for the flue-cured tobacco.
When the potassium nitrate, the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, the silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, the mineral potassium and the potassium sulfate in the components are powdery, the method comprises the following steps:
(21) drying tobacco seeds in a self-control thermostat at a low temperature of 40-45 ℃ for 1-1.5 h, and extruding seed oil by a physical squeezing method to obtain tobacco seed oil; the residual residue is the tobacco seed meal; mixing 0.5 part of Bacillus subtilis and 0.5 part of tobacco seed oil uniformly for later use;
(22) rolling a sunflower straw raw material into a section of 10-15 cm, and carbonizing, wherein the carbide is prepared by a smoldering preparation method of biochar; crushing weathered coal, sieving the weathered coal by a 60-mesh sieve, adding potassium carbonate accounting for 0.6-10% of the weight of the weathered coal powder into the sieved weathered coal powder, uniformly mixing, adjusting the water content to 1-50%, stacking for 60 hours, and turning for 3 times once every 12 hours; then 6kg/T of indigenous bacteria microbial inoculum containing 200 hundred million/g of bacillus subtilis is added into the obtained weathered coal powder, and the weathered coal is stacked and covered for 10-15 days to obtain three-stage converted weathered coal;
mixing 30 parts of tobacco seed meal with 100 parts of prepared sunflower straw carbide and 25 parts of three-stage conversion weathered coal, simultaneously uniformly mixing with 35 parts of granular potassium nitrate, 30 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 20 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer, 30 parts of mineral potassium and 8 parts of potassium sulfate, and preparing fertilizer granules with the water content of below 12% by adopting a disc granulation or roller granulation process;
(23) and quantitatively and uniformly spraying the mixture of the tobacco seed oil and the indigenous bacteria microbial agent on fertilizer particles in an enveloping roller to obtain the base fertilizer for the flue-cured tobacco.
Example 2
A flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of chemical bactericide pesticides comprises the following components in parts by dry weight: 0.1 part of tobacco seed oil, 5 parts of tobacco seed meal, 5 parts of sunflower straw carbide, 5 parts of three-stage type converted weathered coal, 0.01 part of bacillus subtilis, 20 parts of potassium nitrate, 5 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 2 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer, 3 parts of mineral potassium and 1 part of potassium sulfate.
The preparation method is the same as that of example 1.
Example 3
A flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of chemical bactericide pesticides comprises the following components in parts by dry weight: 1 part of tobacco seed oil, 40 parts of tobacco seed meal, 150 parts of sunflower straw carbide, 40 parts of three-stage type converted weathered coal, 1 part of bacillus subtilis, 50 parts of potassium nitrate, 50 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 40 parts of silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, 60 parts of mineral potassium and 16 parts of potassium sulfate.
The preparation method is the same as that of example 1.
Example 4
A flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of chemical bactericide pesticides comprises the following components in parts by dry weight: 0.7 part of tobacco seed oil, 25 parts of tobacco seed meal, 50 parts of sunflower straw carbide, 25 parts of three-stage type converted weathered coal, 0.5 part of microbial agent, 25 parts of potassium nitrate, 30 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 22 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer, 30 parts of mineral potassium and 8 parts of potassium sulfate.
The preparation method is the same as that of example 1.
Example 5
The flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer prepared in the embodiments 1 to 4 is used for reducing the application amount of chemical bactericides used for controlling tobacco root black rot, black shank and bacterial wilt, and when in application, firstly, the formula is designed and the application amount is determined by using the formula raw materials of the invention according to the organic fertilizer amount, the nitrogen phosphorus potassium amount, the medium trace element amount and the microbial fertilizer amount determined by a local soil testing formula application scheme; before ridging, applying base fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco to the ridge bottom of flue-cured tobacco planting at one time, and then irrigating along furrow with large water for one time; meanwhile, the amount of chemical bactericides used for preventing and treating the black rot, the black shank and the bacterial wilt of the tobacco, which are specified by a local flue-cured tobacco disease and insect pest comprehensive prevention and treatment scheme, is reduced by 50-100 percent.
In the following test examples 1 to 4, the number of parts is replaced by a number of kilograms (kg), and each 1kg is equivalent to 1 part by weight.
Test example 1: test of applying chemical bactericide thiophanate methyl for preventing and treating black rot of tobacco roots in reduced mode
Fertilizing per mu in contrast: 20kg of rapeseed cake organic fertilizer, 40kg of commercial bio-organic fertilizer, 20kg of potassium nitrate, 15kg of diammonium phosphate, 15kg of potassium sulfate, 1.5kg of magnesium sulfate, 0.5kg of borax, 0.5kg of zinc sulfate, and N: P2O5:K2O＝6:7:18
The drug is applied to each mu in contrast: 100g of thiophanate methyl.
Treating and fertilizing: 0.7kg of tobacco seed oil, 25kg of tobacco seed meal, 50kg of sunflower straw carbide, 25kg of three-stage converted weathered coal, 0.5kg of indigenous bacteria microbial inoculum, 25kg of potassium nitrate, 30kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 22kg of silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, 30kg of mineral potassium, 8kg of potassium sulfate, N: P2O5:K2O＝6:7:18。
Treating the application per mu: treating 1, 0g of thiophanate methyl; treatment 2, 25g of thiophanate methyl; treatment 3, 50g of thiophanate methyl; treatment 4, 75g of thiophanate methyl; treatment 5, 100g of thiophanate methyl.
The test was repeated three times and randomly arranged, and the test results obtained are shown in the following table:
TABLE 1 test data results of the chemical fungicide thiophanate methyl used for controlling the black rot of tobacco roots by subtractive application
| Test number | Incidence (%) | Mu yield value (Yuan/mu) |
| Control | 17.5a | 3760a |
| Process 1 | 17.8a | 3850a |
| Treatment 2 | 16.3a | 3902ab |
| Treatment 3 | 16.2a | 4010b |
| Treatment 4 | 16.1a | 4080b |
| Treatment 5 | 16.1a | 4097b |
As can be seen from the table 1, the difference between the control and the treatments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in the aspect of morbidity is not obvious, which indicates that the application amount of the chemical bactericide thiophanate methyl can be reduced to 0 g/mu from 100 g/mu of the control by applying the base fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco provided by the invention, and the reduction amplitude is 100%; in the aspect of yield per mu, the difference between the control and the treatment 1 is not obvious, the difference between the treatment 2 is obvious, the difference between the treatment 3, the treatment 4 and the treatment 5 is extremely obvious, and the difference between the treatment 3, the treatment 4 and the treatment 5 is not obvious, so that the treatment 3 applying the thiophanate methyl 50 g/mu is the optimal treatment, the dosage of the chemical bactericide is reduced by 50 percent compared with the control, the yield per mu is increased by 250 yuan/mu compared with the control, and the difference is extremely obvious.
Test example 2: experiment for applying chemical bactericide metalaxyl manganese zinc for preventing and treating tobacco black shank in reduced manner
Fertilizing per mu in contrast: 20kg of rapeseed cake organic fertilizer, 40kg of commercial bio-organic fertilizer, 20kg of potassium nitrate, 15kg of diammonium phosphate, 15kg of potassium sulfate, 1.5kg of magnesium sulfate, 0.5kg of borax, 0.5kg of zinc sulfate, and N: P2O5:K2O＝6:7:18
The drug is applied to each mu in contrast: 100g of metalaxyl manganese zinc.
Treating and fertilizing: 0.7kg of tobacco seed oil, 25kg of tobacco seed meal, 50kg of sunflower straw carbide, 25kg of three-stage converted weathered coal, 0.5kg of indigenous bacteria microbial inoculum, 25kg of potassium nitrate, 30kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 22kg of silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, 30kg of mineral potassium, 8kg of potassium sulfate, N: P2O5:K2O＝6:7:18。
Treating the application per mu: treating 1 metalaxyl manganese zinc 0g, treating 2 metalaxyl manganese zinc 25g, treating 3 metalaxyl manganese zinc 50g, treating 4 metalaxyl manganese zinc 75g, treating 5 metalaxyl manganese zinc 100 g.
The test was repeated three times and randomly arranged, and the test results obtained are shown in the following table:
table 2 results of test data of chemical fungicide metalaxyl manganese zinc used for controlling tobacco black shank by applying less pesticide
As can be seen from the above Table 2, the difference between the morbidity and the yield per mu of the control and the treatment 1 is not significant, and the difference between the morbidity and the yield per mu of the control and the treatment 2, 3, 4 and 5 is significant; the differences between treatments 2, 3, 4, 5 were not significant. This indicates that there was no significant difference from the control under the fertilization conditions of the treatments, even treatment 1 without application of metalaxyl manganese zinc; and 25g, 50g, 75g and 100g of metalaxyl manganese zinc are used per mu, compared with a control, the morbidity is obviously reduced, and the yield per mu is obviously increased, so that the application amount of the metalaxyl manganese zinc chemical bactericide pesticide can be reduced by 75-100% by applying the flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer.
Test example 3: test of applying less chemical fungicide zinc thiazole for preventing and controlling tobacco bacterial wilt
Fertilizing per mu in contrast: 20kg of rapeseed cake organic fertilizer, 40kg of commercial bio-organic fertilizer, 20kg of potassium nitrate, 15kg of diammonium phosphate, 15kg of potassium sulfate, 1.5kg of magnesium sulfate, 0.5kg of borax, 0.5kg of zinc sulfate, and N: P2O5:K2O＝6:7:18。
The drug is applied to each mu in contrast: 80mL of zinc thiazole.
Treating and fertilizing: 0.7kg of tobacco seed oil, 25kg of tobacco seed meal, 50kg of sunflower straw carbide, 25kg of three-stage converted weathered coal, 0.5kg of indigenous bacteria microbial inoculum, 25kg of potassium nitrate, 30kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 22kg of silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, 30kg of mineral potassium, 8kg of potassium sulfate, N: P2O5:K2O＝6:7:18。
Treating the application per mu: 0mL of zinc thiazole 1, 16mL of zinc thiazole 2, 32mL of zinc thiazole 3, 64mL of zinc thiazole 4 and 80mL of zinc thiazole 5 were treated.
The test was repeated three times and randomly arranged, and the test results obtained are shown in the following table:
TABLE 3 results of test data for zinc thiazole, a chemical fungicide used for controlling tobacco bacterial wilt by reduced application
| Test number | Incidence (%) | Mu yield value (Yuan/mu) |
| Control | 21a | 3978a |
| Process 1 | 11.4b | 4280b |
| Treatment 2 | 11.1b | 4325b |
| Treatment 3 | 11.7b | 4220b |
| Treatment 4 | 11.6b | 4380b |
| Treatment 5 | 11.4b | 4252b |
As can be seen from Table 3, the level of significant difference in the morbidity and acre yield was observed between the control and each treatment, and the difference was not significant between the treatments. The flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer provided by the invention has a good effect of preventing bacterial wilt, and can completely reduce the application amount of the chemical bactericide thiazole zinc pesticide by 100%.
Test example 4: same-field comparison demonstration of chemical bactericide for comprehensive application reduction control of tobacco root black rot, black shank and bacterial wilt
Fertilizing per mu in contrast: 20kg of rapeseed cake organic fertilizer, 40kg of commercial bio-organic fertilizer, 20kg of potassium nitrate, 15kg of diammonium phosphate, 15kg of potassium sulfate, 1.5kg of magnesium sulfate, 0.5kg of borax, 0.5kg of zinc sulfate, and N: P2O5:K2O＝6:7:18。
The drug is applied to each mu in contrast: 100g of thiophanate methyl, 100g of metalaxyl manganese zinc and 80mL of thiazole zinc.
Treating and fertilizing: 0.7kg of tobacco seed oil, 25kg of tobacco seed meal, 50kg of sunflower straw carbide, 25kg of three-stage converted weathered coal, 0.5kg of indigenous bacteria microbial inoculum, 25kg of potassium nitrate, 30kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 22kg of silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, 30kg of mineral potassium, 8kg of potassium sulfate, N: P2O5:K2O＝6:7:18。
Treating the application per mu: 50g of thiophanate methyl, 25g of metalaxyl manganese zinc and 0mL of zinc thiazole.
The test adopts a method of repeated remote area groups, three demonstration test points are arranged, and the obtained test results are shown in the following table:
TABLE 4 demonstration results of field-by-field comparison of chemical fungicides for comprehensive reduced application control of tobacco root black rot, black shank and bacterial wilt
As can be seen from Table 4 above, at each demonstration point, the incidence of each disease, treatment, was lower than control, acre yield, and treatment was higher than control. Therefore, by adopting the base fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco, the chemical bactericide pesticides for preventing and treating the black rot, the black shank and the bacterial wilt of tobacco roots can be respectively reduced by 50 percent, 75 percent and 100 percent.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes, modifications and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or modification made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer for reducing the application amount of chemical bactericide pesticides is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by dry weight:
0.3-0.8 part of tobacco seed oil, 20-35 parts of tobacco seed meal, 45-65 parts of sunflower straw carbide, 20-30 parts of three-stage conversion weathered coal, 0.3-0.8 part of microbial agent, 20-30 parts of potassium nitrate, 25-40 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 20-25 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer, 25-45 parts of mineral potassium and 5-10 parts of potassium sulfate;
the preparation method of the base fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
when the used potassium nitrate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, mineral potassium and potassium sulfate raw materials are granular, the fertilizer is prepared by adopting a mixing mode, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(11) preparing tobacco seed oil and tobacco seed meal, and uniformly mixing the indigenous bacteria microbial agent with the tobacco seed oil according to the weight part ratio for later use;
(12) preparing sunflower straw carbide and three-stage conversion weathered coal, mixing the tobacco seed meal prepared in the step (11) with the sunflower straw carbide and the three-stage conversion weathered coal, and preparing into particles with the water content of less than 3% by adopting a disc granulation or roller granulation process;
(13) uniformly mixing the granules prepared in the step (12) with granular potassium nitrate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, mineral potassium and potassium sulfate raw materials in a fertilizer mixing device according to the weight part ratio to prepare fertilizer granules;
(14) in an enveloping roller, quantitatively and uniformly spraying the mixture of the tobacco seed oil and the indigenous bacteria microbial inoculum prepared in the step (11) on fertilizer particles according to a certain proportion to obtain the fertilizer;
when the used potassium nitrate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, mineral potassium and potassium sulfate raw materials are powdery, the compound mixing mode is adopted for preparation, and the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(21) preparing tobacco seed oil and tobacco seed meal, and uniformly mixing the indigenous bacteria microbial agent with the tobacco seed oil according to the weight part ratio for later use;
(22) preparing sunflower straw carbide and three-stage conversion weathered coal, uniformly mixing the tobacco seed meal prepared in the step (21) with the sunflower straw carbide, the three-stage conversion weathered coal and powdery potassium nitrate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, silicon calcium potassium magnesium fertilizer, mineral potassium and potassium sulfate in parts by weight, and preparing fertilizer particles with the water content of less than 12% by adopting a disc granulation or roller granulation process;
(23) and (4) in an enveloping roller, quantitatively and uniformly spraying the mixture of the tobacco seed oil and the indigenous bacteria microbial agent prepared in the step (21) on fertilizer particles according to a proportion to obtain the fertilizer.
2. The flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight on a dry basis:
0.7 part of tobacco seed oil, 25 parts of tobacco seed meal, 50 parts of sunflower straw carbide, 25 parts of three-stage type converted weathered coal, 0.5 part of microbial agent, 25 parts of potassium nitrate, 30 parts of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 22 parts of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer, 30 parts of mineral potassium and 8 parts of potassium sulfate.
3. The flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer according to any one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that the water-soluble fulvic acid content in the three-stage converted weathered coal is 35% -40%; the microbial agent is an indigenous bacterium microbial agent and comprises bacillus subtilis and bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
4. The flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer according to claim 1, wherein the three-stage conversion weathered coal is prepared by a three-stage conversion method, and the preparation steps comprise:
step one, physical treatment: crushing weathered coal into powder which is sieved by a 40-80-mesh sieve;
step two, chemical treatment: adding potassium carbonate into the screened weathered coal powder, wherein the weight of the added potassium carbonate accounts for 0.6-10% of the weight of the weathered coal, uniformly mixing, regulating the water content of the mixture to 1-50%, and stacking for 48-72 h, wherein the stacking is carried out once every 12 h;
step three, biological treatment: 6kg/T of indigenous bacteria microbial inoculum containing 200 hundred million/g of bacillus subtilis is added into the weathered coal powder obtained in the step two, and the mixture is stacked and covered for 10-15 days.
5. The flue-cured tobacco base fertilizer as claimed in claim 4, wherein in the first step, the weathered coal is crushed into powder which is sieved by a 60-mesh sieve.
6. The cured tobacco base fertilizer according to claim 1, wherein the tobacco seed oil and the tobacco seed meal are prepared by the following steps: drying tobacco seeds in a self-control thermostat at a low temperature of 40-45 ℃ for 1-1.5 h, and extruding seed oil by a physical squeezing method to obtain tobacco seed oil; the residual residue is the tobacco seed meal, and fermentation treatment is not needed.
7. The cured tobacco base fertilizer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the raw material of the sunflower straw carbide is from the sunflower straw which is farmland waste, and the preparation steps of the carbide are as follows: the sunflower straw is rolled into a section of 10-15 cm and is prepared by adopting a smoldering method.
8. The use of the base fertilizer for flue-cured tobacco as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the base fertilizer is used for reducing the application amount of chemical bactericides used for controlling black rot, black shank and bacterial wilt of tobacco.
9. The application of claim 8, wherein the fertilizing amount of the base fertilizer of the flue-cured tobacco is determined according to a local soil testing formula fertilizing scheme, and the base fertilizer of the flue-cured tobacco is applied to the ridge bottom of flue-cured tobacco planting at one time before ridge forming and then is subjected to flood irrigation once along furrows of the ridge; meanwhile, the amount of chemical bactericides used for preventing and treating the black rot, the black shank and the bacterial wilt of the tobacco, which are specified by a local flue-cured tobacco disease and insect pest comprehensive prevention and treatment scheme, is reduced by 50-100 percent.
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| CN110128197A (en) * | 2019-05-20 | 2019-08-16 | 江西省烟草公司赣州市公司 | A kind of bio-feritlizer and preparation method thereof for preventing and treating tobacco black shank |
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| CN102826923A (en) * | 2012-07-31 | 2012-12-19 | 马鞍山科邦生态肥有限公司 | Special base fertilizer for spring wheat and preparation method thereof |
| CN110128197A (en) * | 2019-05-20 | 2019-08-16 | 江西省烟草公司赣州市公司 | A kind of bio-feritlizer and preparation method thereof for preventing and treating tobacco black shank |
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