CN113070065B - 空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种简便、经济、高效产出单线态氧的空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂及其制备方法。具体步骤如下:将六水硝酸钴、一水葡萄糖、甘油、异丙醇搅拌至溶解成均一溶液;混合物转入反应釜中进行高温反应即得具有表面富含纳米片的空心无定型钴碳化物。将制得的空心无定型钴碳化物作为催化剂应用于异相Fenton高级氧化反应中,可以高效产物单线态氧,实现在复杂水样中高效降解水中抗生素污染物。本发明原料成本低,制作步骤简单,克服常规Fenton反应需要调节pH为酸性的缺点,有利于实际应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种简便、经济、高效产出单线态氧的空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂及其制备方法,该催化剂能高效活化过氧化氢,产生单线态氧,实现在复杂水样中对四环素类抗生素的高效降解,属于环境保护及水处理的技术领域。
背景技术
抗生素是一类由微生物或高等动植物产生的具有抗病原体和其他活性的次级代谢产物,在医疗和养殖领域被广泛使用。抗生素在人畜体内代谢率极低,大多以原药(大于70%)或活性代谢产物的形式排出,而目前尚无针对抗生素的环境质量和排放标准,导致大量抗生素废水得不到有效处理,水体中残留的抗生素日益增多。随着抗生素在水体中迁移转化,其抗菌活性和功能性基团对水生微生物和动植物的生长、发育造成显著影响。此外,抗生素能通过食物链进入人体,引发毒性损伤、过敏反应和“三致”效应(致癌、致畸和致突变),对人体健康产生严重威胁。四环素类抗生素如土霉素是目前畜牧养殖领域使用最多的一类抗生素。近年来,在自然水体中,甚至在居民的饮用水中也有检测出土霉素残留,其潜在危害不容忽视。因此,寻求一种成本低廉、制备方法简单、催化性能优越的催化剂来降解水中的土霉素显得十分重要。
有机废水的处理方法主要有生物降解、物化处理和高级氧化技术等,原理和效果各不相同。异相类Fenton是高级氧化技术的典型代表,主要通过固相催化剂活化过氧化氢产生活性氧物种,将大分子的有机物降解成为低毒或无毒的小分子物质,最终矿化成为二氧化碳、水和无机盐。目前,异相类Fenton技术是以自由基为主,主要以羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基为主的反应体系。虽然自由基的氧化性强,但是由于其对水中常见的干扰物质,如无机阴离子(Cl-、HCO3 -、NO3 -和HPO4 2-等)和天然有机物(腐殖酸、黄腐酸等)不具有抗性,因此氧化容量易受削弱。单线态氧是一种亲电子物种,对于富电子的难降解有机物具有选择性优先降解的能力。然而在一般的Fenton体系中,单线态氧产生的效率低。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种新型的空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂,通过其高效活化氧化剂如双氧水等产生单线态氧,实现对目标污染物的高效降解。
本发明所述的空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂,其为介孔球状结构,表面堆叠不同数目以及密集程度的纳米片,粒径为400-1000nm,比表面积为100-600m2/g,平均孔隙为5-10nm。
本发明所述的空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂制备方法,可包括以下步骤:
(1)将钴盐、一水葡萄糖、甘油加入异丙醇中搅拌溶解;
(2)将上述获得的溶液转移至反应釜中,于160-200℃反应4-8h,后处理即可。
上述所述的制备方法中,优选的,步骤(1)中的钴盐包括但不限于钴的硝酸盐、硫酸盐、盐酸盐及其水合物等等,优选的可以是钴的硝酸盐尤其是六水硝酸钴。
上述所述的制备方法中,优选的,步骤(1)中所述的钴盐、一水葡萄糖物质的量比为1-4:1,更优选3:1;所述的钴盐、一水葡萄糖、甘油和异丙醇的量可以选择分别为0.23~1mmol、0.23-0.26mmol、15-20mL和60-100mL;再优选的钴盐、一水葡萄糖、甘油和异丙醇的量可以分别为0.25~1mmol、0.25mmol、16mL和80mL。
上述所述的制备方法中,优选的,步骤(2)于180-190℃反应5-6h。
上述所述的制备方法中,优选的,步骤(2)所述后处理是将反应产物用水和乙醇分别洗涤三遍,之后于50-80℃干燥8-16h。
本发明所述的空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂可在降解水中四环素类抗生素中应用,其中,所述四环素类抗生素包括但不限于土霉素、四环素、强力霉素、金霉素及其衍生物。
上述所述的应用,可采用下述具体的方法步骤:将空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂均匀分散在含有无机阴离子和天然有机物的待处理水样中,加入氧化剂进行降解反应,完成后催化剂过滤回收。
上述所述的应用中,反应完成后,催化剂过滤回收,再洗涤烘干则可重复使用。
上述所述的应用中,所述氧化剂优选为过氧化氢,所述待处理水体pH值优选为3-9,更优选6-8,最优选7。本发明克服了常规Fenton反应需要调节pH为酸性的缺点,有利于实际应用。传统Fenton反应的最佳反应pH一般在3~5。
本发明将空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂均匀分散在含常见无机阴离子和天然有机物的土霉素的待处理水样中,加入过氧化氢作为氧化剂,在摇床中180rpm水浴反应,降解时间为10-30min。反应完成后,催化剂过滤回收,再洗涤、烘干,重复使用;优选的,所述待处理的水体pH值为7,适合实际水体,无需进一步调节。
上述所述的应用中,所述待处理水体含有无机阴离子和天然有机物,无机阴离子包括但不限于Cl-、HCO3 -、NO3 -和HPO4 2-,天然有机物包括但不限于腐殖酸和黄腐酸。无机阴离子和天然有机物是干扰物质,干扰物质会消耗催化剂和H2O2反应产生的活性氧,造成目标污染物去除率降低。
本发明所提供的空心无定型钴碳化物可用于高效产生单线态氧选择性降解水中土霉素,反应体系的主要活性氧物种是单线态氧,而不是自由基。
本发明所述待处理的水体pH值可以为7,适合实际水体,无需进一步调节。
本发明的空心无定型的钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂制备简单(经由一步溶剂热法制得空心无定型的钴碳化物)、成本低廉、易于回收,本发明中的钴盐和表面含氧官能团形成的配位键Metal-O-C/H,能够降低过氧化氢向单线态氧转化的反应能垒,促进了单线态氧的产生,可高效去除废水中的土霉素残留。
本发明所得催化剂是一种空心无定型结构,比表面积远超一般块体材料(超过100m2/g),材料表面存在不同程度的介孔纳米片,有利于吸附降解污染物,并为降解反应提供场所。
本发明通过材料内部的电子循环≡Co2+-O-C/H和≡Co3+-O-C/H,降低了过氧化氢向单线态氧转化的反应能垒,能够高效生成单线态氧,实现在复杂水样体系中快速选择性降解四环素类抗生素尤其土霉素的目的,无需调节污染水的酸碱度,简化反应步骤,也大大降低使用成本。
附图说明
图1为本发明制备出的4种空心无定型钴碳化物扫描电镜图,Co/C-1~4分别是六水硝酸钴和一水葡萄糖摩尔比例分别为1:1,2:1,3:1和4:1。合成的钴碳化物形貌规整完好。
图2为本发明专利方法下,制备出的4种空心无定型钴碳化物透射电镜图(a-d)元素mapping图(e-h),用于观察本专利方法下合成的催化剂的微观形貌。
图3(a)为在本发明专利方法下制备出的4种空心无定型钴碳化物X射线衍射图,图谱显示合成的钴碳化物均为无定型结构,18°附近宽而强的特征峰对应无定形碳,34.14°和61.53°附近的特征峰,分别对应于CoO的(111)和Co(OH)2的(111)晶面。图3(b)为本发明制备出的空心无定型钴碳化物的傅里叶红外光谱图,图中可以看出995和528cm-1分别对应于δ(Co-OH)和ρw(Co-O)振动,且在700-1600cm-1存在丰富的碳谱,如:γ(CO3)/C-O,1388cm-1;δ(CO3)和δ(OCO),802cm-1,有利于形成Co-O-C配位键。
图4为本发明专利方法下,制备出的4种空心无定型钴碳化物活化双氧水降解土霉素的效果图,Co/C-3性能最优。
图5为空心无定型钴碳化物Co/C-3在不同pH、常见阴离子、天然有机物和实际水样中降解土霉素的效果图。降解表现无明显差异,该材料表现出了很高的抗干扰能力及对土霉素等有机物的降解选择性。
图6为Co/C-3+H2O2体系活性氧检测结果。图6(a)为超氧自由基,随着时间变化,超氧自由基在逐渐减弱;图6(b)为单线态氧,与超氧自由基不同,其强度在增强,结果表明单线态氧是该反应体系的主要活性氧物种。DMPO检测超氧;TEMP检测单线态氧。
图7为Co/C-3空心无定型钴碳化物扫描电镜图(a)、透射电镜图(b)、元素mapping图(c,d,e)以及EDS图(f)。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体的实施例对本发明做进一步阐述,但本发明的实质内容并不仅限于下述实施例所述。所述方法如无特别说明均为常规方法,所述材料如无特殊说明均能从公开商业途径获得,本领域内的技术人员应当知晓任何基于本发明实质内容的简单变换,或替代均属于本发明所要求的保护范围。
下述实施例中,采用FEI-Quanta 200型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、JEM-2010型透射电镜(TEM)表征催化剂的形貌及元素分布,使用PANalytical X射线衍射仪表征材料的晶型及结构特征,使用Thermo Nicolet 8700对催化剂进行表面化学组分进行分析,使用BrukerEMX plus 10/12测试体系中产生的活性氧物种,使用安捷伦1220型高效液相色谱检测处理水样中的土霉素的浓度。
实施例1
步骤1:先取80mL异丙醇,依次加入0.75mmol六水硝酸钴,0.25mmol一水葡萄糖,16mL甘油,混合溶液搅拌0.5h,转速为600~800rpm,得到深紫色溶液。
步骤2:将上述深紫色溶液转移到150mL反应釜,于180℃反应6h,所得产物用水和乙醇分别清洗三遍,之后60℃烘干12h,得到空心无定型钴碳化物Co/C-3类Fenton催化剂。
上述Co/C-3催化剂经扫描和透射电镜表征形貌和元素分布,可以看出明显的空心结构并且表面有大量的褶皱状纳米片,钴、碳、氧三种元素分布均匀;且比例为12.45:40.34:47.21。通过X射线衍射仪可以确认其无定型的物相状态,钴在材料中没有形成明显的结晶;傅里叶红外光谱显示该材料中可能存在Co-O-C配位作用,具备很强的活性。Co/C-3+H2O2体系活性氧检测结果表面单线态氧是该反应体系的主要活性氧物种。
上述Co/C-3类Fenton催化剂应用于水中土霉素的降解:土霉素水样配制,溶剂水取自安徽省合肥市董铺水库,水样中土霉素浓度配制为20mg/L,无机阴离子Cl-、HCO3 -、NO3 -和HPO4 2-的浓度均配制为10mg/L,天然有机物腐殖酸(FA)和黄腐酸(HA)的浓度均配制为10mg/L,pH值调为7。称取实施例1制备的催化剂10mg,加入到50mL上述土霉素水样中,再加入100μL的质量分数为30%的H2O2,在25℃条件下,在摇床中充分震荡反应,按一定的时间间隔取样过滤检测水溶液中的土霉素含量,反应30min即可去除90%以上的污染物,且干扰因素对其无明显影响。
实施例2
步骤1:先取80mL异丙醇,依次加入0.25mmol六水硝酸钴,0.25mmol一水葡萄糖,16mL甘油,混合溶液搅拌0.5小时,转速为600~800rpm,得到淡紫色溶液。
步骤2:将上述淡紫色溶液转移到150mL反应釜,于180℃反应6h,所得产物用水和乙醇分别清洗三遍,之后60℃烘干12h,得到空心无定型钴碳化物Co/C-1类Fenton催化剂。
上述Co/C-1催化剂经扫描和透射电镜表征形貌和元素分布,可以看出明显的空心结构,表面较为光滑,钴、碳、氧三种元素分布均匀;且比例为8.89:51.15:39.96。通过X射线衍射仪可以确认其无定型的物相状态。傅里叶红外光谱显示该材料中可能存在Co-O-C配位作用,具备很强的活性。Co/C-1+H2O2体系活性氧检测结果表面单线态氧是该反应体系的主要活性氧物种。
上述Co/C-1类Fenton催化剂应用于水中土霉素的降解:土霉素水样配制同实施方案1。称取实施例2制备的催化剂10mg,加入到50mL上述土霉素水样中,再加入100μL的质量分数为30%的H2O2,在25℃条件下,在摇床中充分震荡反应,按一定的时间间隔取样过滤检测水溶液中的土霉素含量,反应30min即可去除61%以上的污染物,且干扰因素对其无明显影响。
实施例3
步骤1:先取80mL异丙醇,依次加入0.50mmol六水硝酸钴,0.25mmol一水葡萄糖,16mL甘油,混合溶液搅拌0.5h,转速为600~800rpm,得到紫色溶液。
步骤2:将上述紫色溶液转移到150mL反应釜,于180℃反应6h,所得产物用水和乙醇分别清洗三遍,之后60℃烘干12h,得到空心无定型钴碳化物Co/C-2类Fenton催化剂。
上述Co/C-2催化剂经扫描和透射电镜表征形貌和元素分布,可以看出明显的空心结构并且表面有少量的褶皱状纳米片,钴、碳、氧三种元素分布均匀;且比例为10.33:41.49:48.18。通过X射线衍射仪可以确认其无定型的物相状态,钴在材料中没有形成明显的结晶。傅里叶红外光谱显示该材料中可能存在Co-O-C配位作用,具备很强的活性。Co/C-2+H2O2体系活性氧检测结果表面单线态氧是该反应体系的主要活性氧物种。
上述Co/C-2催化剂应用于水中土霉素的降解:土霉素水样配制同实施方案1。称取实施例3制备的催化剂10mg,加入到50mL上述土霉素水样中,再加入100μL的质量分数为30%的H2O2,在25℃条件下,在摇床中充分震荡反应,按一定的时间间隔取样过滤检测水溶液中的土霉素含量,反应30min即可去除75%以上的污染物,且干扰因素对其无明显影响。
实施例4
步骤1:先取80mL异丙醇,依次加入1.00mmol六水硝酸钴,0.25mmol一水葡萄糖,16mL甘油,混合溶液搅拌0.5h,转速为600~800rpm,得到暗紫色溶液。
步骤2:将上述暗紫色溶液转移到150mL反应釜,于180℃反应6h,所得产物用水和乙醇分别清洗三遍,之后60℃烘干12h,得到空心无定型钴碳化物Co/C-4类Fenton催化剂。
上述Co/C-4催化剂经扫描和透射电镜表征形貌和元素分布,可以看出明显的空心结构并且表面有密集堆叠的褶皱状纳米片,钴、碳、氧三种元素分布均匀;且比例为12.45:40.34:47.21。通过X射线衍射仪可以确认其无定型的物相状态,钴在材料中没有形成明显的结晶。傅里叶红外光谱显示该材料中可能存在Co-O-C配位作用,具备很强的活性。Co/C-4+H2O2体系活性氧检测结果表面单线态氧是该反应体系的主要活性氧物种。
上述Co/C-4催化剂应用于水中土霉素的降解:土霉素水样配制同实施方案1。称取实施例4制备的催化剂10mg,加入到50mL上述土霉素水样中,再加入100μL的质量分数为30%的H2O2,在25℃条件下,在摇床中充分震荡反应,按一定的时间间隔取样过滤检测水溶液中的土霉素含量,反应30min即可去除70%以上的污染物,且干扰因素对其无明显影响。
应当说明的是,本发明的上述所述之技术内容仅为使本领域技术人员能够获知本发明技术实质而进行的解释与阐明,故所述之技术内容并非用以限制本发明的实质保护范围。本发明的实质保护范围应以权利要求书所述之为准。本领域技术人员应当知晓,凡基于本发明的实质精神所作出的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应在本发明的实质保护范围之内。
Claims (6)
1.一种空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂在降解水中四环素类抗生素中的应用,其特征在于,采用下述方法步骤:将空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂均匀分散在含有无机阴离子和天然有机物的待处理水样中,加入氧化剂进行降解反应,完成后催化剂过滤回收;所述四环素类抗生素包括土霉素、四环素、强力霉素、金霉素及其衍生物中的至少一种;所述氧化剂为过氧化氢;所述无机阴离子包括Cl-、HCO3 -、NO3 -和HPO4 2-中的至少一种,所述天然有机物为腐殖酸和黄腐酸中的至少一种;
所述空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂,其为介孔球状结构,表面堆叠纳米片,粒径为400-1000 nm,比表面积为100-600 m2/g,平均孔隙为5-10 nm,其表面有大量的褶皱状纳米片,钴、碳、氧三种元素分布均匀,钴在材料中没有形成明显的结晶;所述的空心无定型钴碳化物类Fenton催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将钴盐、一水葡萄糖、甘油加入异丙醇中搅拌溶解;所述钴盐为六水硝酸钴;所述的钴盐、一水葡萄糖物质的量比为1-4:1;
(2)将获得的溶液转移至反应釜中,于160-200 ℃反应4-8 h,后处理即可。
2.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,步骤(2)于180-190 ℃反应5-6 h。
3.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,步骤(2)所述后处理是将反应产物用水和乙醇分别洗涤三遍,之后于50-80 ℃干燥8-16 h。
4.如权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于,所述待处理水样pH值为3-9。
5.如权利要求4所述的应用,其特征在于,所述待处理水样pH值为6-8。
6.如权利要求4所述的应用,其特征在于,所述待处理水样pH值为7。
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