CN112913599A - Method for improving utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in field growth process of summer corn - Google Patents
Method for improving utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in field growth process of summer corn Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the field growth process of summer corn, which comprises the steps of sowing, managing after sowing and managing before blooming, wherein the sowing is carried out in autumn, ploughing is carried out, a plough bottom layer is broken, and ploughing, leveling and harrowing are carried out after ploughing; the sowing density is 7-8 ten thousand plants/hm2The plant spacing is 0.5-0.7 m, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm. According to the method, the nitrogen fertilizer is reasonably operated at the corresponding growth stage of the corn, the specific additive is added, the absorption and utilization of the corn to the nitrogen are improved, the yield of the corn is improved without reducing the nitrogen application amount, the metabolism of the corn to the nitrogen is promoted, the conversion and synthesis of chlorophyll are promoted, the photosynthesis efficiency and the nutrient utilization efficiency are effectively improved, and the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate can reach about 30%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of corn cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for improving utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in field growth of summer corn.
Background
Corn is one of the main food crops in China, nitrogen is one of a large number of nutrient elements necessary for the growth and development of crops, participates in various metabolic processes in plants in various forms, is a component of a plurality of important organic compounds in the plants, and has important influence on the growth and development of the crops and the formation of yield. The nitrogen fertilizer is applied to promote the growth of plants, participate in the photosynthesis phosphorylation and the synthesis and the operation of carbohydrate in the photosynthesis, promote the operation and the metabolism of nitrogen in the plants, improve the nitrogen efficiency and enhance the stress resistance of the plants.
With the large amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer in the corn production process, the field production cost is obviously increased, the yield increasing effect of the nitrogen fertilizer is not obviously improved in recent years, and the utilization rate of the corn in season nitrogen fertilizer in China has a larger gap with the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer in developed agricultural countries. The excessive nitrogen application brings a plurality of environmental problems such as greenhouse effect, soil acidification, groundwater pollution and the like, which requires that the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is reduced on the premise of ensuring the yield in the corn production. Under the condition of limited corn planting area at present, cost saving and efficiency increasing in corn production are bound to be enhanced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a method for improving the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the field growth process of summer corn, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, sowing: a. in autumn, ploughing, breaking the plough bottom layer, and dragging, leveling and harrowing after ploughing; b. the method adopts a mechanical sowing mode, and covers soil after single or double summer corn seeds are sown; the sowing density is 7-8 ten thousand plants/hm2The plant spacing is 0.5-0.7 m, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm;
step 2, management after sowing: spraying and irrigating covering water in time after sowing to ensure the germination rate and ensure normal seedling emergence; when the soil surface is dry, spraying pesticide and herbicide for sealing treatment;
step 3, management before flowering: urea is applied after the corn is in the large horn mouth period, soil covering treatment is carried out after the urea is applied, water is timely irrigated, and the loss of nitrogen fertilizer is reduced.
According to the method for improving the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer in the field growth process of the summer corn, the planting requirement of the summer corn in the step 1 is as follows: sowing single or double seeds in the field, and reserving an observation channel with the width of 80 cm; the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are used as base fertilizers to be applied at one time before sowing, and the application rates are respectively 100kg/hm2 P2O5And 100kg/hm2 K2O, basic application of a nitrogen fertilizer in a ratio of 5:5 and additional application in a large-horn-mouth period are carried out twice; the field management is performed according to a field management method and mainly comprises sowing, irrigation, weeding, intertillage ridging, pest control and harvesting.
According to the method for improving the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer in the field growth process of the summer corn, the step 1 of selecting the summer corn seeds comprises the following steps: selecting high-purity, well-growing and plump corn, and picking the seeds for later use.
According to the method for improving the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer in the field growth process of summer corn, the management after sowing in the step 2 comprises the following steps: the seeds germinate, when the seedlings grow to be clover-core, the urea is used as a nitrogen source fertilizer for ditching and fertilizing, the application amount is 16.3 kg/mu, and the nitrification inhibitor is mixed with the urea according to the use amount of 1.5 kg/mu and then applied to the soil.
According to the method for improving the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer in the field growth process of summer corn, the management before flowering in the step 3 comprises the following steps: and (3) growing seedlings, dressing urea in a large-horn mouth period of the corn at an application amount of 16.3 kg/mu, and covering soil after the urea is applied.
According to the method for improving the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer in the field growth process of the summer corn, the weeding is closed in time after the seeding, and the weeding and the pesticide spraying are carried out in an intertillage mode at proper time in the growth period of the corn to prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests.
Compared with the prior art, the invention can obtain the following technical effects:
the method of the invention reasonably operates the nitrogen fertilizer in the corresponding growth stage of the corn, increases the application of the nitrogen fertilizer additive, is beneficial to improving the absorption and utilization amount of the corn to the nitrogen, does not reduce and improve the corn yield when reducing the nitrogen application amount, and simultaneously can promote the metabolism of the corn to the nitrogen, and the utilization rate of the nitrogen fertilizer can reach about 30 percent.
Of course, it is not necessary for any one product in which the invention is practiced to achieve all of the above-described technical effects simultaneously.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the effect of different nitrogen treatments on SPAD values of functional leaves of corn in different growth periods;
FIG. 2a is a graph showing the effect of different nitrogen treatments on the activity of NR enzymes in the maize pollen rear ear position leaves;
FIG. 2b is a graph showing the effect of different nitrogen treatments on GS enzyme activity of maize pollen rear ear position leaves;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of different nitrogen treatments on the content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in soil in a soil plough layer after fertilization;
FIG. 4a effect of different nitrogen treatments on dry matter weight of maize plants at maturity;
FIG. 4b effect of different nitrogen treatments on the dry matter distribution ratio of maize plants at maturity;
FIG. 5a effect of different nitrogen treatments on the accumulation of nitrogen in corn at different growth stages;
FIG. 5b effect of different nitrogen treatments on nitrogen partitioning during the mature period of maize of different growth periods.
Detailed Description
The following embodiments are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, so that how to implement the technical features of the present invention to solve the technical problems and achieve the technical effects can be fully understood and implemented.
The invention discloses a method for improving the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the field growth process of summer corn, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, sowing: a. in autumn, ploughing, breaking the plough bottom layer, and dragging, leveling and harrowing after ploughing; b. the method adopts a mechanical sowing mode, and covers soil after single or double summer corn seeds are sown; the sowing density is 7-8 ten thousand plants/hm 2, the plant spacing is 0.5-0.7 m, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm;
step 2, management after sowing: spraying and irrigating covering water in time after sowing to ensure the germination rate and ensure normal seedling emergence; when the soil surface is dry, spraying pesticide and herbicide for sealing treatment;
step 3, management before flowering: urea is applied after the corn is in the large horn mouth period, soil covering treatment is carried out after the urea is applied, water is timely irrigated, and the loss of nitrogen fertilizer is reduced.
The planting requirements of summer corn in the step 1 are as follows: sowing single or double seeds in the field, and reserving an observation channel with the width of 80 cm; the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are used as base fertilizers to be applied at one time before sowing, and the application rates are respectively 100kg/hm2 P2O5And 100kg/hm2 K2O, basic application of a nitrogen fertilizer in a ratio of 5:5 and additional application in a large-horn-mouth period are carried out twice; the field management is performed according to a field management method, and mainly comprises sowing, irrigation, weeding, intertillage ridging, pest control and harvesting; step 1, selection of summer corn seeds: selecting high-purity, well-growing and plump corn, and picking the seeds for later use.
And (3) managing after sowing in step 2: the seeds germinate, when the seedlings grow to be clover-core, the urea is used as a nitrogen source fertilizer for ditching and fertilizing, the application amount is 16.3 kg/mu, and the nitrification inhibitor is mixed with the urea according to the use amount of 1.5 kg/mu and then applied to the soil.
Pre-anthesis management in step 3: and (3) growing seedlings, dressing urea in a large-horn mouth period of the corn at an application amount of 16.3 kg/mu, and covering soil after the urea is applied. And (3) weeding in a closed manner in time after sowing, and intertilling and weeding in good time and spraying pesticides to prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests in the growth period of the corn.
According to the method, different nitrogen fertilizer application reduction levels are set, a specific novel nitrification inhibitor is added, and a Dow Yinong product, namely 'companion' is used as a reference, the change of the growth period and the agronomic characters of the corn under each treatment is researched, the difference of physiological indexes of leaves is analyzed, the biological yield, the economic yield and the nitrogen utilization efficiency of the corn are evaluated, and further the appropriate nitrogen application amount in the corn planting and the application effect of adding the novel nitrification inhibitor are discussed.
Firstly, cell test:
1. design of experiments
The test site is a Henan modern agriculture research and development base (Yuanyang) of agricultural science institute of Henan province, and the test adopts a single-factor random block design and totally 8 treatments, including a normal fertilizer application level (N100%); the application reduction nitrogen fertilizer is 10% + "novel nitrification inhibitor" (N-10% + novel nitrification inhibitor); reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer by 10 percent (N-10 percent); reduced application of nitrogen fertilizer 20% + "novel nitrification inhibitor" (N-20% + novel nitrification inhibitor); reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer by 20 percent (N-20 percent); reduced application of nitrogen fertilizer 20% + "energy concomitance" (N-20% + energy mixing); 30 percent of nitrogen fertilizer application reduction plus 'a novel nitrification inhibitor' (N-30 percent plus the novel nitrification inhibitor); 30 percent of nitrogen fertilizer application reduction (N-30 percent). Each treatment was repeated 3 times, with a planting density of 4500 plants/acre, 8 rows of area, 5m row length, and 1.2m inter-plot distance. The fat-reducing test needs to avoid the interference among groups, and the distance between each repeated cell is more than 0.8 m. The test time is 2019.6.15-2019.9.27, and the test time is 2020.6.4-in 2020.
Before the test, a soil foundation sample is collected by adopting an S curve method, and a foundation value is measured, wherein the basic chemical properties of the soil foundation sample are as follows: 0.46mg/kg of total nitrogen, 62.7mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, 36.8mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 172.49mg/kg of quick-acting potassium, 5.37% of organic matters and pH 8.46.
2. Test materials and methods of application
The test varieties are: zhengdan 958;
fertilizing amount: 15kgN-8kgP2O5-8kgK2O/mu, 1.5 kg/mu of the novel nitrification inhibitor and 170 mL/mu of the mixing energy.
The fertilizing method comprises the following steps: urea (46%), calcium superphosphate (12%) and potassium sulfate (52%) are used as N, P and K source fertilizers. The nitrogen fertilizer is applied twice in a base application and a large-horn-mouth period according to the ratio of 5: 5. The phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are calcium superphosphate and potassium sulfate, and are uniformly applied to soil once before sowing. Note that: the novel nitrification inhibitor and the energy tracing inhibitor are mixed with urea evenly and then applied to soil.
And (3) field management measures: consistent with local field production, each field management measure is completed in the same day. And recording daily temperature change and rainfall conditions during the test, and simultaneously making pest and disease prevention measures.
Measurement items: growth period, plant height, ear position height, tassel length, tassel branch number, SPAD in different growth periods, ear position leaf NR and GS enzyme activity, dry matter weight, nitrogen content, yield and other composition factors.
In order to examine the influence of the two synergists on the nitrogen transport of soil, 0 (the same day as fertilization), 5, 10, 15, 25, 40 and 70 days after fertilization and a harvest period, 0-30cm mixed soil samples (3 repeated mixed soil samples) are respectively taken in normal nitrogen treatment, 20% of nitrogen fertilizer application reduction treatment and 20% of novel nitrification inhibitor application treatment, 20% of nitrogen fertilizer application reduction treatment and energy tracing treatment, and the contents of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen are immediately measured after the mixed soil samples are taken.
3. Test results (2019):
3.1 Effect on growth period and plant type
As can be seen from Table 1, the difference between the treatments was not significant, and in summary, the days required for emasculation, powdering and spinning in the treatment with N-30% + the novel nitrification inhibitor were relatively long, 51.3d, 53.3d and 53.0d, respectively. Plant height, ear height, tassel length and tassel branch number were not significantly different between treatments, and averaged 263.2cm, 128.1cm, 29.9cm and 14.1.
TABLE 1 Effect of different nitrogenous fertilizer treatments on the growth period and plant type of maize
3.2 Effect on physiological indices
As can be seen in fig. 1, leaf SPAD increased significantly with increasing growth period, reaching a maximum (61.8) at 20d postanthesis, and then decreased significantly. Along with the prolongation of the growth period, the SPAD of the leaves is higher under the treatment of N100 percent, and the SPAD is higher under the treatment of N-10 percent + the novel nitrification inhibitor in the later stage of grouting.
FIG. 2 shows that leaf NR and GS enzyme activities during corn grain filling are maximal at 20d postanthesis (669.3 and 659.0U/L), and then decrease significantly. In each treatment room, the NR and GS enzyme activities are highest under the treatment of N-20% + novel nitrification inhibitor, the later decline trend is gentle, and then the treatment of N100% and N-10% + novel nitrification inhibitor is carried out.
3.3 Effect on soil mineral Nitrogen
After fertilization, along with the advance of the growth period, the NO3- -N and Nmin contents of the soil of the corn plough layer are inconsistent, and approximately expressed as N100% > N-20% + energy mixing > N-20% + novel nitrification inhibitor (figure 3).
3.4 Effect on Dry matter and Nitrogen accumulation and partitioning
As can be seen from FIG. 4, the dry matter weight of the plants at maturity is about 269.6 g/plant on average, and the stem, leaf, sheath, cob, bract and kernel are 38.4, 34.9, 16.1, 18.2, 11.8 and 150.3 g/plant, respectively, accounting for 14.2%, 12.9%, 5.9%, 6.7%, 4.4% and 55.9%, respectively. Each treatment is characterized in that the weight of stems, leaves, sheaths and seeds is N-20% + the weight of the novel nitrification inhibitor is higher, the weight of the stems, leaves, sheaths and seeds is N-10% + the weight of the novel nitrification inhibitor, the mixing energy of the cob and bracts is the highest and is N-30% the lowest.
As can be seen from FIG. 5a, the accumulation of nitrogen in the plant increases with the growth period, and reaches the maximum in the mature period. The nitrogen accumulation amount treated by N100 percent, N-10 percent + novel nitrification inhibitor and N-10 percent is the highest in the early growth period, the nitrogen accumulation increasing rate is higher when the N-20 percent + novel nitrification inhibitor is used for treating nitrogen from 10 days after flowers, the nitrogen accumulation amount reaches 3.29 g/plant at the highest in the mature period, the nitrogen accumulation amount treated by N-100 percent and N-10 percent + novel nitrification inhibitor is higher, and the nitrogen accumulation amount treated by N-30 percent in the whole growth period is lower. Fig. 5b shows that nitrogen accumulation in mature stem, leaf, sheath, cob, bract and kernel account for 9.7%, 17.3%, 3.2%, 2.6%, 4.1% and 63.0% of plants, respectively. The nitrogen harvest index was highest with the N-30% treatment, averaging about 66.1%, and lowest with the N-20% + novel nitrification inhibitor treatment (57.0%).
3.5 Effect on yield and its composition
Table 2 shows the corn kernel yield and its constituent factor variation under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments. It can be seen that in each treatment, the seed yield is the highest with the treatment of N-20% + the novel nitrification inhibitor, N-20% + the energy mixing, N-10% + the novel nitrification inhibitor and N100%, and the average is about 10.8t/hm2N-30% is the lowest 9.0t/hm2. The main sources of yield variation are the number of lines and thousand kernel weight. The higher yield of the process has higher line grain number or thousand grain weight.
TABLE 2 Effect of different nitrogenous fertilizer treatments on corn grain yield and composition factors
Table 3 shows the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency of corn. It can be seen that in each treatment, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and the agricultural efficiency are N-20% + the novel nitrification inhibitor is the highest, the physiological efficiency and the partial productivity are N-30% + the novel nitrification inhibitor is the highest, and in a comprehensive view, the nitrogen utilization rate is N-20% + the novel nitrification inhibitor is the highest.
3.6 Effect on Nitrogen utilization
TABLE 3 Effect of different nitrogenous fertilizer treatments on the nitrogenous fertilizer utilization efficiency of maize
4. Conclusion
Compared with normal nitrogen treatment, add novel nitrification inhibitor after nitrogen fertilizer subtracts application 10%, the SPAD and the chlorophyll leaf performance index of maize growth later stage blade do not have and show and reduce, nitrogen fertilizer subtracts application 20% and adds novel nitrification inhibitor and shows higher nitrogen metabolism enzyme NR and GS activity, stem and leaf dry matter are heavy, seed grain output and nitrogen fertilizer utilization ratio, therefore can speculate, in this experimental area, nitrogen fertilizer subtracts application 20% and adds novel nitrification inhibitor, can guarantee the nitrogen utilization of maize growth later stage, maintain middle and later stage chlorophyll content and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity, coordinate the absorption of each organ of maize to the nitrogen, operation and distribution, reach high yield efficient target. The test result is only responsible for the sample to be tested.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The above-described embodiments of the invention are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims, and not by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
Claims (6)
1. A method for improving the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the field growth process of summer corn is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, sowing: a. in autumn, ploughing, breaking the plough bottom layer, and dragging, leveling and harrowing after ploughing; b. adopting a mechanical sowing mode, sowing summer corn seeds in a single or double seed mode, and then covering soil; the sowing density is 7-8 ten thousand plants/hm2The plant spacing is 0.5-0.7 m, and the sowing depth is 3-5 cm;
step 2, management after sowing: spraying water on the head in a sprinkling irrigation mode in time after sowing to ensure the germination rate and promote normal seedling emergence; when the soil surface is slightly dry, spraying pesticide and herbicide for sealing treatment;
step 3, management before flowering: urea is applied after the corn is in the large horn mouth period, soil covering treatment is carried out after the urea is applied, water is timely irrigated, and the loss of nitrogen fertilizer is reduced.
2. The method for improving nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency in field growth of summer corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 1, summer corn is usedThe planting requirements of rice are as follows: sowing single or double seeds in the field, and reserving an observation channel with the width of 80 cm; the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are used as base fertilizers to be applied at one time before sowing, and the application rates are respectively 100kg/hm2 P2O5And 100kg/hm2 K2O, applying the nitrogen fertilizer in a base application and a large-horn-mouth stage for two times according to the proportion of 5: 5; the field management is performed according to a field management method and mainly comprises sowing, irrigation, weeding, intertillage ridging, pest control and harvesting.
3. The method for improving nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency in summer corn field growth process according to claim 1, characterized in that, step 1, summer corn seed selection: selecting high-purity, well-growing and plump corn, and picking the seeds for later use.
4. The method for improving the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the field growth process of summer corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein the management after seeding in step 2: the seeds germinate, when the seedlings grow to be clover-core, the urea is used as a nitrogen source fertilizer for ditching and fertilizing, the application amount is 16.3 kg/mu, and the additive is mixed with the urea according to the use amount of 1.5 kg/mu and then applied to the soil.
5. The method for improving nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency in summer corn field growth according to claim 1, wherein the management before flowering in step 3: when the corn grows to a large flare period, dressing urea with the application amount of 16.3 kg/mu, and performing soil covering treatment after the urea is applied.
6. The method for improving the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in the field growth process of summer corn as claimed in claim 2, wherein the closed weeding is carried out in time after the sowing, and the weeding and the pesticide spraying are carried out in a intertillage mode at proper time during the growth period of the corn to prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests.
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