CN106797798B - Simple cultivation method for directly seeding short-season cotton in open field in coastal saline-alkali land - Google Patents
Simple cultivation method for directly seeding short-season cotton in open field in coastal saline-alkali land Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a simplified cultivation method for directly seeding short-season cotton in open field in coastal saline-alkali soil. The method adopts the measures of high-quality short-season cotton variety irrigation for soil moisture formation, mechanical soil displacement for establishing a seedbed, open-field precision seeding, combination of quick-acting fertilizer and slow-release fertilizer with one-time fertilization, chemical capping, centralized flower collection and the like, establishes a new cultivation mode, can effectively reduce physicochemical and manual investment on the basis of reducing salt damage and ensuring normal emergence of cotton and yield formation, reduces pesticide and residual film pollution, and improves the comprehensive benefit of cotton planting.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for cultivating cotton in coastal saline-alkali soil, in particular to a cultivation method for replacing mulching planting of spring cotton with short-season cotton directly sowed in open field at night by utilizing the characteristic of short-season cotton growth period.
Background
Spring cotton varieties are generally planted in first-maturing cotton fields in coastal saline-alkali lands of yellow river delta, and the current cultivation technology comprises sowing in due date (in the middle and last ten days of 4 months), medium density (actual harvest is about 3500 strains/mu), mulching film covering, artificial pruning and multiple flower harvesting. The disadvantages of this mode of cultivation are: the sowing in the middle and last ten days of 4 months of the spring cotton variety needs to be carried out by mulching the ground to improve the ground temperature and relieve the salt damage, the sowing quantity is increased to ensure the seedling rate, but the physicochemical investment and the plant protection times are increased easily, the boll opening is long in the boll-forming period, the cotton boll is dispersed and collected for multiple times, the operation procedures are multiple, the artificial physicochemical investment is large, the pollution of the mulching film is serious, and the cotton planting benefit is poor.
The open field direct seeding is a method for directly seeding seeds in open field, non-saline-alkali soil with the soil fertility higher than the ground strength can be directly seeded in open field, but spring cotton is directly seeded in coastal saline-alkali soil in open field, on one hand, cotton seedling emergence is difficult, seedlings lack and ridges are broken due to saline-alkali stress, on the other hand, cotton boll development is incomplete due to insufficient accumulated temperature, and then cotton yield reduction is caused, so that the method cannot be implemented in the coastal saline-alkali soil at present.
The short-season cotton is a new type of cotton with relatively short growing season, and the whole growing period is generally within 120 days (10-15 days shorter than that of spring cotton varieties). The short-season cotton has larger seeding period elasticity, can be sowed in summer and in late spring or early summer, and simultaneously, along with the continuous improvement of the breeding level of the short-season cotton, more cotton varieties with short growth period, high yield and good quality are available for selection at present, so the method has good development prospect.
According to the method, short-season cotton is directly sown in open field at night instead of spring cotton in a mulching mode for planting, a whole set of novel coastal saline-alkali land cultivation mode is established, physicochemical and manual input can be effectively reduced, pesticide and residual film pollution is reduced, and the comprehensive benefit of cotton planting is improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a simplified cultivation method for directly seeding short-season cotton in open field in coastal saline-alkali soil. The method adopts high-quality short-season cotton varieties, adopts mechanical soil removal to establish seedbeds, open-field precision seeding, combines quick-acting fertilizer and slow-release fertilizer with measures of one-time fertilization, chemical capping, centralized flower collection and the like to establish a new cultivation mode, can effectively reduce physicochemical and manual investment on the basis of reducing salt damage and ensuring normal emergence of cotton and yield formation, reduces pesticide and residual film pollution, and improves the comprehensive benefit of cotton planting.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a direct seeding and simplified cultivation method for short-season cotton in open field in coastal saline-alkali land is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) irrigation for soil moisture
Irrigating water for soil moisture formation 10-15 days before sowing in mild saline-alkali soil with salt content less than 0.3%, and using 50-80 cubic meters of water per mu according to soil moisture content;
filling water pressure salt into medium and severe saline-alkali soil with salt content of 0.3-0.7% 15-20 days before sowing, and using 120-150 cubic meters of water per mu;
2) the soil scraping, the establishment of the seedbed, the sowing, the fertilization and the herbicide spraying are completed in one step by a machine
15-25 days after 5 months, scraping a surface soil layer of 0-5 cm to two sides by using a sowing machine (ZL200910209910.X) with a front-mounted soil scraping shovel to expose bottom soil moisture to form a sowing bed (shown in figure 1);
selecting short-season cotton varieties (such as Lu 54 and the like) with the growth period of 105-110 days, adopting full and full seeds (the germination rate is more than 80%), coating the seeds with imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent after delinting, mechanically sowing in precision or bunch in open field without covering mulching film, and using 1.25-1.5 kg of seeds per mu;
applying 50 plus or minus 3kg of NPK compound fertilizer (15:15:15) and 15 plus or minus 1kg of resin coated urea (release period is 90d, nitrogen content is more than or equal to 40%) as base fertilizer per mu, and applying the base fertilizer 8-12 cm below the seeds during sowing;
100-150 ml of herbicide 48% trifluralin missible oil mixed with water and 50kg of mixed soil is sprayed to each mu before sowing, and on the basis, 120-150 ml of 50% acetochlor mixed with water and 40kg of mixed soil is sprayed to a seedbed twice after sowing;
the soil scraping, the sowing, the fertilizing and the herbicide spraying are completed at one time;
3) post-seeding management
Seedlings are not thinned and adventitious after emergence, the natural seedling density is 7000-9000 plants/mu, and the actual harvest density is 5500-7500 plants/mu;
the method comprises the following steps of (1) not pruning in the whole growing period, spraying 4-5 g of mepiquat chloride per mu when 3-10 days are carried out in 7 months or when the number of effective fruit branches per plant is 8-10 on average, spraying 8-10 g of mepiquat chloride per mu after 10 days, realizing natural top sealing of cotton, and controlling the plant height to be 75-90 cm;
4) harvesting
Collecting flowers by manual or mechanical operation once in 10 months and 15-25 days.
Aiming at coastal saline-alkali soil, compared with the traditional spring cotton film mulching planting method, the short-season cotton open-field direct seeding simplified cultivation method has the following advantages:
1. reducing salt damage and ensuring seedling formation. On the basis of irrigation for soil moisture generation and salt pressing, the top soil with higher salt content is scraped to two sides to form a seedbed, so that cotton seeds are ensured to be in a low-salt environment, and seedling emergence and seedling formation are facilitated.
2. The seed and pipe processes are simplified, and time and labor are saved. The method adopts machinery to complete seedbed establishment, sowing, fertilization and herbicide spraying at one time, and combines the one-time positioning basal application and chemical capping of the coated cotton seeds, the compound fertilizer and the coated urea, so that the links of thinning, final singling, pruning, topping, topdressing, weeding and the like are saved, and about 5 labor is saved per mu.
3. No need of mulching film and less chemical consumption. Direct sowing is carried out in open field for 15-25 days after 5 months, the ground temperature is high, mulching films are not needed, and residual film pollution is avoided; meanwhile, the growth season is shortened, and the pesticide coating is added, so that the pesticide for preventing and controlling the plant diseases and insect pests is saved.
4. The seeds are centralized to form the bolls, so that the centralized harvesting is convenient. The characteristics of short growing period and centralized boll formation of the short-season cotton determine that the boll opening period is centralized, and reasonable close planting and chemical control are added to realize one-time flower harvesting.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the seedbed of the present invention. As can be seen from the figure: and scraping the surface soil with higher salt content to two sides to form a seedbed.
Detailed Description
Example 1:
the test uses Lu cotton Miao 28 (spring cotton) and Lu 54 (short-season cotton) as test materials, wherein the short-season cotton Lu 54 is coated with Gaoqiao 60% imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent (10 ml dosage per kg) produced by Bayer company. The test was carried out in the King-Piezun county of Lijin in Dongying City for 2 years in 2015-2016. Two planting modes of spring cotton film mulching sowing and short-season cotton open-field direct sowing are set. Repeating for 3 times, total 6 cells with cell area of 50m2Planting in 6 rows with equal row spacing and 76cm row spacing.
Sowing spring cotton in 24 days at 4 months in 2015 and in 26 days at 4 months in 2016 respectively, and covering with a mulching film; 3500 spring cotton plants per mu in density are subjected to rough pruning, and artificial topping is carried out in 2015, 7 months and 20 days and 2016, 7 months and 18 days. Fertilization and prevention and control of other diseases, insects, weeds and the like are carried out by adopting local conventional management, and fertilization is carried out for 4 times before sowing (base fertilizer), in a bud stage, in an initial flowering stage and in a full-bell stage; and (3) preventing and treating by adopting a method of intertilling or spraying herbicide for multiple times according to the occurrence condition of the weeds in the cotton field. After opening the boll, the flowers are collected by 3 times of manual work, and the total yield is calculated. And counting the physicochemical investment and the labor number of each treatment, and calculating the economic benefit.
The short-season cotton is planted by adopting a coastal saline-alkali soil short-season cotton open field direct seeding method in 21 days 5 and 21 days 2015 and 19 days 5 and 2016 respectively, and the method comprises the following specific steps: 1) watering to make soil moisture: irrigating for fertilizing soil moisture at 2015 year 5-8 days and 2016 year 5-6 days, wherein the water consumption per mu is 60 and 75 cubic meters; 2) the mechanical operations of scraping soil, establishing a seedbed, sowing, fertilizing and spraying herbicide are completed at one time: pre-scraping a surface soil layer with the depth of 5cm to two sides by using a seeding machine (ZL200910209910.X) with a front soil scraping shovel to expose bottom soil moisture to form a seedbed, mechanically sowing in a precise manner, and using 1.25-1.5 kg of seeds per mu without covering a mulching film; 6500 plants per mu of short-season cotton in density, applying 50kg +15kg coated urea (release period 90d, nitrogen content is more than or equal to 40%) as base fertilizer and sowing in one time for 10cm below the seeds, wherein the fertilizer is applied to each mu of the cotton in a ratio of 15:15: 15; before sowing, 120ml of 48 percent trifluralin missible oil mixed with 50kg of water is used for spraying herbicide, after sowing, 120ml of 50 percent acetochlor mixed with 40kg of water is used for spraying a sowing bed for the second time, and soil scraping, sowing, fertilizing and herbicide spraying are completed once by a machine; 3) managing after broadcasting: after emergence, thinning and adventitious seedling are not carried out, chemical pruning is carried out by adopting mepiquat chloride according to the method (4-5 g of mepiquat chloride is sprayed per mu after 2015, 7-6 days in 2016, 8-10 g of mepiquat chloride is sprayed per mu after 10 days), natural top sealing is realized, and the plant height is controlled to be 75-90 cm. No other pruning measures are taken. Collecting the collected blooms, collecting flowers at one time in 2015 year 10-month 20 days and 2016 year 10-month 21 days, and calculating total yield. And counting the physicochemical investment and the labor number of each treatment, and calculating the economic benefit.
The 2 year test results are shown in table 1. The results show that: compared with the conventional spring cotton mulching cultivation, the open-field direct seeding simplified cultivation of the coastal saline-alkali land short-season cotton has obvious economic and ecological benefits. Compared with the conventional spring cotton mulching cultivation, the short-season cotton direct seeding in open field simplifies the lighter aphid generation in the seedling stage of the cultivated cotton, the prevention and the control are not needed, and the yield of the seed cotton is equivalent to that of the seed cotton. From the physical and chemical cost and the labor input, compared with the spring cotton mulching cultivation, the simplified direct sowing cultivation of the short-season cotton in the open field obviously reduces the physical and chemical input, the physical and manual reduction ranges in 2015 are respectively 46.1% and 40%, and the reduction ranges in 2016 are respectively 44.0% and 36.6%. The net benefit of the simplified cultivation of the short-season cotton by direct sowing in open field is improved by comprehensively considering the input and output under two planting modes, and the improvement ranges in 2015 and 2016 are 32.9% and 19.5% respectively. In conclusion, the method is completely feasible for promoting the direct seeding and simplified cultivation of the short-season cotton in the open field in the coastal saline-alkali soil of the yellow river delta.
TABLE 1 Effect of different planting patterns on Cotton yield, human input and Net yield
Net gain (seed cotton yield x seed cotton unit price) - (physicochemical input + manual input); the physicochemical investment comprises the investment of fertilizers, mulching films, seeds, plant protection, chemical control agents and the like; the manual input comprises the processes of seeding, plant protection, topping, chemical control, flower collection and the like. Wherein the unit price of the seed cotton in 2015 is calculated according to 6.2 yuan/kg, and the unit price of the seed cotton in 2016 is calculated according to 7.6 yuan/kg.
Example 2
1) Irrigation for soil moisture
Irrigating water for pressing salt 18 days before sowing in severe saline-alkali soil with salt content of 0.55%, and using 140 cubic meters of water per mu;
2) the soil scraping, the establishment of the seedbed, the sowing, the fertilization and the herbicide spraying are completed in one step by a machine
After 20 days after 5 months, scraping a surface soil layer of 0-5 cm to two sides by using a sowing machine (ZL200910209910.X) with a front-mounted soil scraping shovel to expose bottom soil moisture to form a sowing bed (shown in figure 1);
selecting a short-season cotton variety Lu 54, adopting full seeds with the germination rate of more than 80%, delinting, coating with 60% imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent, mechanically sowing in precision lines or holes in open field without covering a mulching film, and using 1.3kg of seeds per mu;
50kg of NPK compound fertilizer (15:15:15) and 15kg of resin coated urea (release period is 90d, nitrogen content is more than or equal to 40%) are applied to each mu of land as base fertilizers, and the base fertilizers are applied to the positions 10cm below seeds during sowing;
spraying 130ml of herbicide 48 percent trifluralin missible oil mixed with 50kg of water into soil for each mu before sowing, and spraying 130ml of 50 percent acetochlor mixed with 40kg of water into a seedbed for two times after sowing on the basis;
the soil scraping, the sowing, the fertilizing and the herbicide spraying are completed at one time;
3) post-seeding management
Seedlings are not thinned and adventitious after emergence, the natural seedling density is 7000-9000 plants/mu, and the actual harvest density is 6800 plants/mu;
the method is characterized in that branches are not pruned in the whole growing period, when the number of effective fruit branches per plant is 8-10 on average, 4-5 g of mepiquat chloride is sprayed per mu, and 8-10 g of mepiquat chloride is sprayed per mu after 10 days, so that the natural top sealing of cotton is realized, and the plant height is controlled to be 75-85 cm;
4) harvesting
Collecting flowers by a machine once in 10 months and 22 days.
Claims (1)
1. A direct seeding and simplified cultivation method for short-season cotton in open field in coastal saline-alkali land is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) irrigation for soil moisture
Irrigating water for soil moisture 10-15 days before sowing in mild saline-alkali soil with salt content less than 0.3%, wherein 50-80 cubic meters of water is used per mu;
filling water pressure salt into medium and severe saline-alkali soil with salt content of 0.3-0.7% 15-20 days before sowing, and using 120-150 cubic meters of water per mu;
2) the soil scraping, the establishment of the seedbed, the sowing, the fertilization and the herbicide spraying are completed in one step by a machine
Scraping a 0-5 cm surface soil layer to two sides by using a seeding machine with a front scraper to expose bottom soil moisture after 15-25 days after 5 months to form a seedbed;
selecting short-season cotton varieties with the growth period of 105-110 days, coating with an imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent after delinting seeds, mechanically sowing in precision or bunch mode in open field, and sowing seeds 1.25-1.5 kg per mu without covering a mulching film;
applying 50 +/-3 kg of NPK compound fertilizer and 15 +/-1 kg of resin coated urea as base fertilizers to each mu of land, and applying the base fertilizers to the positions 8-12 cm below the seeds during sowing;
before sowing, 100-150 ml of herbicide 48% trifluralin missible oil mixed with 50kg of water is sprayed on each mu of land; after sowing, spraying 120-150 ml of 50% acetochlor per mu with 40kg of water for two times on the seedbed;
the soil scraping, the establishment of a seedbed, the sowing, the fertilization and the herbicide spraying are completed at one time by a machine;
3) post-seeding management
Thinning and adventitious seeding are not carried out after seedling emergence, and the actual harvest density is controlled to be 5500-7500 plants/mu;
pruning is not performed in the whole growing period, mepiquat chloride is sprayed for 3-10 days in 7 months or when the number of effective fruit branches of each plant is 8-10 on average, and spraying is performed for the 2 nd time after 10 days, so that natural top sealing of cotton is realized, and the plant height is controlled to be 75-90 cm;
4) harvesting
Collecting flowers by manual or mechanical operation for 15-25 days in 10 months;
the N, P, K ratio of the NPK compound fertilizer in the step 2) is 15:15: 15; the release period of the resin coated urea is 90 days, and the nitrogen content is more than or equal to 40 percent;
the 1 st spraying amount of mepiquat chloride in the step 3) is 4-5 g per mu, and the 2 nd spraying amount is 8-10 g per mu.
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| CN114246044B (en) * | 2022-01-17 | 2023-03-28 | 东营市农业科学研究院 | Simplified fertilizing method for cotton and grass double cropping in coastal saline-alkali land |
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| CN101336574B (en) * | 2008-08-26 | 2011-06-15 | 山东棉花研究中心 | Seed coating agent for promoting cotton planet forming and preparation method thereof |
| CN101617601B (en) * | 2009-07-29 | 2011-01-05 | 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 | Method for global cultivation management of salinized cotton field |
| CN101695227B (en) * | 2009-10-21 | 2011-04-13 | 山东棉花研究中心 | Cotton seed precision seeder for saline and alkaline land |
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