CN112876658A - 一种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN112876658A
CN112876658A CN202110228816.XA CN202110228816A CN112876658A CN 112876658 A CN112876658 A CN 112876658A CN 202110228816 A CN202110228816 A CN 202110228816A CN 112876658 A CN112876658 A CN 112876658A
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李正珂
蒋浩波
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Sun Yat Sen University
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Abstract

本发明涉及有机半导体领域,具体涉及一种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物及其制备方法和应用,本发明聚合物给体部分是由以二噻吩并吡咯为核、通过引入含不同官能团的侧链来改变其结构(对其上N原子进行修饰)后的一类单体与一类含溴原子的共轭平面单体发生stille聚合反应所制得。受体部分采用经典的非富勒烯型Y6受体。此类新型的共轭聚合物材料具有较好的平面共轭结构,有着明确的分子结构与分子量以及良好的可见‑近红外光吸收性能,良好的溶解性和较高的空穴迁移率以及良好的光电性能,使得其在新型有机光伏材料中具有良好的应用前景。

Description

一种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物及其制备方法和应用
技术领域
本发明涉及有机半导体领域,具体涉及一种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
近年来,现有的常规储备能源总量在人们日益增大的需求量下显得相形见绌。人类对石油资源、煤炭资源、天然气资源等传统能源开发历史悠久,此类常规能源在现如今的社会生产中占有较大比重。但使用常规能源所引发的不利影响也随着科学技术的不断发展从而逐步浮现,开采常规能源对于环境与生态的破坏是巨大的。诸如温室效应及的产生是由于过量常规能源燃烧所产生的二氧化碳气体排放进入大气层;而酸雨现象则是由于脱硫不完全的煤炭燃烧以及机动车排放出的氮氧化物进入大气层与水作用从而形成酸雨。也正因为此,人类一直将探索开发新型能源以取代传统能源视为目标。自物理学家赫兹率先于1887年发现光电效应以来,科学家们对太阳能将光转换为电能的研究日益增多。太阳能是一种可再生的清洁能源,其具有以下优势:太阳能以辐射的形式广泛分布存在于地球上;储备量巨大;与其他常规能源相比,开发利用其所带来的环境影响非常小。基于此,对将太阳能转换成电能的光电材料的开发设计应用及其性能优化成为了目前研究的焦点。非富勒烯型有机太阳能电池是太阳能电池中的一类,与富勒烯型有机太阳能电池相比具有更好的综合性能。二噻吩并吡咯(DTP)是一种稠环芳香单元,有着更具平面特征的结构与共轭扩展结构,较宽的吸收光谱以及较高的空穴迁移率,作为给体/受体材料时有着合适的电子能级以及良好的溶解性。但是现有得到的DTP聚合物给电子能力有限,限制了其在太阳能电池等领域的应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术中,现有得到的DTP聚合物给电子能力有限,限制了其在太阳能电池等领域的应用的问题,提供一种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物。
本发明的另一个目的在于提供上述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物的制备方法。
本发明的另一个目的在于提供基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物的应用。
本发明的目的通过以下技术方案予以实现:
一种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物,其结构式如下:
Figure BDA0002958008260000021
其中,m为2或4,R为烷烃,R’为
Figure BDA0002958008260000022
中的一种。
优选地,当m为2时,两个F原子位于苯环的对位上。
一种所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物的制备方法,包括如下步骤:分别提供如下结构式表示的化合物A和B,
Figure BDA0002958008260000023
在惰性气体保护环境下,将摩尔比为1:1的化合物A和B溶于有机溶剂中,进行Stille偶合反应即得。
优选地,所述催化剂为三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯与三(邻甲基苯基)磷的混合物。
优选地,所述三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯与三(邻甲基苯基)磷的摩尔比为1:3。
优选地,三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯与化合物A的比例为(0.01~0.03):1。
优选地,所述有机溶剂为无水氯苯。
优选地,其特征在于,所述Stille偶联反应反应温度为140℃,反应时间为24~36小时。
所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物在有机太阳能电池中给电子材料中的应用。
所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物在有机场效应晶体管材料中的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下技术效果:
本发明所涉及的基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物给体材料是利用二噻吩并吡咯作为一类常见的稠环噻吩类衍生物,有着较强的平面刚性共轭结构,其结构中含有两个富电子体系的噻吩环单元,可在有机光伏材料中充当给电子体部分,从而提升材料的光电性能。通过1,4-二(噻吩-2-基)苯的衍生物与引入烷基链的二噻吩并吡咯的衍生物发生Stille偶联反应生成聚合物。此基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物给体材料整体有着较优异的平面结构,有利于分子的有序堆积,有着具有优异光电性能的潜力。此外在二噻吩吡咯并吡咯和1,4-二(噻吩-2-基)苯单元上分别引入了烷基链,从而使聚合物分子获得了优异的溶解性,以达到调整其分子的溶解性及分子间的相互作用。此类新型的基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物给体材料有望在非富勒烯型有机太阳能电池及有机场效应晶体管中获得良好的应用前景。
附图说明
图1本发明聚合物通式结构式;
图2化合物A1的合成方法路线图;
图3化合物B1~B3的合成方法路线图;
图4三种聚合物在溶液中的紫外吸收光谱,利用三种化合物制备成薄膜后的紫外吸光强度;
图5三种聚合物给体的循环伏安曲线图;
图6三种聚合物热重分析图及差示扫描量热图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面结合具体实施例和对比例将对本发明的技术方案进行详细的描述。显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动的前提下所得到的所有其它实施方式,都属于本发明所保护的范围。
除特殊说明,本实施例中所用的设备均为常规实验设备,所用的材料、试剂无特殊说明均为市售得到,无特殊说明的实验方法也为常规实验方法。
实施例1
一种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物(P1)结构式如下:
Figure BDA0002958008260000051
P1的制备方法具体为:在真空手套箱内分别称取所制备A1(30.854mg,0.05mmol)和B1(49.861mg,0.05mmol)于微波反应管内,取1.5ml无水氯苯作为溶剂,取三(2,4,6-三甲氧基苯基)膦(1mg,1.8mmol)作为配体、取三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0.5毫克,0.55mmol)作为催化剂。将反应器密封后转移至常压环境,设置反应温度为140℃,反应36小时。待冷却至室温后,使用无水甲醇对其沉淀。使用索氏提取器对其进行提纯,得到所需新型的基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物给体材料P1。其中,化合物A1的合成路线如图2所示,B2的合成路线如图3所示。
实施例2
一种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物(P2)结构式如下:
Figure BDA0002958008260000052
P2的制备方法具体如下:
采用stille偶联的方法制备所述新型的基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物给体材料:具体实施例二:在真空手套箱内分别称取所制备A1(30.854mg,0.05mmol)和B2(55.461mg,0.05mmol)于微波反应管内,取1.5ml无水氯苯作为溶剂,取三(2,4,6-三甲氧基苯基)膦(1mg,1.8mmol)作为配体、取三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0.5毫克,0.55mmol)作为催化剂。将反应器密封后转移至常压环境,设置反应温度为140℃,反应36小时。待冷却至室温后,使用无水甲醇对其沉淀。使用索氏提取器对其进行提纯,得到所需新型的基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物给体材料P2。
实施例3
一种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物(P3)结构式如下:
Figure BDA0002958008260000061
P3制备方法具体如下:
采用stille偶联的方法制备所述新型的基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物给体材料:具体实施例三:在真空手套箱内分别称取所制备A1(30.854mg,0.05mmol)和B3(57.27mg,0.05mmol)于微波反应管内,取1.5ml无水氯苯作为溶剂,取三(2,4,6-三甲氧基苯基)膦(1mg,1.8mmol)作为配体、取三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0.5毫克,0.55mmol)作为催化剂。。将反应器密封后转移至常压环境,设置反应温度为140℃,反应36小时。待冷却至室温后,使用无水甲醇对其沉淀。使用索氏提取器对其进行提纯,得到所需新型的基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物给体材料P3。
上述单体A1的合成方法:
①以500mL二氯甲烷为溶剂,取2-乙基己醇(20.046克,200mmol)与N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺(NBS)(37.38克,210mmol)作为原料缓慢加入由冰块保温的反应瓶中,添加三苯基膦(55.08克,210mmol)作为催化剂。原料添加完毕后使其回温至室温,反应12小时以完成溴代反应,对产物进行抽滤、旋蒸操作后,得到1-溴-2乙基己烷34.933克。②将所制备1-溴-2乙基己烷(17.38克,90.05mmol)置于反应瓶中,称取领苯二甲酰亚胺钾盐(18.34克,99.05mmol),添加150mL二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)于反应瓶中,将反应温度设定为90℃,搅拌过夜,对产物进行抽滤、旋蒸操作后,得到2-(2-乙基己基)异吲哚啉-1,3-二酮;③将所制得的2-(2-乙基己基)异吲哚啉-1,3-二酮置于反应瓶,添加一水合肼(18.32mL,301.66mmol),加入无水乙醇(400mL),外接回流冷凝装置并设定反应温度为80℃反应12h,待反应完毕冷却至室温后,对产物进行抽滤、旋蒸操作后除去有机溶剂,得到粗产物,通过柱层析法提纯得到目标产物2-乙基己胺11.42克。④在Schlenk瓶中分别加入上步所制得的2-乙基己胺(0.4778克,3.70mmol),3,3'-二溴-2,2'-联噻吩(1克,3.085mmol),溶剂氯苯(9.25mL)、氮气置换15分钟,再加入配体(±)-2,2'-双-(二苯基磷)-1,1'-联萘(0.2304克,0.370mmol),叔丁醇钠(0.6524克,6.79mmol),催化剂三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(0.0847克,0.092mmol),在130℃反应18小时,冷却至室温。加入水,使用石油醚进行萃取,收集有机层,将其进行干燥处理,除去有机溶剂。通过柱层析法提纯得到4-(2-乙基己基)-4H-二硫代[3,2-b:2',3'-d]吡咯。⑤在Schlenk瓶中加入上步所制得的4-(2-乙基己基)-4H-二硫代[3,2-b:2',3'-d]吡咯(0.5443克,1.86mmol),氮气置换15分钟,将18.6mL四氢呋喃作为溶剂加入至所述Schlenk瓶中,将Schlenk瓶转移至温度设定为-78℃的低温反应器中,在氮气气氛下使用注射器抽取浓度为2.5M的正丁基锂(0.784mL,1.96mmol),逐滴滴加至所述Schlenk瓶中,在-78℃的条件下反应2h。在氮气气氛下使用注射器抽取浓度为1.6M的三甲基氯化锡(1.225mL,1.96mmol)转移至所述Schlenk瓶中发生stille偶联反应生成产物。待反应10分钟后将所述Schlenk瓶转移至室温环境,反应12小时。待反应完毕后,使用饱和氟化钾水溶液对过量的三甲基氯化锡进行淬灭,使用乙酸乙酯进行萃取,收集有机层,将其进行干燥处理,除去有机溶剂。采用凝胶渗透色谱法进行分离提纯,得到所需的单体A1。
上述B1~B3单体的合成方法:
采用stille偶联反应制得单体2-4,此处以B1为例(R1
Figure BDA0002958008260000081
X1=X4=F,X2=X3=H)。
在三颈烧瓶瓶中加入镁粉(0.291克,12mmol)并加入一粒碘完成纯化,在三颈烧瓶中加入如图所示原料11-(溴甲基)三烷(4.175克,10mmol),氮气置换20分钟。加入25mL无水四氢呋喃作为溶剂,外接回流冷凝装置并设定反应温度为80℃反应12小时,抽滤旋蒸过后得到目标格氏试剂(2-癸基十四烷基)溴化镁。在氮气置换20分钟后并使温度保持在0℃的Schlenk瓶中分别加入所制得的格氏试剂(2-癸基十四烷基)溴化镁、3-溴噻吩(1.79克,11mmol)、催化剂(1,1'-双(二苯基膦)二茂铁)二氯化镍(0.271克,0.05mmol),将Schlenk瓶转移至室温下搅拌反应过夜。使用乙酸乙酯进行萃取,收集有机层,将其进行干燥处理,除去有机溶剂。通过柱层析法提纯得到纯净的3-(2-癸基十四烷基)噻吩。
①、在Schlenk瓶中加入3-(2-癸基十四烷基)噻吩(4.207克,10mmol),氮气置换20分钟,将25mL四氢呋喃作为溶剂加入至所述Schlenk瓶中,将Schlenk瓶转移至温度设定为-78℃的低温反应器中,在氮气气氛下使用注射器抽取浓度为2.5M的正丁基锂(4.4mL,11mmol),逐滴滴加至所述Schlenk瓶中,在-78℃的条件下反应1.5h。在氮气气氛下使用注射器抽取浓度为1.6M的三甲基氯化锡(6.25mL,10mmol)转移至所述Schlenk瓶中发生stille偶联反应。待反应10分钟后将所述Schlenk瓶转移至室温环境,反应12小时。待反应完毕后,使用饱和氟化钾水溶液对过量的三甲基氯化锡进行淬灭,使用乙酸乙酯进行萃取,收集有机层,将其进行干燥处理,除去有机溶剂。采用凝胶渗透色谱法进行分离提纯,得到产物(4-(2-癸基十四烷基)噻吩-2-基)三甲基锡烷(5.252克,9mmol)。②、称取所制备的(4-(2-癸基十四烷基)噻吩-2-基)三甲基锡烷(5.252克,9mmol)转移至Schlenk瓶中,称量1,4-二溴-2,5-二氟苯(0.9788克,3.6mmol)加入瓶中、氮气置换15分钟,将15mL无水甲苯作为溶剂加入至所述Schlenk瓶中。在110℃条件下反应12小时,冷却至室温。加入水,使用石油醚进行萃取,收集有机层,对其进行干燥处理后除去有机溶剂,通过柱层析法提纯得到5,5'-(2,5-二氟-1,4-亚苯基)双(3-(2-癸基十四烷基)噻吩)。④称取上步所制得的5,5'-(2,5-二氟-1,4-亚苯基)双(3-(2-癸基十四烷基)噻吩)(7.173克,7.5mmol)与N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺(NBS)(3.203克,18mmol)作为原料缓慢加入由冰块保温的反应瓶中,添加三苯基膦(0.262克,1mmol)作为催化剂。原料添加完毕后使其回温至室温,反应12小时以完成溴代反应,对产物进行抽滤、旋蒸操作后,得到所述单体M2(5,5'-(2,5-二氟-1,4-亚苯基)双(2-溴-3-(2-癸基十四烷基)噻吩))。
实验例
将上述实施例制备的三种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物给体在溶液及取以上三种聚合物给体溶于无水氯仿中采用旋涂法制备而成薄膜中的紫外吸收光谱如图所示。在图4(a)中是三种聚合物P1、P2、P3在无水氯仿溶液中的吸收光谱,其响应范围均落在400-650nm之间,最大吸收峰分别落在495nm、490nm、520nm处。图4(b)中是三种聚合物P1、P2、P3在薄膜中的吸收光谱,550nm、565nm、540nm处。三种聚合给体均发生一定波长红移,其值分别为55nm、70nm、20nm,证明聚合物分子间存在一定的π-π相互作用。
图5为三种聚合物给体的循环伏安曲线,聚合物P1、P2、P3的起始氧化电位分别为0.997V、1.151V、1.038V。经计算可得,三种给体聚合物P1、P2、P3的HUMO能级分别为-5.347V、-5.521V、-5.428V。
图6(a)为三种聚合物给体的热失重(TGA)曲线。P1、P2、P3的热分解温度(失重大于5%)均大于390℃,具有较好的热稳定性。图6(b)为三种聚合物给体的差示扫描量热曲线图,三种聚合物P1、P2、P3的起始熔点分别为180.128℃、155.065℃、203.645℃;熔点分别为198.672℃、173.965℃、214.121℃。当温度升至300℃时,未发现氧化和分解,表明这三种给体聚合物具有优异的热稳定性。
最后应当说明的是,以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对本发明保护范围的限制,尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明作了详细地说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本发明技术方案的实质和范围。

Claims (10)

1.一种基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物,其特征在于,其结构式如下:
Figure FDA0002958008250000011
其中,m为2或4,R为烷烃,R’为
Figure FDA0002958008250000012
中的一种。
2.根据权利要求1所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物,其特征在于,当m为2时,两个F原子位于苯环的对位上。
3.一种权利要求1或2所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:分别提供如下结构式表示的化合物A和B,
Figure FDA0002958008250000013
在惰性气体保护环境下,将摩尔比为1:1的化合物A和B溶于有机溶剂中,进行Stille偶合反应即得。
4.根据权利要求3所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物的制备方法,其特征在于,所述催化剂为三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯与三(邻甲基苯基)磷的混合物。
5.根据权利要求4所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物的制备方法,其特征在于,所述三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯与三(邻甲基苯基)磷的摩尔比为1:3。
6.根据权利要求4所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物的制备方法,其特征在于,三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯与化合物A的比例为(0.01~0.03):1。
7.根据权利要求3所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物的制备方法,其特征在于,所述有机溶剂为无水氯苯。
8.根据权利要求3所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物的制备方法,其特征在于,所述Stille偶联反应反应温度为140℃,反应时间为24~36小时。
9.权利要求1或2所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物在有机太阳能电池中给电子材料中的应用。
10.权利要求1或2所述基于二噻吩并吡咯的聚合物在有机场效应晶体管材料中的应用。
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