CN112851951B - 一种接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物医用抗菌材料领域,具体涉及一种接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
伤口内外有害菌群的大量繁殖以及创面难以上皮化是影响慢性伤口愈合的两大关键因素。慢性伤口常伴有过量渗出液,由于其中包含大量有利于细菌生长的有机物质,从而导致慢性伤口具有高达60%的细菌生物膜产生率。细菌一旦在伤口底部定植并形成生物膜,就会对抗生素和宿主防御机制产生很强抗性,从而导致伤口持续处于炎症状态。伤口长期发炎不仅会损伤伤口残存的上皮组织,而且会抑制创面正常的上皮化进程,从而加剧慢性伤口愈合的难度。因此,设计并制备能够高效抗菌且促进创面上皮化的抗菌材料,对慢性伤口的治疗尤为重要和紧迫。
壳聚糖作为已知的唯一携带正电荷的天然多糖,具有良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性、无毒性和生物粘附性,同时有一定抗菌消炎、促进伤口愈合的作用。但由于它不溶于水而溶于酸溶液,其分子链上的氨基也只有在酸性环境下才能质子化并发挥抗菌作用,因此壳聚糖的抗菌性能非常有限,其进一步应用也受到极大限制。ε-聚赖氨酸是通过发酵法制得的一种水溶性抗菌肽,具有优异广谱的抗菌性能和生物相容性,并获得美国FDA安全认证。如果能采用“graft to”的方法将ε-聚赖氨酸接枝到壳聚糖分子链上,不仅能改善壳聚糖的水溶性,还可以进一步增强壳聚糖的抗菌性能和促进伤口愈合性能,进而在生物医用方面获得广泛应用。现有技术中的壳聚糖接枝ε-聚赖氨酸材料多是通过壳聚糖的氨基与ε-聚赖氨酸的羧基直接反应,这里的壳聚糖需要酸溶,ε-聚赖氨酸的羧基需要用过量的1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)活化以提高反应效率,而且由于壳聚糖吡喃环接枝大分子的空间位阻较大,使得整体反应效率不高。
因此,为至少解决上述之一的问题,本发明提供了接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖及其制备方法和应用。
发明内容
本发明的第一个目的在于提供一种接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖。该接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖材料具有良好的抗菌性能、生物相容性和水溶性,作为生物医用抗菌材料具有广泛的应用前景。
本发明的第二个目的在于提供一种接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖的制备方法。该制备方法以双醛基壳聚糖的分子链为主链,首先通过醛基与氨基的席夫碱反应接枝ε-聚赖氨酸后用还原剂还原,再用肼基甲酸乙酯与剩余醛基反应并还原;还原剂还原席夫碱的目的是使分子链结构稳定。整个制备过程在常压条件下进行,无需使用有机溶剂或强酸,生产工艺节能环保,可工业化生产。
本发明的第三个目的在于提供一种接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖的应用。
为达到上述目的,本发明采用下述技术方案:
第一方面,本发明提供一种接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖,所述接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖的分子结构,如式(Ⅰ)所示:
其中,x、y和n为自然数,0<x<104,0≤y<104,102<n≤104;R和R’各自独立的选自ε-聚赖氨酸残基或肼基甲酸乙酯残基;R和R’相同或不同。需要说明的是,R和R’在结构单元上接枝时的排列也是无规的。
第二方面,本发明提供一种上述接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)双醛基壳聚糖与ε-聚赖氨酸反应:将双醛基壳聚糖溶于pH为4.0-6.0,浓度为0.01-1.0M的缓冲液中,形成双醛基壳聚糖溶液,然后加入ε-聚赖氨酸和还原剂,在20-50℃条件下反应12-72h,得溶液S1;
(2)双醛基壳聚糖与肼基甲酸乙酯反应:在步骤(1)的溶液S1中加入肼基甲酸乙酯,在20-50℃条件下反应12-72h,得溶液S2;
(3)透析干燥:将步骤(2)的溶液S2进行透析、干燥,即得。
进一步,在上述方法中,步骤(1)中,所述双醛基壳聚糖的分子结构,如式(Ⅱ)所示:
其中,x、y和n为自然数,0<x<104,0≤y<104,102<n≤104;优选的,所述双醛基壳聚糖脱乙酰度为50%-92%,氧化度为0.01-0.50。
需要说明的是,作为本领域公知常识,壳聚糖是甲壳素脱乙酰化产物,由于壳聚糖脱乙酰度不同,壳聚糖含有不同比例的未脱乙酰单元;双醛基壳聚糖是壳聚糖进一步氧化的产物,由于氧化程度不同,双醛基壳聚糖含有不同比例的脱乙酰单元和未脱乙酰单元。也就是说三个结构单元在高分子链中的排列顺序并非是完全按照结构式中所标注的顺序,而是采取无规则的排列方式在高分子链中排列组合的。在这里的双醛基壳聚糖可以根据常规制备方法制备,也可以直接购买。
步骤(1)中,所述缓冲液选自醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液、乳酸-乳酸钠缓冲液和柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲液中一种。
所述双醛基壳聚糖溶液的浓度为:1-10g/L。
所述ε-聚赖氨酸分子量小于5000Da。
所述ε-聚赖氨酸加入量为双醛基壳聚糖所含醛基物质的量的x倍,且0<x≤2。根据本发明的具体实施方式,所述ε-聚赖氨酸的接枝率为0.02-1.0。
所述还原剂选自硼氢化钠、氰基硼氢化钠和三乙酰氧基硼氢化钠中的一种。
所述还原剂加入量为双醛基壳聚糖所含醛基物质的量的y倍,且1≤y≤40。需要说明的是,此处还原剂是过量的,目的有二:其一,在ε-聚赖氨酸与醛基发生席夫碱反应后立即被还原成稳定结构;其二,再加入肼基甲酸乙酯后仍可以还原肼基甲酸乙酯与剩余醛基反应的席夫碱。
步骤(2)中,所述肼基甲酸乙酯的加入量为双醛基壳聚糖所含醛基物质的量的z倍,且1≤z≤40。根据本发明的具体实施方式,所述肼基甲酸乙酯的接枝率可为0-0.98。
步骤(3)中,所述透析条件为:透析材料截留分子量>5000Da。
需要说明的是,本发明选择用可溶于水的双醛基壳聚糖作为原料,其醛基反应活性高,可与ε-聚赖氨酸的末端氨基发生席夫碱反应,该反应条件温和,反应效率高;而且双醛基壳聚糖是壳聚糖结构单元氧化开环后形成的直链结构,接枝ε-聚赖氨酸分子链的空间位阻更小,所以反应效率更高。但是,由于醛基本身具有细胞毒性,本发明人发现先通过席夫碱反应接枝大分子ε-聚赖氨酸并还原,再用更易于与醛基反应的肼基甲酸乙酯与残余醛基反应并还原,可以提高整体接枝材料的生物相容性。
第三方面,本发明提供一种接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖在制备生物医用材料或伤口护理医疗器械中的应用。
另需注意的是,如果没有特别说明,本发明所记载的任何范围包括端值以及端值之间的任何数值以及以端值或者端值之间的任意数值所构成的任意子范围。
本发明的有益效果
(1)本发明提供的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖可作为一种新型生物医用抗菌材料,兼具壳聚糖的生物相容性和ε-聚赖氨酸的广谱优异抗菌性,同时,它还改善了传统壳聚糖材料的水溶性和ε-聚赖氨酸的溶血性能,可用于制备能促进伤口愈合的各种类型的抗菌敷料,如液体敷料、水凝胶敷料、水胶体敷料、海绵敷料、膜敷料等,以应用于各种类型的伤口,如擦伤、割伤、烧烫伤等急性伤口和糖尿病足、压疮、小腿静脉溃疡等慢性伤口。
(2)本发明提供的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖的制备方法,以双醛基壳聚糖的分子链为主链,通过席夫碱反应分别接枝ε-聚赖氨酸和肼基甲酸乙酯并还原,整体反应温和高效,且在常压条件下进行,无需使用有机溶剂或强酸,生产工艺节能环保,适合工业化生产。
(3)本发明提供的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖有望应用于研究生物医用材料或制备伤口护理医疗器械领域。
附图说明
图1示出实施例1的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖的1H NMR。
图2示出实施例1的包含接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖水凝胶的抑菌性能效果图。
图3示出实施例1的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖和ε-聚赖氨酸的细胞毒性实验结果。
图4示出实施例1的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖和ε-聚赖氨酸的溶血实验结果。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明进行具体描述,有必要在此指出的是本实施例只用于对本发明进行进一步说明,不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,该领域的技术熟练人员可以根据以上发明的内容做出一些非本质的改进和调整。在不冲突的情况下,本发明中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相互组合。
实施例1
将结构式为上述式(Ⅱ)所示的双醛基壳聚糖,其中,其氧化度为0.1,脱乙酰度为90%,分子量为5×105Da,n≈3000,x=300,y=2400,取该双醛基壳聚糖160mg溶于40mL pH=5.50的0.33M醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液中,再依次加入分子量约4000Da的ε-聚赖氨酸400mg和氰基硼氢化钠250mg,待溶解完全,将体系于37℃下搅拌反应24h。之后向反应液中加入肼基甲酸乙酯413mg并溶解,继续于37℃下搅拌反应24h。之后用截留分子量8000-14000Da的透析袋进行透析,待透析完成后使用冻干机冻干,即得接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖。
实施例2
将结构式为上述式(Ⅱ)所示的双醛基壳聚糖,其中,其氧化度为0.1,脱乙酰度为90%,分子量为5×105Da,n≈3000,x=300,y=2400,取该双醛基壳聚糖160mg溶于40mL pH=5.50的0.05M醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液中,再依次加入分子量约4000Da的ε-聚赖氨酸400mg和氰基硼氢化钠250mg,待溶解完全,将体系于37℃下搅拌反应24h。之后向反应液中加入肼基甲酸乙酯413mg并溶解,继续于37℃下搅拌反应24h。之后用截留分子量8000-14000Da的透析袋进行透析,待透析完成后使用冻干机冻干,即得接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖。
实施例3
制备包含双醛基壳聚糖接枝ε-聚赖氨酸材料的水凝胶伤口敷料
将实施例1的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖水溶液与聚乙烯醇水溶液混合,得到混合溶液,其中接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖的含量为0.1%,聚乙烯醇含量为8.0%。然后采用“冻融”法制备水凝胶。之后将该水凝胶在室温环境下放置5周,同时以不含接枝ε-聚赖氨酸双醛基壳聚糖的聚乙烯醇水凝胶作为阴性对照,观察水凝胶对空气中细菌及其它微生物的抑制能力。
从图2可知,本发明实施例1的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖应用于伤口护理领域时,可有效提高伤口敷料的抑菌性能,并长时间保持抑菌性能,从而加速伤口愈合。
实施例4
同实施例3,区别在于用实施例2的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖制备包含双醛基壳聚糖接枝ε-聚赖氨酸材料的水凝胶伤口敷料,测试结果与实施例3类似
实施例5
抑菌性能、细胞毒性和溶血性能测试
将实施例1所得的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖溶于无菌水中得到溶液,按照《GB 15979-2002一次性使用卫生用品卫生标准》中的抑菌性能测试方法测定接枝ε-聚赖氨酸双醛基壳聚糖酸溶液的抑菌性能。测试中以ε-聚赖氨酸作参比,各溶液与细菌的作用时间都是20min,其结果如表1所示。
再将梯度浓度的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖溶液用于细胞毒性实验(Hela细胞)和溶血实验(兔血),以测定其细胞毒性和溶血性能。实验仍以ε-聚赖氨酸做参比。具体实验结果如图3和图4所示。
表1接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖与ε-聚赖氨酸的抑菌性能对比
从表1可知,本发明实施例1的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸双醛基壳聚糖(含ε-聚赖氨酸约60%-70%wt)与ε-聚赖氨酸(纯度约100%)在相同浓度的溶液中,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌的抑菌效果基本保持一致。此外,本发明还在相同测试条件下对双醛基壳聚糖进行了抑菌性能测试,结果发现,10μg/mL的双醛基壳聚糖溶液与大肠杆菌作用20min后,对其抑菌率极低;当增加其浓度到6000μg/mL时,其对大肠杆菌的抑菌率才到47.1%。
从图3可知,本发明实施例1的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸双醛基壳聚糖相较于ε-聚赖氨酸的细胞存活率更高(大于100%),表明其细胞毒性更低、生物相容性更高,也同时说明了本发明的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸双醛基壳聚糖有促进细胞增殖的作用,可促进伤口愈合。
从图4可知,本发明实施例1的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖相较于ε-聚赖氨酸的溶血值更低,说明本发明的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖生物安全性更高。
实施例6
同实施例5,区别在于将实施例2所得的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖溶于无菌水中得到溶液,进行测试,结果发现本发明实施例2的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸双醛基壳聚糖(含ε-聚赖氨酸约60%-70%wt)与ε-聚赖氨酸(纯度约100%)在相同浓度的溶液中,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及白色念珠菌的抑菌效果基本保持一致。其他细胞毒性和溶血性能测试结果也基本同实施例5,只是与实施例1的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖对比,其溶血值稍高。
显然,本发明的上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明本发明所做的举例,而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定,对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动,这里无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举,凡是属于本发明的技术方案所引申出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明的保护范围之列。
Claims (9)
1.一种接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖,其特征在于,所述接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖的分子结构,如式(Ⅰ)所示:
其中,x、y和n为自然数,0<x<104,0≤y<104,102<n≤104;R和R’各自独立的选自ε-聚赖氨酸残基或肼基甲酸乙酯残基;R和R’相同或不同;
其制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)双醛基壳聚糖与ε-聚赖氨酸反应:将双醛基壳聚糖溶于pH为4.0-6.0,浓度为0.01-1.0M的缓冲液中,形成双醛基壳聚糖溶液,然后加入ε-聚赖氨酸和还原剂,在20-50℃条件下反应12-72h,得溶液S1;
(2)双醛基壳聚糖与肼基甲酸乙酯反应:在步骤(1)的溶液S1中加入肼基甲酸乙酯,在20-50℃条件下反应12-72h,得溶液S2;
(3)透析干燥:将步骤(2)的溶液S2进行透析、干燥,即得;
步骤(1)中,所述ε-聚赖氨酸加入量为双醛基壳聚糖所含醛基物质的量的x倍,且0<x≤2;
步骤(2)中,所述肼基甲酸乙酯的加入量为双醛基壳聚糖所含醛基物质的量的z倍,且1≤z≤40。
3.根据权利要求1所述的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述ε-聚赖氨酸分子量小于5000Da。
4.根据权利要求1所述的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述还原剂选自硼氢化钠、氰基硼氢化钠和三乙酰氧基硼氢化钠中的一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖,其特征在于,所述还原剂加入量为双醛基壳聚糖所含醛基物质的量的y倍,且1≤y≤40。
6.根据权利要求1所述的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述缓冲液选自醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液、乳酸-乳酸钠缓冲液和柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠缓冲液中一种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述双醛基壳聚糖溶液的浓度为:1-10g/L。
8.根据权利要求1所述的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述透析条件为:透析材料截留分子量>5000Da。
9.一种如权利要求1-8任一所述的接枝ε-聚赖氨酸的双醛基壳聚糖在制备生物医用材料或伤口护理医疗器械中的应用。
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