CN1128494A - 用于低粘度粪便的用后即弃的吸湿用品 - Google Patents

用于低粘度粪便的用后即弃的吸湿用品 Download PDF

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CN1128494A
CN1128494A CN94192978A CN94192978A CN1128494A CN 1128494 A CN1128494 A CN 1128494A CN 94192978 A CN94192978 A CN 94192978A CN 94192978 A CN94192978 A CN 94192978A CN 1128494 A CN1128494 A CN 1128494A
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absorbent article
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唐纳德·C·罗
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Procter and Gamble Co
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Abstract

本发明涉及用后即弃的吸湿用品例如尿布.该吸湿用品具有一个第一顶片，该第一顶片具有一些大到足以使低粘度粪便物透过第二顶片上的孔。该第二顶片使该粪便物定位、脱水，以便使粪便物中的液体部分被吸湿芯吸收，而使粪便物中的固体部分与液体部分分开。这样的结构在脱掉变脏的用后即弃的吸湿用品时容易使穿用者的身体保持清洁。

Description

用于低粘度粪便的用后 即弃的吸湿用品
本发明涉及用后即弃的吸湿用品，例如尿布和成人失禁产品，特别是涉及能固定低粘度粪便以便在脱掉用后即弃的吸湿用品时能容易清洁穿用者的身体的用后即弃的吸湿用品。
用后即弃的吸湿用品(例如尿布和成人失禁产品)在已有技术中是熟知的。这样的吸湿用品收集和留住被穿用者排泄在其上面的尿和粪便。
迄今为止，在已有技术中为了处理收集和留住用后即弃的吸湿用品上的尿和粪便的大多数尝试都瞄准处理尿的损害。但处理被用后即弃的吸湿用品收集的粪便要比处理尿的损害困难得多，这是由于低粘度粪便具有复杂的流变力学性质。
在已有技术中处理尿的优选例子的几种尝试是要提供一种具有朝向和接触穿用者身体的第一顶片和在第一顶片下面的一个层的用后即弃的吸湿用品，在以下把这个层称为“第二顶片”，它的作用是或者吸收尿或把尿传过到一个用于存储的下层吸湿芯中，直到该吸湿用品从穿用者身上脱掉为止。
通常，第一顶片和第二顶片具有不同的材料特性。第二顶片可以具有比第一顶片孔径大的微孔，以便促进尿透过该顶片。第一顶片可以是疏水的，并且在润湿后比第二顶片更具有弹性，以便使液体透过该顶片到第二顶片。
在已有技术中的另一个尝试是使用后即弃的吸湿用品具有一个第一顶片，第二顶片和吸湿芯。第二顶片主要由熔吹亲水纤维组成，并且其微孔尺寸比吸湿芯微孔尺寸大。据说这种结构可以使第二顶片迅速地接收多重液体的涌入并使该液体在被吸湿芯吸收之前分布在X、Y平面上。在另一种尝试是使用表面不光滑的或相互交联的多孔纤维素纤维试图使该吸湿用品具有对尿的垂直虹吸能力。
已有技术中的另一尝试是使适合阻挡和容纳流体(例如尿)的吸湿芯以一种特别可行和有效方式形成多个层。其中最靠近穿用者身体的第一层包括亲水纤维材料并且具有一个获取区，该区的平均密度比该层的其它部分显著地低，以便迅速获取排放的流体。在第一层的下面是由一种有弹性，低密度的高孔隙度材料组成的液体处理层，所述的这层的材料是对湿度不敏感的，以便使流体透过阻挡区迅速涌入其中，并使这些流体分配到整个的流体处理层上，然后到一个储存层。该储存层是纤维材料和吸湿凝胶材料的分立颗粒的组合物，它能使液体处理层排放空所获取的液体，以便使该液体处理层有足够的待获取和再分配液体载荷的能力。
当然，吸湿胶凝材料也是已有技术中熟知的。吸湿胶凝材料是能吸收大量流体(例如尿)和在适度压力下保存这些流体的聚合物材料。吸湿胶凝材料的有效性与加入该用后即弃的吸湿用品芯的吸湿胶凝材料的形状、位置和重量百分率有很大的关系。
优化利用吸湿胶凝材料促进获取和留住尿的尝试包括把一个吸湿芯的流体储存下层配置在一个上部较大的获取/分配层的下面的方案。该储存层所含吸湿胶凝材料约占在该用后即弃的吸湿用品中所含的胶凝材料的75％。流体获取/分配层含有很少或不含吸湿胶凝材料。该流体获取/分配层具有一个特定的密度，该密度最好是小于下面的流体存储层的密度。约55％的吸湿胶凝材料是含在该用后即弃吸湿用品的前半部，另外，在下层中约75％的吸湿胶凝材料包含在该用后即弃的吸湿用品的前面三分之二部分中。
已有技术中的另一些尝试是以连续地，非阶跃式的正浓度梯度方式分配吸湿胶凝材料颗粒，这个梯度可以在整个吸湿芯的厚度上发现，也可以只在吸湿芯的至少部分厚度上发现。有关已有技术中关于吸湿胶凝材料进行这样尝试的各种实施例中，主要是把该凝胶材料集中在吸湿芯上，或者是沿着吸湿芯的上和下表面配置该胶凝材料。在已有技术中还进行了下述的尝试；据认为是把吸湿胶凝材料分散在许多微孔中间，其中至少有50％的吸湿胶凝材料具有比在吸湿芯润湿后的中等微孔孔径大的尺寸。
这些在已有技术中为处理尿所进行尝试的优选例子包括在下列专利文件中：1977年9月13日授予Karami的美国4047531号专利，1987年6月16日授予Weisman等人的具有共同受让人的美国4673402号专利，1987年10月13日授予Kellenberger等人的美国4699823号专利，1989年1月17日授予Meyer等人的美国4798603号专利，1991年8月6日授予Chen等人的美国5037409号专利，1992年6月23授予Bern-ardin等人的美国5124197号专利，1992年7月28日授予Reising等人的具有共同受让人的美国5134007号专利，以及1992年9月15授予Kellenberger的美国5147343号专利。
然而，所有处理尿的这些尝试，只是在处理尿的方面取得一些成效，几乎没有改善对也可能在用后即弃的吸湿用品上的低粘度粪便物的处理。处理粪便物的尝试包括提供一个紧密与穿用者贴身和有一个洞的第一顶片，期望这个洞与肛门口正对着，以便使粪便物从中通过后进入一个空的空间。第一顶片可以有各种弹性翼片，以便紧密与穿用者贴身，和/或有几个线状的弹性绳，已有技术在这些方面已经获得了改进，例如优化了第一顶面的材料性能。这种优化使第一顶片同穿用者更舒适贴身，并且使单个用后即弃的吸湿用品适合更大身材范围的穿用者。
在已有技术中的另一些尝试是提供一种上面带有洞的吸湿芯，以便接收粪便物。这个洞可以是椭圆形的，以便使其比第一顶片上的那个洞长和窄一些，这个洞也可以是菱形的。吸湿芯上的这个洞可以布置在一个有弹性带包围边缘的洞的下方。
已有技术的这类用后即弃的吸湿用品的改进还包括增加几个隔垫，这些垫可以插在第一顶片和吸湿芯之间，以便保证存在一个空的空间供接收粪便物用。
在已有技术中已完成的另一些尝试是提供一些将粪便材料限制移动到用后即弃的吸湿用品的特定部分上的阻挡层。这些阻挡层将粪便与穿用者皮肤的接触限制在比相对应的没有阻挡层的吸湿用品小得多的范围内。
已有技术的另一些尝试是提供一些从该顶片的平面上直立的阻挡腿罗口，这些阻挡腿罗口(barrier leg cuffs)能防止粪便物冲出用后即弃的吸湿用品的周边。
已有技术处理粪便物的这些尝试的优选例子包括在下列专利文件中：1990年1月9日授予DesMarais等人的具有共同受让人的美国4892536号专利，1990年3月20日授予Aziz等人的美国4909803号专利，1990年11月6日授予Khan的美国4968312号专利，1991年2月5日授予Freeland的具有共同受让人的美国4990147号专利，1991年8月6日授予Allen等人的具有共同受让人的美国5037416号专利，1991年11月15日授予Holt等人的美国5062840号专利，1992年12月15日授予Dreier等人的具有共同受让人的美国5171236号专利，以及1990年2月28日公开的Enlon的欧洲专利申请0355700A2。
然而，在已有技术中为了处理粪便物的这些尝试中，没有一个解决了低粘度粪便物的问题，这种低粘度粪便物是年幼的儿童，特别是哺乳的婴儿常排泄的。低粘度粪便物在重力影响下和在穿用者的运动或压力下容易在用后即弃的吸湿用品上移动。
粪便物经常朝向用后即弃的吸湿用品的周边移动，从而增加了漏出的可能性。粪便物的移动还能弄脏穿用者的皮肤，使清洁更加困难。为了清洁穿用者，护理人员必须擦已经沾上粪便物的皮肤的整个面积，因此经常不得不处理相当大的弄脏的面积。
于是，本发明的目的是提供一种能克服已有技术缺点的用后即弃的吸湿用品。具体地讲，本发明的目的是提供一种能减少上面的粪便物漏出和在脱去该用后即弃的吸湿用品能将残留在穿用者皮肤上的低粘度粪便材料的数量限制到最少的用后即弃的吸湿用品。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种能把粪便物分成固态物和液态物的用后即弃的吸湿用品。
本发明涉及一种供使用者穿用的用后即弃的吸湿用品，例如尿布。该吸湿用品包括一个可透过液体的顶片，该顶片的传过顶片渗透率为在至少约30平方英寸，最好是至少约45平方英寸的表面积范围内压差为0.071磅/英寸2时0.25g/英寸2。该最小的和最为可取的表面积在传过顶片渗透率增加时与该传过顶片渗透率成反比地降低。例如，传过顶片渗透率为每平方英寸0.6克的顶片仅需要在最小4平方英寸的面积范围内进行这种渗透。
该用后即弃的吸湿用品最好还包括一个处在第一顶片和吸湿芯之间的第二顶片，如果包括该第二顶片，那么它与第一顶片的接合面积小于第一顶片的表面积的50％，而与吸湿芯接合的面积则至少为吸湿芯表面的50％。这个可能包括的第二顶片的周边可以接合底片上，从而使第一顶片没有必要与底片接合。第二顶片的过顶片渗透率在0.071磅/英寸2的压差下小于0.20g/英寸2，该第二顶片的过顶片渗透率小于0.15g/英寸2更为可取。
该用后即弃的吸湿用品还包括一个不渗液体的底片和一个在第一顶片和底片之间的吸湿芯，该底片至少部分周边同第一顶片或第二顶片相接合，该吸湿芯同第一顶片的接合面积小于第一顶片表面积的50％。
通过下面结合附图对本发明的说明可以更加清楚地理解本发明，其中相同的部件用相同的参考数字。
图1是局部剖开的按照本发明吸湿用品的俯视图。
图2是沿图1的线2-2的垂直剖视图，图中示出了第一顶片，第二顶片和吸湿芯的关系。
图3是可以用于测量第一顶片和第二顶片的过顶片渗透率的装置的侧视图。
图3A是用于测量过顶片渗透率的衬底的显微照片的俯图。
图4A是表示过顶片渗透率和有效通孔面积百分率之间关系的两维曲线。
图4B是表示在过顶片渗透率和由具有孔径大于0.2mm2的孔所贡献的总的有效孔面积百分率之间关系的两维曲线。
图5是表示取自图4A和4B的在过顶片渗透率，有效通孔面积百分率和由孔径大于0.2mm2的孔所贡献的有效通孔面积之间关系的三维曲线。
图6是表示在过顶片渗透率，有效通孔面积百分率和在孔径为0.1和0.2mm2之间的孔的平均流体半径(aVerage hydraulic radi-us)之间关系的三维曲线。
这里所用的术语“吸湿用品”是指吸收和容纳人体排泄物的物品，特别是指贴着穿用者身体或靠近其身体、用来吸收和容纳人体排出的各种排泄物的物品。术语“用后即弃”这里用来描述不准备洗涤或用别的方法恢复或重新作为吸湿用品使用的吸湿用品(即使用一次后就丢弃，最好是在不污染环境的条件下将其回收，化成肥料或用其它方法处理。“整体的”吸湿用品是指把许多单独的部件组合在一起形成一个协调一致的整体吸湿用品，从而不需要单独操纵的部件例如单独的支持件和衬垫等)本发明吸湿用品的优选实施例是图1所示的整体的用后即弃的吸湿用品尿布20。这里所用的术语“尿布”是指被婴儿或生活不能自理的成人穿在躯干下部的吸湿用品。
图1为发明的尿布20处于摊开、无收缩状态(即由弹性引起的收缩拉开了)的平面图，为了清楚地显示出尿布20的结构将结构的一些部分剖开，尿布20的朝向或接触穿用者的那部分即内表面是面对着观察者。如图1所示，尿布20最好包括：一个渗透液体的第一顶片24，一个同第一顶片24相接合的不渗透液体的底片26，一个定位在第一顶片24和底片26之间的吸湿芯28，一个定位在第一顶片24和吸湿芯28之间的渗透液体的第二项片25。尿布20还包括用弹性线制的侧边翼片(未示出)，用弹性线制的腿罗口(未示出)，弹性腰部件(未示出)和总的用以36多重标记的具有带状片的固定系统。
尿布20如图1所示，它包括：一个当被穿上时同穿用者的前面并置的第一腰区27，一个当被穿上时同穿用者的后面并置的第二腰区29，一个定位在第一腰区27和第二腰区29之间的裆区31和一个由尿布20的外边缘限定的周边，外边缘中的纵边缘用33标注，端边缘用35标注。尿布20的内表面包括使用过程中靠近穿用者身体的尿布20的一部分(即内表面基本上至少是由第一顶片24的一部分和接合到第一顶片24上的其它部分构成的)。外表面包括尿布20的远离穿用者身体的那部分(即外表面基本上是由至少底片26的一部分和接合到底片26上的其它部分构成的)。
图1示出了尿布20的一个优选实施例，其中第一顶片24和底片26的长度和宽度通常比吸湿芯28的长度和宽度大。第一顶片24和底片26伸出吸湿芯28的边缘之外，这样便形成尿布20的轮廓周边。另外，第二顶片25也可以伸出吸湿芯28的边缘之外并且接合到底片26上，从而形成尿布20的轮廓周边。第一顶片24，第二顶片25和吸湿芯可以按照各种公知的结构形式进行组装，1975年1月14授予Kenn-eth B Buell的名称为“用后即弃的尿布的可收缩的侧部分”的美国3860003号专利和1991年6月13日由Kennth B Buell等人申请的名称为“具有一个预置的弹性柔性折边的动态弹性腰区的吸湿用品”的美国07/715152号专利申请中总的描述了一些优选的尿布结构形式，这两篇文件在此作为参考引证。
吸湿芯28可以是任何的吸湿部件，它基本上是可压缩的、舒适的和对穿用者的皮肤没有刺激的，并能吸收和保存液体(例如尿和人体其它排泄物)。如图1所示，吸湿芯28有一个朝向内衣面，一个朝向身体的面，侧边缘和腰部边缘。吸湿芯可以制成各种尺寸和形状(例如，长方形，计时沙漏形、“T”形、非对称形等)和可以由通常使用在用后即弃的尿布中的各种各样吸收液体材料和例如一般称为透气毛毡的粉碎的木材浆料一类的其它吸湿材料制成，其它适合的吸湿材料的例子有起皱的纤维素填絮，包括coforon的熔吹聚合物、化学硬挺整理改性或交联的纤维素纤维，包括纱层和纱叠层在内的织物、吸湿泡沫塑料、吸湿海棉、超吸收聚合物、吸湿胶凝材料或任何等效的材料或这些材料的组合。
吸湿芯28的形状和结构也可以改变(例如吸湿芯可以有厚度变化的区、亲水梯度、超吸湿梯度或低平均密度和低平均基重的收集区或可以包括一层或多层结构)。吸湿芯28的总吸湿容量应与设计的负载量和尿布20的用途相一致。另外，吸湿芯的尺寸和吸湿容量可以适应穿用者(从婴儿到成人)的需要改变。
用作吸湿芯28的吸湿结构的优选例子在下列专利文件中有描述：1986年9月9日授取Weisman等人的名称为“高密度吸湿结构”的美国4610678号专利，1987年6月16日授予Weisman等人和名称为“具有双层吸湿芯的吸湿用品”的美国4673402号专利，1989年12月19日授予Angstadt的名称为“具有扫净层”的吸湿芯的美国4888231号专利以及1989年5月30授予Alemany等人的名称为“具有低密度和低基重收集区的高密度吸湿件”的美国4834735号专利。这些专利文件在此作为参考件加以引用。
底片26紧贴着吸湿芯28的朝向内衣那侧，最好是通过接合件(未示出)，例如公知的那些接合件接合到吸湿芯的朝向内衣那侧上，术语“接合”在此是强调一些构形，借助这些构形可以通过把一个元件直接加接在另一元件上而把一个元件直接固定到另一元件上，还强调一些构形，借助这些构形可以通过把一个元件加接到一个或几个中间片上然后再加接到另一元件上而把一个元件间接固定到另一元件上。
例如，底片26可以通过均匀连续的粘接剂层，有图形的粘接剂层或一排分开的直线、螺旋线或许多点的粘接剂层固定在吸湿芯28上。业已发现比较满意的粘接剂是由Fuller Company of St.Paul，Minnesota生产的商品名为HL-1258粘接剂。接合手段最好是包括1986年3月4日授予Minetola等人的名称为“用后即弃的保持排泄物的衣服”的美国4573986号专利所描述的那样的粘接剂细丝开放图形网络，更可取的是例如象在1975年10月7日授予Sprague，Jr的美国3911173号专利、1978年11月22日授予Ziecker等人的美国4785996号专利和1989年6月27日授予Werenicz的美国4842666号专利中给出的装置和方法中所描述那样盘绕成一个螺旋图形的粘接剂细丝的几根线。上述的专利文件在此被引入作为参考文件。另外，接合手段还可以包括热粘接、压力粘接、超声波粘接、动态机械式粘接或任何其它适合的接合手段，或各种公知接合手段的组合。
底片26是不渗透液体(例如尿)，虽然可用其它液体不能渗透的挠性材料制造，但最好是用薄的塑料薄膜制造。这里所用的术语“挠性的”是指材料是柔顺的，很容易大至适应人体的形状和轮廓。
底片26应能防止被吸湿芯28吸收和保持的排泄物弄湿与尿布20接触的物品(例如床单和内衣)。因此，底片26可以由纺织的或无纺的织物、聚合物薄膜(例如聚乙烯或聚丙烯的热塑性薄膜或复合材料，例如涂膜的无纺材料)制成。底片26最好是具有从0.012mm(0.5密尔)至0.051mm(2.0密尔)之间的厚度的热塑性薄膜。用于制作底片26的特别可取的材料包括由Tvedegar Industries，Inc.ofTerre Haute，Indiana制造的RR8220吹塑薄膜、RR5475铸塑薄膜。底片26最好经过压花和/或消光表面处理，以便产生更象布的外观。此外，底片26可使蒸汽从吸湿芯28(即通气的)中逸出，同时又防止排泄物通过底片26。
第一顶片24和第二顶片25各有两个主面，第一顶片24具有一个朝向穿用者的第一主面和一个朝向第二顶片25的相对的第二主面。第二项片25具有一个朝向第一顶片24的第一主面和一个朝向吸湿芯28的相对的第二主面。
第一顶片24同第二顶片25的朝向人体那侧并置但并不是必需靠近该侧，最好是利用公知的技术同底片26或第二项片25接合。关于将底片26接合到吸收芯28上，适合的接合手段如上所述。在本发明的一个优选实施例中，第一顶片24和底片26互相在尿布周边直接接合。
第一顶片24是柔顺的，有柔软感的和对穿用者皮肤无刺激的。另外，第一顶片24是渗透液体的，允许液体(例如尿)容易通过它的厚度。适合的第一顶片24可以由各种材料例如多孔泡沫、网状泡沫，有孔的塑料薄膜、天然纤维(例如木纤维或棉纤维)、合成纤维(例如聚酯或聚丙烯纤维)或天然纤维和合成纤维的组合的纺织或无纺片料来制作。第一顶片24最好由疏水材料制成，以便使穿用者皮肤同保存在吸湿芯28中的液体隔离。此外，第一顶片24可以经表面活性处理，以便使其具有亲水性能。
制造第一顶片24的技术有很多种。例如，第一顶片可以是纺粘、梳理、湿法成形、熔吹、湿法缠结纤维无纺片的组合或上述材料的复合叠层等。优选的第一顶片24包括：借助无纺工艺中的公知技术完成的梳理/梳理复合，在成形丝网上湿法缠结和加热透过空气粘接和液体成形薄膜。
第一顶片24的最小过顶片渗透率取决于具有这个最少过顶片渗透率的第一顶片24的表面积。当然，过顶片穿透率在第一项片24的所有面积上不一定是同一个值。与肛门口对准的第一顶片24的那些区的过顶片渗透率可以比第一顶片24的外围区高很多。
在为了处理低粘度粪便物所必需的最小过顶片渗透率和具有该最小吸收容量的第一顶片24的表面积之间存在反比关系。如果一个较大百分比的第一顶片24的表面区域具有一个足以处理低粘度粪便的过顶片渗透率，则这个必须的过顶片渗透率将减少。
在任何情况下，只要第一顶片24的至少有30英寸2表面积的部分约0.25g/英寸2的过顶片渗透率和最好是第一顶片24至少有45英寸2的表面积部分具有这样大小的渗透率，则第一顶片24应该有至少约0.25g/英寸2的过顶片渗透率。据信，为了控制低粘度粪便第一顶片24必须有一表面积为4英寸2的最小区域又精确的同肛门对齐。如果提供第一顶片24的这样一个相当小的区域，第一顶片24的这个区域的过顶片渗透率至少为0.50g/英寸2，最好是至少为0.60g/英寸2。
对在过顶片渗透率和为控制低粘度粪便所必须的第一顶片24的最小表面积之间的协调以及具有这样的顶片的尿布20控制低粘度粪便所需要的最佳表面积在以下表I中作了说明：
                   表I
            具有这个过顶片渗透    具有这个过顶片渗透过顶片渗透率    率的第一顶片的最小    率的第一顶片的优选率(g/英寸2)     表面积(英寸2)         表面积(英寸2)
0.25        30                        45
0.30        15                        25
0.40        12                        20
0.50        4                         10
0.60        4                         4
过顶片渗透率由下述试验测量，用于这个测量的装置39示在图3和3A中。
该测量装置有一个安装在板42上的空腔不锈钢圆筒40，不锈钢圆筒40的高为7.5cm(2.95英寸)，内径5.08cm(2.00英寸)，外径6.3cm(2.48英寸)。该圆筒40的底部延伸至该板以下3.5mm，形成厚度为3.5mm的环形凸出部分。凸出部分43防止粪便的类似物漏到试样的指定试验区之外(将在下面说明)。
还提供一个100.6克的砝码44，砝码44也是圆柱形的，其直径为5.08cm(2.0英寸)，以便使砝码44在圆筒40内紧密配合，但可以自由地通过圆筒40的孔滑动。这种安排提供一个49.57kg/m2(0.071磅/英寸2)的压力和一个面积为3.142英寸2的试验区域。如果需要，砝码44可以有一个把手45，以容易将其插入圆筒40中和从圆筒40中移出。
提供一个待试验的试样46。试样46可以从现有的尿布20切下，或以原材料的形式提供。样品46被切成10.16×10.16cm2(4×4英寸2)的正方形。
称量衬底47和高基重吸湿纸的重量，精确到0.01克。然后将试样46放在一个大网格的真空成形薄膜(alarge cell vacuum foomedfilm)的聚烯烃衬底47上。如图3A所示，该衬底最好有许多细长的六面体的通孔，该通孔的最远的相对的两个平面之间的距离约4mm，该通孔两个最近的顶点间距离约3mm，该衬底可以从Tredegar Co-rporation of Terre Haute，Indiana购买，其牌号为X5790。
如果试样46是从尿布20上切下的，则该试样应只包括第一顶片24，该试样46不应包括第二顶片25或吸湿芯28的任何部分。注意在从尿布20切掉试样时，不能损坏试样46或者无意识地使第一顶片24严重变形，如果在从尿布20上切掉试样有困难，则可以冷冻试样46和尿布20的周围部分。冷冻可以利用由Philips ECG，Inc.of Wa-1tham，Massachusetts生产的PH 100-15管路制冷剂完成。
然后把衬底47放在一个高基重的吸湿纸上(未示出)。该高基重吸湿纸是由湿法成形的100％的纯纤维素制成，该吸湿纸的基重为0.0925g/英寸2，厚度为0.75mm(0.030英寸)。一种适合的吸湿纸是由Eaton-Dikeman Division Of Knowlton Brothers of Mt.Ho-lly Springs，Pennsylvania制造的989号过滤纸。
将圆筒40放在试样46上，对准试样46的中心。用具有5至6mm的注射口的注射器将10cm3的试验流体通过圆筒40的通孔分散到试样46的顶部。该试验流体是一种如下所述的模拟物。将100.6g砝码44插入到圆筒40的通孔中，并轻缓地放在试验流体上2分钟。
在2分钟后从试样46上移去砝码44，沿平行于衬底47的方向从衬底47上拉走试样46，然后，对衬底47和高基重吸湿纸进行称重。过顶片的渗透率等于衬底47的重量和高基重吸湿纸的组合重量由试验流体通过单位面积的样品引起的增加量。
试验流体是通过将3％重量比的从B.F.Goodrich Corporationof Brecksville，Ohio购买的Carbopol 941或等同的丙烯酸聚合物，放在蒸馏水中利用手持搅拌5分钟制备的模拟物。使该混合物平衡12小时，然后在72小时内供过顶片渗透率试验用。
通过使孔的横断面面积至少为0.2mm2或最好至少为0.3mm2而使第一顶片24达至表I中的所列的过顶片的容量。有效的孔是在下述的像收集参数条件下，在0-255个标准灰度电平级上具有灰度电平为18或更小的那些孔。
有效孔面积和通孔面积百分率利用像分析系统按下述程序测定，该程序包括三个主要步骤：像获得，即获得第一顶片24的表面区上的若干个代表像；像测量，即测量一个像的通孔面积百分比，单个孔的通孔面积百分比，和各单个孔的周长；和数据分析，即把开口面积百分率，单个孔面积和周边测量值输出到一个分布表中，以此表完成频度分布，面积分布和，和流体半径的计算。
利用具有帧接收器板、显微镜、摄相机和像分析软件的像分析系统。安装的型号DT2855帧接收器板是从Data Translation ofMarlboro，Massachusetts购买的，还可安装VH 5900监测器显微镜，具有一个接触式照明头的摄相机，以便获得一个将保存到计算机文件中的像。Keyence显微镜获得一个像后由帧接收器板把该像的模拟信号转换成计算机可读的数字形式，将该像存到计算机文件中，利用合适的软件(例如从BioScan Company of Edmonds，Washington购买的Optimas Image Analysis软件。3.1版)进行测量。为了应用Optimas Image Analysis Software，该计算机应该有一个从Micr-osoft Corporation of Redmond，Washington购买的Windows软件3.0版或更晚的版本，还有一个至少等同于Intel80386的CPU。可以使用任何适合的桌面个人计算机，带有486 DX 33型CPU芯片的个人计算机被认为特别适合。被存储在文件中并从文件中读出的像显示在具有总的显示放大倍数为约50X的Sony Trinitron model PVM1343MO监视器上。
该像获得步骤，象上述那样需要来自一个具体型号尿布20的代表的第一顶片24或来自待试验的试样材料的10个不同区域，每个区是矩形的，其尺寸为约5.8mm×4.2mm。将试样放在一个黑垫板上以便增加若干孔同限定那些孔的试样的那部分之间的对比度。这个黑垫板的平均灰度级和标准偏差分别为16和4。
在关闭室内灯光的条件下，利用安装在一复制架上位于该试样正上方的Keyence监测显微镜获得一些像。调整照射试样的Keyence光源，然后用Optimas Software在一个从Eastman Kodak Companyof Rochester，New York购买的Kodak Gray Scale测量平均灰度级和0.3不透明劈的标准偏差。调整Keyence光源的控制，以便使该照明劈的平均灰度级是111±1而标准偏差是10±1。在单个时间期间内获得了全部像，通过测量平均灰度电平和不透明劈的光标偏差在整个的像获得过程中监测Keyence光源。
在测量一个单独的孔时，只对有效孔尺寸感兴趣。测量有效孔径定量出对第一顶片24的气孔率有贡献的孔径并计算横过确定为一个孔的区域纤维和纤维束的贡献，利用在在本文所述的像获得参量时，一个有效的孔就是具有小于或等于18的灰度电平的通过第一顶片24的任意孔。这样便可把一个确定的孔借助横向纤维分成若干个有效孔。
利用那些取样像中获得的比较规则的像按照毫米标定像分析软件。把在Optcmas 3.1像菜单中找到的3×3像素平均滤波器加在每个保存的像上，以便减少噪声。在0至18的灰度电平范围内检测这些孔。把不完全包含在5.8×4.2视场内的孔认为不在该单独区和周边测量值内，因此，面积和周边的平均值及其分布不受没有完全包括在该视场内的那些孔的影响。
然而，在像中不能完全观察到的那些弧立的孔包含在通孔面积百分率计算中。这个差值的发生是由于该通孔面积百分率只不过是像素的像在从0至18内对在该像素内的像素的总数的比值。具有灰度电平19或大于19的面积没有考虑在通孔面积计算内。
利用Optimas Image Analysis Software测量每个第一顶片24的10个像的平均通孔面积百分率。该通孔面积百分率根据具有灰度电平从0到18的像素数目对该像的总的像素数目的比值确定。对于代表第一顶片24的试样的一个特定区的每个像测量通孔面积百分率然后对每10个单个像的通孔面积百分率平均，从而获得整个试样的通孔面积百分率。
利用Excel对照板(也可以从Microsoft Corporation of Redm-ond Washington购买)进行数据分析。Excex对照板编制从Optimas软件获得的通孔面积百分率、孔面积和孔周长测量值。利用该对照板获得样品平均值和标准偏差，单个孔面积的尺寸和频度分布，和对于单个孔的流体半径计算值(被周长除过的面积的商)。
单个孔面积的分布也可以利用Excel对照板计算。把这些孔分成某些尺寸范围的储存孔。测定孔面积落在某些感兴趣范围中的数目以及每个范围内的这些面积的和。这些范围按0.05mm2的增量增加。这些面积被表示为该试样的总的通孔面积百分率。通过把每个取样的10个像的单个孔组合便可获得频度分布和面积和分布。
利用Excel对照板还可以计算单个孔的流体半径。流体半径被认为是由从Optimas软件获得的对应的周长除该单个的面积的商。
一旦计算出孔的流体半径，便可以很容易确定流体半径在某些范围内的分布。还可以容易地确定孔的流体半径在某些尺寸范围内的分布。
利用上述程序确定由大于0.2mm2的孔所贡献的有效通孔面积的传过顶面的容量百分率和孔的平均流体半径。这些试验结果列在表II中。
在下面表II给出了从各种市场上可以购买的尿布取下的已有技术中第一顶片和各种由市场可买到的已有技术中的用作尿布20的第一顶片24的材料的传过顶片渗透率(g/英寸2)、也给出了按照本发明的第一顶片24的各种材料的传过顶片容量。表II的第一列给出了第一顶片24所取自的产品的商业名称或如果试样不是取自市场上可购买的尿布则是第一顶片24材料本身的名字。第二列给出以g/英寸2为单位的传过顶片渗透率。第三列给出有效通孔面积百分率。第四列给出孔径大于0.2mm2的孔的有效通孔面积。第五列给出具有孔径0.1至0.2mm2的孔的平均流体半径。
                         表II
                               有效通 孔大于0.2mm2   从0.1至0.2
                 过顶片渗透率  孔面积 有效的通孔面积 mm2的孔的有
                                                     效流体半径名称                   (g/英寸2)   (百分率)  (百分率)        (mm)1.Pantex 18125X         0.791        22.5     20.48        0.0687from FaterCorporation ofPescara.Italy2.AMC 7191.26.1         0.688        16.21    12.64        0.0575from Fiberweb N.A.Simpsonville，SC3.Always Sanitary       0.633        20.3     8.61         0.1011Napkin*from The Procter&Gamble Company，Cincinnati，OH4.ACC 7192.36.1         0.467        12.14    3.76         0.0625from Fiberweb N.ASimpsonville，SC5.Huggies Super Trim    0.202        6.73     2.22         0.0617from Kimberly-Clark，Dallas，TX6.Huggies Baby Stept    0.098        6.04     0.24         0.0751from Kimberly-ClarkDallas，TX7.Pampers Phases        0.084        1.94     0            N/Afrom The Procter&Gamble Company，Cincinnati，OH8.ACC P0391.0           0.069        7        1.75        0.0589from Veratec Inc.Walpole，MA9.Huggies Ultra Trim    0            0.4      0           N/ABaby Stepsfrom Kimberty-Clark，Dallas，TX
这个第一顶片24是由Tredegar Company，Cincinati Ohio X5600的具有在形成之前的0.0016英寸厚的薄膜，而不是具有在形成之前的0.001英寸的通用的Always卫生巾的第一顶片24的薄膜。
如表II所示，示出了传过顶片渗透率和有效通孔面积之间的正相关性。这个关系可依照以下的图4A-5讨论这种相关性，该图示出了传过顶片渗透率和尺寸大于0.2mm2的孔所贡献的有效通孔面积之间的稍差一点但仍然是正相关的关系。在图4A-6中的数据点的编号与在表II中用的编号相同。
图4A-4B基本上表明：比较小的孔径所贡献的有效通孔面积对传过顶片渗透率没有特别的贡献。图4A和4B表明：随着有效开口面积百分率的增加，传过顶片渗透率有相应的增加。传过顶片渗透率小于或等于0.2g/英寸2的数据点是表示已有技术的尿布和材料的数据。传过顶片渗透率大于0.4g/英寸2数据点表示本发明的第一顶片24的数据。
然而，图4A示出了有效通孔面积百分率同传过顶片渗透率的非单调关系。这个非单调关系在已有技术的试样和本发明的试样两者中表现都是显著的。
参看图4B，对于尺寸大于0.2mm2的孔，这个非单调关系对本发明的所有试样和已有技术中的除一个例外的全部试样都消失了。图4B表明：只有具有一个特定的最小尺寸的有效孔表现出对使低粘度粪便物通过第一顶片24的效力。按照本发明的第一顶片可取的是具有尺寸至少为0.1mm2的孔，更可取的具有尺寸至少0.2mm2的孔。
参看图5，虽然上述的单调关系仍存在，但是，显然，总有效通孔面积同尺寸大于0.2mm2的孔的有效通孔面积之间存一个比较弱的关系。图5还进一步确定如何将有效通孔面积的百分比分配不同尺寸的孔是本发明的第一顶片24在传送低粘度粪便物时有效性的一个因素。
总的说来，对于一个给定的有效通孔面积百分率，第一顶片24要有比较大的孔径，以便获得足够的传过顶片渗透率。当然，这些孔径也不能太大，否则粪便物仍将紧贴穿用者的皮肤上，这是因为在粪便物通过第一顶片24后，由于孔不能有效地使穿用者同粪便隔开。
参看图4A、4B和5，在本发明的用后即弃的吸湿用品上的第一顶片24最好具有列在上面表I中的传过顶片容量，该容量通过具有至少12％有效通孔面积达到，优选的有效通孔面积百分率是至少15％，更优选的是20％的有效通孔面积。
参看图6，显然，按照其流体半径确定的孔形状也影响传过顶片的容量。一般来说，平均流体半径同传过顶片的渗透率之间有正相关关系。图6限定具有0.1和0.2mm2的孔径，为了减少严重的变化，这些变化是在考虑比0.2mm2大得多的孔径会由没有限定的孔径引起的。试样7和9没有包括在图6中，因为它们没有孔径在0.1和0.2mm2之间的孔。
再参看图6，从图中可以发现，具有有效孔径为0.1至0.2mm2的孔的平均流体半径的优选值是至少0.06mm，比较优选的值是至少0.08mm，最优选的值是至少0.10mm。
适合的第一顶片24可用具有基重约28g/m2(0.119磅/300英寸2)和分立孔的无纺物片制作。这样的无纺物片可以从Fiberweb Comp-any Of Simpsonville South Carolina购买，其序号为7192.36.1。
第二顶片25的优选的传过顶片渗透率小于0.20g/英寸2，更优选的顶输顶片渗透率是小于0.15g/英寸2。重要的是使第二顶片25有一个比第一顶片24小相当多的传过顶片渗透率，以便使第二顶片25可以容易地接收透过第一顶片24的粪便物并使之停止流动，最好脱除粪便物中的水分。通过使粪便物停在第一顶片24的下侧，使粪便物大概很少能移动到尿布20的周边，引起泄漏或留在穿用者皮肤上。
如果粪便固定在第二顶片25上和在第一顶片24的下侧，则粪便物可以在这个位置脱水。对粪便物脱水的好处是使较少低粘度的粪便物同穿用者皮肤接触。
这样的第二顶片25可以用无纺物片的形式提供，该无纺物片没有分立的孔，具有、18g/m2(11.06磅/300英寸2)的基重。这样的无纺料片可以由Fiberweb Company of Simpsonville，South Carol-ina提供，其型号为66220。
第二顶片25应该只是周边接合到第一顶片24上。至多使第二顶片25的50％在一个次要的周边区内接合到第二顶片24上。第二顶片25只在周边区内分立定位区上接合到第一顶片上，以便使低粘度的粪便物的、渗透率最大和使再润湿达到最小在第二顶片25和吸湿芯28加载填充后，当着尿或粪便物中的液体成分返回到第一顶片24的朝向身体侧时便发生再润湿。
根据需要，第一顶片24和第二顶片25可以在尿布20的周边内的一些位置上接合在一起，如果进行这样的接合，最好是在一些分开的位置上进行这样的接合。这样接合应形成一个图形，以便使第一顶片24同第二顶片25在Z方向分开约0.5至7.6cm(0.20至3.0英寸)。如果这些接合位置彼此靠的太近，将产生有害的作用，即阻止夹在第一顶片24和第二顶片25的低粘度粪便物在XY方向移动。在极端情况下，彼此靠得太近的结合点将阻止或主要减少了低粘度粪便通过第一顶片24的渗透作用。另一方面，如果接合位置彼此离开得太远，则第一顶片24同第二顶片25之间在Z方向分开的距离将过大，使尿布20变得不稳定并进入穿用者的臀沟中。
一个具体的优选实施例利用了两个分开超声波焊接纵向取向的条。这两个超声波焊接点的直径约2mm。每个超声波焊接点沿纵向与相邻的超声波焊接点在一个约3cm(0.12英寸)的补片上隔开，并且排成蛇形。对于这里所描述的实施例，两个纵向取向条可以在一个具有一个横向尺寸约14cm(5.51英寸)的吸湿芯28的尿布20上横向隔开约4cm(1.5英寸)。
不管这个接合圆形如何选择，如果尿布20具有双腿罗口，则可取的是使小于50％(更可取的是小于25％)的第一顶片24的表面积接合到在两个腿罗口之间或两个内腿罗口之间的第二顶片25上。
可取的是使比较高的第二顶片的表面积接合到吸湿芯28上。如果第二顶片25接合到吸湿芯28上，一旦粪便物被固定下来就可能发生对粪便物最大的脱水。可取的是借助一个接合图形(例如一个长方形窄条热熔粘接剂)使第二顶片25至少其表面积的50％全面地接合到吸湿芯28上。
尿布20还可以包括改善液体和其它人体排泄物的容纳性能的弹性线制的腿罗口(未示出)。每个弹性线制的腿罗口可包括几不同的为了减少在腿部区人体排泄物泄漏的实施例。(腿罗口可以是和有时也称为腿带，护翼、阻隔裤口或弹性裤口)美国3860003号专利描述一种用后即弃的尿布，该尿布的可收缩的腿口具有护翼和一个或多个弹性件构成的弹性腿罗口(衬垫裤口)。1990年3月20日授予Aziz等人的具有共同受让人的名称为“具有弹性线制的护翼的用后即弃的吸湿用品”的美国4909803号专利描述了一种具有“直立”的弹性线制护翼(阻隔裤口)，以便改善腿部区容纳性的用后弃的尿布。1987年9月22日授予Lowson的具有共同受让人的名称为“具有双罗口的吸湿用品”的美国4695278号专利描述了一种具有包括衬垫裤口和阻隔裤口的用后即弃的尿布。
尿布20最好还包括一个提供改善贴身和容纳性能的弹性腰区(未示出)。弹性腰区是要扩展到穿用者的腰部并同穿用者腰部动态贴身的尿布20的那部分或那个区。弹性腰部至少沿纵向朝外从吸湿芯28的腰部边缘中的至少一个伸出并形成尿布20的端边缘的一部分。用后即弃的尿布通常有两个弹性腰部，一个定位于第一腰部区27，另一个位于第二腰部区29，当然，尿布也可以只有一个弹性腰区。另外，虽然弹性腰部或其任何组成元件可以包括一个固定到尿布20上的分开的固定件。弹性腰部最好包括尿布20的其它部件(例如底片26或第一顶片24，最好是底片26和第一顶片24两者)的延伸部分。弹性腰部34可以采用各种不同的构形，包括1985年5月7日授予Kie-vit等人的美国451559号专利和上面参考的美国07/715152号专利申请中所描述的构形，这两篇参考文件在此插入作为参考。
尿布20还包括一个形成侧包封的固定系统，该侧包封保持第一腰区27和第二腰区29或一个覆盖的形状，从而使两侧的拉伸保持在尿布20的周边上，这样便可使尿布20保持在穿用者身上。在下列专利文件中描述了优选的固定系统，这些文件包括：1989年7月11日授予Scripps的名称为“具有改进固定件的用后即弃的尿布”的美国4846815号专利，1990年1月16日授予Nestegard的名称为“具有改进的搭机固定部分的用后即弃的尿布”的美国4894060号专利，1990年8月7日授予Battrell的具有共同受让人的名称为“压敏粘接剂固定件及其制造方法”的美国4946527号专利，1974年11月19日授予Buell的具有共同受让人的名称为“用于用后即弃尿布的带状固定系统”的美国3848594号专利，1987年5月5日授予Hirotsu等人的具有共同受让人的名称为“吸湿用品”的美国B14662875号专利和在上面引用的美国07/715152号专利申请，上述的所有专利文件在此插入作为参考文件。
最好是用下述方法把尿布20固定到穿用者的身体上：把其中的一个腰区(最好是第二腰区29)定位在穿用者的背后，然后把尿布20的余下部分拉在穿用者的两个大腿之间，以便使另一腰区(最好是第一腰区27)跨过穿用者的前部定位。然后使固定系统的带片36从其防粘部分脱离。把尿布裹住环绕穿用者的弹性线制的侧翼片，同时仍握住所述带片部分。将固定系统固定在尿布20的外表面上，以便完成两侧包封。
虽然上面已经用图示出和用文字描述了本发明的几个具体的实施例，但是对于本技术领域的普通技术人员可以在不偏离本发明的精神和保护范围作出各种改变和改型，显然，这些改变和改型仍在本发明的权利要求书保护范围之内。

Claims (5)

1、一种被穿用者穿在身上的用后即弃的吸湿用品，该用后即弃的吸湿用品包括：
一个渗透液体的第一顶片，该第一顶片的传过顶片渗透率至少为0.25g/英寸2，该第一顶片可取的传过顶片渗透率至少为0.40g/英寸2，更可取的传过顶片渗透率至少为0.60g/英寸2；
一个在该第一顶片和下述的底片之间的吸湿芯，
一个在该第一顶片和该吸湿芯之间的第二顶片，该第二顶片具有两个主面，其中的第一主面朝向第一顶片，第二主面朝向吸湿芯，其特征在于：小于50％的该第二顶片的该第一主面的面积接合到该第一顶片上，至少50％面积的第二顶片的第二主面的表面区域接合到该吸湿芯上，该第二顶片的传过顶片的渗透率小于0.20g/英寸2。
一个至少部分周边接合到该第一顶片和该第二顶片之一上面的不渗透液体的底片。
2、一种如权利要求1所述的用后即弃的吸湿用品，其特征在于：该第一顶片的至少4英寸2面积的部分具有该传过顶片渗透率；最好是该第一顶片的至少20英寸2面积的部分具有该传过顶片渗透率。
3、如权利要求1或2所述的用后即弃的吸湿用品，其特征在于：该第一顶片具有一个至少15％的有效通孔面积。
4、一种如权利要求1、2或3所述的用后即弃吸湿用品，其特征在于：该第一顶片具有许多有效孔径在0.1和0.2mm2之间的孔。
5、如权利要求1、2或3所述的用后即弃的吸湿用品，其特征在于：该第一顶片具有许多有效孔径大于0.2mm2的孔。
CN94192978A 1993-06-11 1994-05-26 用于低粘度粪便的用后即弃的吸湿用品 Pending CN1128494A (zh)

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HU9503531D0 (en) 1996-03-28
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HU220175B (hu) 2001-11-28
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