CN112740955A - Morchella cultivation method suitable for northwest cold dry areas - Google Patents
Morchella cultivation method suitable for northwest cold dry areas Download PDFInfo
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- CN112740955A CN112740955A CN201911049354.4A CN201911049354A CN112740955A CN 112740955 A CN112740955 A CN 112740955A CN 201911049354 A CN201911049354 A CN 201911049354A CN 112740955 A CN112740955 A CN 112740955A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for cultivating morchella in the northwest cold and dry areas, belonging to the field of edible fungus cultivation. The method comprises the steps of selecting appropriate soil and appropriate seeding time by using simple facilities such as a vegetable greenhouse, and the like, controlling the temperature in winter by mainly using a sunshade net through links such as watermelon sowing, watermelon management and harvesting, deep ploughing and greenhouse closing, morchella sowing, nutrition substrate supplement, spawn running management, mushroom fruiting induction, seedling management and the like, successfully realizing the marketing of morchella in northwest cold and dry areas in time periods with high price and vigorous demand year by year, and increasing the income; the method is applied to rotation with the watermelon, so that the continuous cropping obstacle of the morchella is solved, and the yield is further increased; simple facilities and low cost, and promotes the healthy and sustained development of the morchella industry in northwest regions.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method of morchella esculenta suitable for northwest cold dry areas.
Background
Morchella (Morchella sp.) commonly known as Ascomycotina, Morchella, or Phyllostachys glauca, belongs to Ascomycotina, Discomycetes, Pezizales, Morchellacaceae, Morchella, and is named because its pileus surface has a ridged reticular body, and its appearance is very similar to that of Morchella. The morchella is rich in various amino acids and vitamins, and has been used as a delicious food on banquet because of crisp and tender meat and unique flavor. Has effects in reducing blood lipid, regulating immunity, relieving fatigue, resisting radiation, and resisting tumor.
The morchella esculenta has serious continuous cropping obstacles, serious plant diseases and insect pests can occur in two years of continuous cropping, and the yield is seriously reduced in the third year. Meanwhile, the land is in an idle state in the period from spring to summer to early autumn when the morchella is planted, so that the method for solving the continuous cropping obstacle is a good method for selecting proper other crop varieties and carrying out rotation with the morchella, and the land utilization rate is increased.
The common cultivation mode of the morchella is autumn sowing and spring harvest, the cultivation mode has the advantages of high yield, stability and the like, but the price of the autumn sowing and spring harvest mode is reduced year by year along with the development of the industry and the expansion of the planting area. Therefore, the cultivation mode in out-of-season, especially the autumn sowing and winter harvest, strives for the morchella to come into the market as a fresh product before the year, and is a very good choice. Because the market is greatly vacant by the year, the price of the morchella fresh product is higher, and higher benefits can be obtained. However, in dry northwest areas, the mode of autumn sowing and winter harvesting is adopted, the requirement on cultivation facilities is extremely high, a greenhouse is generally needed to meet the requirement on temperature in winter, and the cost of the greenhouse is extremely high. Therefore, how to realize the out-of-season cultivation of the morchella in the cold and dry areas in the north by using facilities such as a simple vegetable greenhouse which is very common in the north is a problem to be solved urgently by the morchella industry.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a rotation cultivation method for morchella and watermelons in cold and dry areas in the north. The technical scheme of the invention is characterized in that high yield is ensured, and simultaneously, the toadstool fresh goods are listed in the northwest region when the price is the highest before the spring festival in the lunar calendar by using simple greenhouse facilities, the problem of continuous cropping obstacle of the toadstool is solved by crop rotation with watermelons, and meanwhile, the land utilization rate is increased and the income is increased. The method comprises the steps of selecting appropriate soil and appropriate seeding time by using simple facilities such as a vegetable greenhouse, and the like, controlling the temperature in winter by mainly using a sunshade net through links such as watermelon sowing, watermelon management and harvesting, deep ploughing and greenhouse closing, morchella sowing, nutrition substrate supplement, spawn running management, mushroom fruiting induction, seedling management and the like, successfully realizing the marketing of morchella in northwest cold and dry areas in time periods with high annual price and vigorous market demand, and increasing the income; the method is applied to rotation with the watermelon, so that the continuous cropping obstacle of the morchella is solved, and the yield is further increased; simple facilities and low cost, and promotes the healthy and sustained development of the morchella industry in northwest regions.
The invention aims to provide a cultivation method of morchella esculenta suitable for northwest cold dry areas, which comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting land: selecting sandy loam with loose soil, good air permeability and a pH value of 6.5-7.5;
(2) facilities: building a greenhouse, wherein the greenhouse is provided with an atomizing and water spraying facility; the greenhouse can be a common vegetable greenhouse or an arched greenhouse; the specification of the greenhouse can be 6-8 m wide and 20-50 m long;
(3) film covering: covering a mulching film on the ground surface in the greenhouse; specifically, a white mulching film with the width of 60-80 cm can be covered according to the line spacing of 150-200 cm;
(4) sowing watermelons: planting watermelon seedlings, and then watering thoroughly; the specific inoculation time for planting the watermelon seedlings can be from 4 months to the beginning of May months; the plant spacing of the watermelon seedlings can be 35-50 cm; the planting depth can be 3-5 cm.
(5) Daily management of the watermelon: controlling the air temperature at 15-30 ℃, ventilating in the daytime and closing the ventilation opening at night; when the soil is dry (specifically, when the soil humidity is less than 50%), the atomizing and water spraying device is opened to water until the soil is wet.
(6) Harvesting watermelons: removing sundries and weeds in the greenhouse after harvesting the watermelons; the watermelon can be harvested in the middle ten days of 9 months (around 15 days of 8 months in the lunar calendar).
(7) Deep ploughing and greenhouse closing: deeply ploughing the soil until the soil is loosened, and then closing the greenhouse for greenhouse closing until 7-10 days before the morchella is planted;
(8) and (3) Morchella seeding: seeding when the temperature of the autumn soil is lower than 20 ℃ (specifically 10-20 ℃, preferably 15-20 ℃), and drilling for 200-300 kg of cultivated seeds per mu; covering soil for 2-6 cm after seeding; one or more drip irrigation tapes can be arranged above each sowing trench; the six-needle encrypted sunshade net is covered outside the greenhouse.
(9) And (3) supplement of a nutrient medium: and (3) within 3-15 days of seeding, adding 750-1000 kg of nutrient medium per mu, and covering a black mulching film. The nutritional matrix may comprise the following components in mass percent: 40-50% of wheat grains, 30-40% of sawdust, 16-20% of soil, 0.5-2% of light calcium carbonate and 0.5-2% of gypsum.
(10) Spawn running management: controlling the soil temperature to be 15-20 ℃;
(11) inducing fruiting and managing: after the nutrient medium is supplemented for 37-60 days, continuously carrying out drip irrigation for 2-6 hours to induce fruiting, and then controlling the soil temperature to be 6-13 ℃ and the air humidity to be 75-85% until primordium appears;
(12) and (3) young mushroom management: and removing the nutrient medium after the mushroom is induced to form primordium. Controlling the soil humidity to be 10-18 ℃, the air humidity to be 70-80%, the illumination intensity to be 500-3500 Lx and the carbon dioxide concentration to be less than 500 ppm;
in the step (11), if the soil temperature is lower than 6 ℃, removing the sunshade net, and heating the soil by illumination.
In the step (12), if the soil temperature is lower than 10 ℃, the sunshade net is removed, and the soil is heated by illumination.
The cultivation method has the advantages that: 1. the anti-season cultivation of the morchella in northwest areas can be realized, the morchella is sold in the market before the year when the price of the fresh mushroom is higher through autumn sowing and winter harvesting, and high-efficiency and high-income is created for farmers; 2. the greenhouse is needed for the out-of-season cultivation of the morchella in northwest regions, and the common vegetable greenhouse is difficult to meet the requirement of heat preservation in winter. But the greenhouse is extremely high in cost and is not suitable for large-scale popularization, and the method for removing the sunshade net at the low temperature and the greenhouse plays a role of heat preservation effect together with sunlight, so that the temperature requirement of morchella during fruiting and growth of young mushrooms is met, the anti-season cultivation of morchella in northern areas can be realized by adopting the common vegetable greenhouse with lower cost, and the cultivation cost is greatly reduced. 3. By crop rotation of watermelons suitable for being cultivated in northwest regions, the problem of continuous cropping obstacle of morchella is solved, the land utilization rate is increased, and the income is further increased.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these examples.
The materials and starting materials used in the examples are all commercially available.
Example 1
The cultivation method of the morchella esculenta suitable for the northwest cold dry areas comprises the following steps of:
(1) selecting land: selecting sandy loam with good air permeability, loose soil and a pH value of 6.8;
(2) facilities: building 3 greenhouses with the width of 8m and the length of 24m, and installing atomizing spray heads in the greenhouses;
(3) film covering: covering a white mulching film with the width of 80cm on the ground surface in the greenhouse according to the line spacing of 200 cm;
(4) sowing watermelons: planting watermelon seedlings according to the plant spacing of 40cm in the beginning of the May month, planting the watermelon seedlings with the depth of 5cm, and then watering the watermelon seedlings thoroughly;
(5) daily management of the watermelon: controlling the air temperature at 15-30 ℃, when the soil is dry (specifically, when the soil humidity is less than 50%), opening the atomizing nozzle to water until the soil is wet, stopping watering, ventilating in the daytime, and closing the ventilation opening at night;
(6) harvesting watermelons: removing sundries and weeds in the greenhouse after harvesting watermelons in 9 months and 20 days;
(7) deep ploughing and greenhouse closing: deeply ploughing the soil until the soil is loosened, and then closing the greenhouse for greenhouse closing until 7 days before morchella is planted;
(8) and (3) Morchella seeding: sowing seeds at the temperature of 15-20 ℃ in autumn, sowing 200kg of cultivated seeds per mu, covering soil for 3cm after sowing, arranging one drip irrigation pipe above each sowing ditch, and covering a six-needle encryption sunshade net outside the greenhouse;
(9) and (3) supplement of a nutrient medium: on the 7 th day after seeding, 900kg of nutrient medium is added to each mu of the seed, and then black mulching film is covered; wherein the nutritional matrix comprises 45 wt% of wheat grain, 35 wt% of wood chips, 18 wt% of soil, 1 wt% of light calcium carbonate and 1 wt% of gypsum;
(10) spawn running management: controlling the soil temperature to be 15-20 ℃;
(11) inducing fruiting and managing: and (3) continuously carrying out drip irrigation for 3 hours to induce fruiting when the nutrient medium is supplemented for 40 days, and then controlling the soil temperature to be 8-13 ℃ and the air humidity to be 80% until primordium appears. When the soil temperature is too low (such as below 6 ℃), removing the sunshade net, and heating the soil by illumination;
(12) and (3) young mushroom management: and removing the nutrient medium after the mushroom is induced to form primordium. The soil temperature is controlled to be 10-16 ℃, the air humidity is 75%, the illumination intensity is 3200Lx, and the carbon dioxide concentration is 400-500 ppm. When the soil temperature is too low (such as below 10 ℃), the sunshade net is removed, and the soil is heated by illumination.
The rotational cropping cultivation method of the morchella esculenta and the watermelons in Yichuan county, Yanan city, Shaanxi province realizes the per mu yield of 120kg of morchella esculenta and the per mu yield of 2000kg of watermelons; the yield per mu of the common morchella anti-season cultivation method is only 30-80 kg.
Example 2
The invention relates to a cultivation method of morchella and watermelons in northern cold and dry areas, which comprises the following specific steps of:
(1) selecting land: selecting sandy loam with good air permeability, loose soil and a pH value of 7.1;
(2) facilities: 4 greenhouses with the width of 8m and the length of 50m are built, and atomizing nozzles are installed in the greenhouses;
(3) film covering: covering a white mulching film with the width of 80cm on the ground surface in the greenhouse according to the line spacing of 200 cm;
(4) sowing watermelons: planting watermelon seedlings according to the plant spacing of 40cm in the beginning of the May month, planting the watermelon seedlings with the depth of 5cm, and then watering the watermelon seedlings thoroughly;
(5) daily management of the watermelon: controlling the air temperature at 15-30 ℃, when the soil is dry (specifically, when the soil humidity is less than 50%), opening the atomization water spraying facility to water until the soil is wet, stopping the watering, ventilating in the daytime, and closing the ventilation opening at night;
(6) harvesting watermelons: removing sundries and weeds in the greenhouse after harvesting watermelons in 9 months and 15 days;
(7) deep ploughing and greenhouse closing: deep ploughing the soil until the soil is loosened, sealing the greenhouse, and closing the greenhouse until 7 days before the morchella is planted.
(8) And (3) Morchella seeding: sowing seeds in autumn when the soil temperature is 15-20 ℃, sowing 200kg of cultivated seeds per mu, covering soil for 3cm after sowing, arranging one drip irrigation pipe above each sowing ditch, and covering a six-needle encryption sunshade net outside the shed;
(9) and (3) supplement of a nutrient medium: on the 7 th day of sowing, 900kg of nutrient medium is added to each mu of the seedlings, and then black mulching films are covered; wherein the nutritional matrix comprises 45 wt% of wheat grain, 35 wt% of wood chips, 18 wt% of soil, 1 wt% of light calcium carbonate and 1 wt% of gypsum;
(10) spawn running management: controlling the soil temperature to be 15-20 ℃;
(11) inducing fruiting and managing: and (3) when the nutrient substrate is supplemented for 42 days, continuously carrying out drip irrigation for 4 hours to induce fruiting, and then controlling the soil temperature to be 8-13 ℃ and the air humidity to be 80% until primordium appears. When the soil temperature is too low (lower than 6 ℃), the sunshade net is removed, and the soil is heated up by illumination.
(12) And (3) young mushroom management: and removing the nutrient medium after the mushroom is induced to form primordium. The soil temperature is controlled to be 10-16 ℃, the air humidity is 75%, the illumination intensity is 3200Lx, and the carbon dioxide concentration is 400-500 ppm. When the soil temperature is too low (lower than 10 ℃), the sunshade net is removed, and the soil is heated by illumination.
The morchella esculenta and watermelon rotation cultivation method is adopted in Yanan city yellow dragon county of Shanxi province, so that the per mu yield of morchella esculenta is 110kg, and the per mu yield of watermelon is 2200 kg; the yield per mu is obviously higher than that of the common morchella out-of-season cultivation method by 30-80 kg.
Claims (10)
1. A cultivation method of morchella esculenta suitable for northwest cold dry areas is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting land: selecting sandy loam with loose soil and a pH value of 6.5-7.5;
(2) facilities: building a greenhouse, wherein the greenhouse is provided with an atomizing and water spraying facility;
(3) film covering: covering a mulching film on the ground surface in the greenhouse;
(4) sowing watermelons: planting watermelon seedlings, and then watering thoroughly;
(5) daily management of the watermelon: controlling the air temperature at 15-30 ℃, ventilating in the daytime and closing the ventilation opening at night;
(6) harvesting watermelons: removing sundries and weeds in the greenhouse after harvesting the watermelons;
(7) deep ploughing and greenhouse closing: deeply ploughing the soil until the soil is loosened, and then closing the greenhouse for greenhouse closing until 7-10 days before the morchella is planted;
(8) and (3) Morchella seeding: sowing seeds in autumn, and sowing 200-300 kg of cultivated seeds per mu of drill;
(9) and (3) supplement of a nutrient medium: within 3-15 days of seeding, adding 750-1000 kg of nutrient medium per mu, and covering a black mulching film;
(10) spawn running management: controlling the soil temperature to be 15-20 ℃;
(11) inducing fruiting and managing: after the nutrient medium is supplemented for 37-60 days, continuously carrying out drip irrigation for 2-6 hours to induce fruiting;
(12) and (3) young mushroom management: and removing the nutrient medium after the mushroom is induced to form primordium.
2. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta suitable for the cold and dry areas in the northwest of China according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and (3) covering a white mulching film with the width of 60-80 cm according to the line spacing of 150-200 cm.
3. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta suitable for the cold and dry areas in the northwest of China according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (4), the inoculation time for planting the watermelon seedlings is from 4 months to 5 months; the plant spacing of the watermelon seedlings is 35-50 cm; the planting depth is 3-5 cm.
4. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta suitable for the cold and dry areas in the northwest of China according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and (5) when the soil humidity is less than 50%, opening the atomizing and water spraying facility to water until the soil is wet and stopping.
5. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta suitable for the cold and dry areas in the northwest of China according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (6), the watermelon harvesting time is 9 middle of the month.
6. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta suitable for the cold and dry areas in the northwest of China according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (8), the soil temperature is 10-20 ℃ during seeding; covering soil for 2-6 cm after seeding; a drip irrigation tape is arranged above each sowing ditch; and covering a sunshade net outside the greenhouse, wherein the sunshade net is a six-needle encrypted sunshade net.
7. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta suitable for the cold and dry areas in the northwest of China according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (9), the nutrient medium comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
40-50% of wheat grains, 30-40% of sawdust, 16-20% of soil, 0.5-2% of light calcium carbonate and 0.5-2% of gypsum.
8. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta suitable for the cold and dry areas in the northwest of China according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (11), the step of (C),
after the induction fruiting, controlling the soil temperature to be 6-13 ℃ and the air humidity to be 75-85% until primordia appear.
9. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta suitable for the cold and dry areas in the northwest of China according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the step (12), the step of (C),
the soil temperature is controlled to be 10-18 ℃, the air humidity is 70-80%, the illumination intensity is 500-3500 Lx, and the carbon dioxide concentration is less than 500 ppm.
10. The method for cultivating morchella esculenta suitable for the cold and dry areas in the northwest of China according to claim 6, wherein: in the step (11), when the soil temperature is lower than 6 ℃, removing the sunshade net, and heating the soil by illumination; in the step (12), when the soil temperature is lower than 10 ℃, the sunshade net is removed, and the soil is heated by illumination.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113575283A (en) * | 2021-09-06 | 2021-11-02 | 四川省农业科学院园艺研究所 | Muskmelon and morchella rotation cultivation method |
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Application publication date: 20210504 |