CN112739568A - 逆变器的控制装置、车辆的逆变器、车辆及操作逆变器的方法 - Google Patents
逆变器的控制装置、车辆的逆变器、车辆及操作逆变器的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于逆变器(1)的控制装置(2),所述逆变器包括三个半桥(9u,9v,9w),每个半桥具有连接到第一DC电压电势(10)的第一功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w)和连接到第二DC电压电势(12)的第二功率开关元件(13u,13v,13w),其中,所述控制装置(2)设置为在正常操作模式下驱动所述功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w,13u,13v,13w),以将存在于所述DC电压电势(10,12)之间的DC电压转换成多相AC电流,并且将所述逆变器(1)从正常操作模式转换到安全操作模式,其中,所述控制装置(2)还设置为在安全操作模式下交替地驱动所述功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w,13u,13v,13w),以用于切换单相主动短路和用于切换两相主动短路。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于逆变器的控制装置,该逆变器包括三个半桥,每个半桥具有连接到第一DC电压电势的第一功率开关元件和连接到第二DC电压电势的第二功率开关元件,该控制装置设置为在正常操作模式下驱动功率开关元件以将存在于DC电压电势之间的DC电压转换成多相AC电流,并且将逆变器从正常操作模式转换到安全操作模式。
此外,本发明涉及用于车辆的逆变器、车辆以及用于操作逆变器的方法。
背景技术
逆变器用于将DC电压输入端处存在的DC电压转换成多相AC电流。具体地,使用逆变器为电动车辆的传动系中的电机供电时,需要将逆变器从该正常操作模式转换到安全操作模式。这在传动系发生故障之后或为了保护该传动系可能是必要的。
已经提出借助于续流(安全脉冲关断-SPO)或借助于完全主动短路(ASC)来实现安全操作模式。取决于所使用的方法,当逆变器从正常操作模式转换到安全操作模式时,可能发生由存储在电机的电感器中的能量引起的不期望的高DC链路电压和/或不期望的高相电流和/或不期望的制动扭矩。为了抵消不期望的DC链路电压或相电流,以过大的方式设计逆变器的部件是公知的,这对于正常操作模式而言是不必要的,也不会导致操作性能的改进。这种过大尺寸的一个实例是使用高温磁体或使用具有比所需更高载流能力的半导体。常规逆变器相应地是昂贵且材料密集的。
因此,本发明的目的在于指定实现安全操作模式的改进方式,由此尤其要避免高相电流和高DC链路电压。
发明内容
为了实现该目的,根据本发明在开篇提及类型的控制装置中提出:控制装置还设置成在安全操作模式下交替地驱动功率开关元件,用于切换单相主动短路和用于切换两相主动短路。
本发明是基于如下认识:在切换单相或两相短路时也可以产生瞬态相电流。然而,它们的特性显著不同。本发明利用这种差异并且在单相主动短路和两相主动短路之间交替地切换,使得可以限制高相电流的产生,以便它们低于逆变器或包括逆变器的传动系的操作的最大容许值。
有利地,由该电机的电感感应的相电流在根据本发明的控制装置的控制过程中迅速衰减而不超过最大容许值。以此方式,可以避免逆变器或包括该逆变器的传动系的部件的尺寸过大。因此,在没有昂贵的部件(例如高温磁体和/或特别是耐电流的功率切换元件)的情况下实现了高水平的安全性。同时,交替切换相对容易实现并且很大程度上独立于正常操作模式下的最后操作状态。这带来了进一步的优点,例如成本降低、开发工作量、安装空间(特别是用于DC链路电容器)、以及免除复杂部件的使用以及传动系的长使用寿命和稳健性。
更方便地,功率开关元件包括绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)或功率MOSFET。第一DC电压电势和第二DC电压电势是不同的。这里,第一DC电势典型地低于第二DC电势。然而,第一DC电势也可以高于第二DC电势。优选地,控制装置还设置成当控制装置接收到指示转换的控制信号时,特别是从外部控制装置接收时,将逆变器从正常操作模式转换到安全操作模式。
优选地,根据本发明的控制装置还设置为在切换单相主动短路时控制一个第一功率开关元件用于在每种情况下导通并且在切换两相主动短路时控制两个第一功率开关元件用于在每种情况下导通。结果是,单相和两相短路都通过连接到相同DC电势的功率开关元件来执行。还可以提供的是,控制装置设置为使得在切换单相主动短路时被控制为导通的第一功率开关元件在切换两相主动短路时不被控制为导通。
通常,不被控制为导通的功率开关元件被控制为阻断。
有利地,根据本发明的控制装置还可以设置为在安全操作模式开始时,首先触发功率开关元件以切换单相主动短路。这使得在安全操作模式开始时存储在电机的绕组中的能量能够特别快速地衰减。
在该上下文中,特别优选的是,控制装置还设置为确定多相交流电的相电流值,并且选择用于第一单相主动短路的功率开关元件,当转换到安全操作模式时,该第一单相主动短路的半桥承载就幅值而言最大的相电流。因此,有利地,首先转换在请求安全状态时具有就幅值而言最大的相电流的相的电能。
根据特定实施例,根据本发明的控制装置还设置为在每种情况下在第一时间段内切换单相主动短路,并且在每种情况下在不同于第一时间段的第二时间段内切换两相主动短路。特别优选地,第一时间段或第二时间段是第一时间段与第二时间段之和的至多45%、尤其优选至多40%。这使得控制装置灵活地适于逆变器和/或电机的设计特点。
可替代地或另外地,可以提供的是,逆变器具有三个另外的半桥,每个另外的半桥具有第一功率开关元件和第二功率开关元件,控制装置还设置为在安全操作模式下驱动另外的半桥的功率开关元件,以用于当第一半桥的功率开关元件被控制以切换两相主动短路时切换单相主动短路,并且当第一半桥的功率开关元件被控制以切换单相主动短路时切换两相主动短路。因此,在六相或多相交流电的情况下,在安全操作模式下可以以特别平衡的方式分布电流流动。
此外,本发明涉及一种用于车辆的逆变器,逆变器包括三个半桥以及根据本发明的控制装置,每个半桥具有连接到第一DC电压电势的第一功率开关元件和连接到第二DC电压电势的第二功率开关元件。
本发明还涉及一种车辆,包括适于驱动车辆的电机,以及根据本发明的逆变器,该逆变器适于为电机提供动力。
最后,本发明还涉及一种用于操作逆变器的方法,逆变器包括三个半桥,每个半桥具有连接到第一DC电势的第一功率开关元件和连接到第二DC电势的第二功率开关元件,该方法包括以下步骤:
在正常操作模式下驱动功率开关元件,以将存在于DC电势之间的DC电压转换成多相AC电流;
将逆变器从正常操作模式转换到安全操作模式;以及
在安全操作模式下借助功率开关元件交替切换单相主动短路和两相主动短路。
附图说明
与本发明的控制装置相关的所有实施例可类似地应用于本发明的逆变器、本发明的车辆和本发明的方法,从而也可实现上述优点。
本发明的进一步的优点和细节将从以下描述的实施例和附图中变得显而易见。附图是示意性的表示并且示出了:
图1为根据本发明第一实施例的逆变器和根据本发明实施例的控制装置的电路图;
图2为驱动图1中示出的逆变器的功率开关元件的随时间变化的脉冲图;
图3为图1中示出的逆变器操作期间的相电流和扭矩的曲线;
图4为图1中示出的逆变器的操作过程中相电流在dq坐标中的轨迹;
图5为现有技术逆变器操作期间的相电流和扭矩的曲线;
图6为现有技术逆变器操作期间的空间矢量电流的轨迹;并且
图7为根据本发明实施例的车辆的示意简图。
具体实施方式
图1为根据本发明实施例的逆变器1和根据本发明实施例的控制装置2的电路图。
此外,逆变器1包括DC电压输入端3、AC电压输出端4、功率单元5以及与DC电压输入端3并联连接的DC链路电容器6。逆变器1将施加到DC电压输入端3并且由高压电池7提供的电压U转换成在AC电流输出端4处提供的多相AC电流(在这种情况下是三相AC电流)。电机8(在此示例性地,为永久励磁的同步机器的形式)连接到AC输出端4上。
功率单元5包括三个半桥9u、9v、9w,每个半桥由第一功率开关元件11u、11v、11w和第二功率开关元件13u、13v、13w串联连接构成。第一功率开关元件11u、11v、11w连接到DC电压输入端3的第一DC电压电势10,第二功率开关元件13u、13v、13w,连接到DC电压输入端3的第二DC电压电势12。示例性地,在图1中,第一DC电势10为提供用于连接到高压电池7的负极端子的电势,第二DC电势12为提供用于连接到高压电池7的正极端子的电势。然而,第二DC电压电势和第二功率开关元件也可以分别提供用于连接到负极端子和与其连接的功率开关元件的电势,第一DC电压电势和第一功率开关元件可以分别提供用于连接到正极端子和与其连接的功率开关元件的电势,而没有任何进一步的修改或限制。
每个功率开关元件元件11u、11v、11w、13u、13v、13w包括绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)14和与其并联连接的续流二极管15。或者,相应的功率开关元件11u、11v、11w、13u、13v、13w可以由功率MOSFET实现。相应的半桥11u、11v、11w的中心攻击16连接到AC输出端4,在该AC输出端4处,向电机8提供多相AC电流的相电流Iu、Iv、Iw。
控制装置2设置为在正常操作模式下控制功率开关元件11u、11v、11w、13u、13v、13w,用于将施加到DC电压输入端3的DC电压U转换成施加到AC电流输出端4的多相AC电流。为了驱动,控制装置2连接到相应的功率开关元件元件11u、11v、11w、13u、13v、13w的控制输入端17。
当外部控制装置18检测到故障状况时,启动逆变器1从正常操作模式到安全操作模式的转换。控制装置设置为在安全操作模式下交替地触发功率开关元件11u、11v、11w、13u、13v、13w,以用于切换单相主动短路和用于切换两相主动短路。一旦控制装置从外部控制装置18接收到指示转换到安全操作模式的信号19,控制装置就应用该切换策略。
单相主动短路的特征通常在于,第一功率开关元件11u、11v、11w或第二功率开关元件13u、13v、13w被驱动为导通,而所有其它功率开关元件11u、11v、11w、13u、13v、13w被驱动为阻断。相反,在两相主动短路中,通常两个第一功率开关元件11u、11v、11w或两个第二功率开关元件13u、13v、13w被驱动为导通,而所有其余的功率开关元件11u、11v、11w、13u、13v、13w被驱动为阻断。
图2为驱动逆变器1的功率开关元件11u、11v、11w、13u、13v、13w的随时间t变化的脉冲图。这里,脉冲波形20u被分配给第一功率开关元件11u,脉冲波形20v被分配给第一功率开关元件11v,脉冲波形20w被分配给第一功率开关元件11w。类似地,脉冲波形21u与第二功率开关元件13u相关联,脉冲波形20v与第二功率开关元件21v相关联,脉冲波形21w与第二功率开关元件13w相关联。
在时刻t0,控制装置2接收信号19,然后终止在时刻t<t0所示的正常操作模式。控制单元2首先基于为正常操作模式指定的设定点值来确定在时刻t0哪个相电流Iu、Iv、Iw就幅值而言最大。在当前情况下,这是相电流Iw(参见图)3。通过分配给该相电流的半桥9w,单相主动短路首先在时刻t0和时刻t1之间切换第一时间段。为此,控制装置2控制第一功率开关元件11w以用于导通,并且控制其它功率开关元件11u、11v、13u、13v、13w以用于阻断。
然后,在时刻t1和时刻t2之间的第二时间段内,控制装置2控制其它两个第一功率开关元件11u、11v导通,并且控制其余的功率开关元件11w、13u、13v、13b阻断。该脉冲序列在时刻t2之后周期性地继续。
图3示出了电机8的相电流Iu、Iv、Iw和扭矩M随时间t的曲线,由此,图3中的时间轴与图2中的时间轴相比被压缩了10倍。图2因此示出了在大约1ms的持续时间内的脉冲图,而图3示出了在大约10ms的持续时间内的曲线。示出的电流值和扭矩值由纯粹的示例性配置产生。
显然,上述切换策略导致相电流Iu、Iv、Iw的快速衰减,由此避免了有害的电流峰值。从扭矩M曲线还可以看出,扭矩M从时刻t0向前快速减小到大约0 Nm的值,并且仅出现可忽略的制动扭矩。
图4为由相电流Iu、Iv、Iw的dq变换产生的空间矢量电流Id、Iq的轨迹。显然,空间矢量电流Id、Iq被引导在接近零矢量的非常直接的路径上,以实现安全状态。
为了比较,图5示出了相电流Iu、Iv、Iw和扭矩M随时间t的曲线,在完全的、即三重的、主动短路被切换而不是如现有技术中已知的在单相主动短路和两相主动短路之间交替的情况下,图6示出了空间矢量电流Id、Iq在dq坐标中的轨迹。显然,这导致相电流Iu、Iv、Iw的相当大的过冲和不期望的扭矩变化。轨迹曲线还示出空间矢量电流Id、Iq仅以阻尼振荡方式接近q分量接近于零的稳定状态。
虽然在如前所述的实施例示例中,在单相主动短路或两相主动短路被切换的时间段在长度上基本上相等,但是在其他实施例示例中,时间段的比率可以与之不同,例如选择60:40的比率。
根据另一实施例,图1中示出的逆变器1具有总共六个半桥,用于为电机8提供六相交流电,在这种情况下,前三个半桥9u、9v、9w被控制在如前所述的安全操作模式下,并且其它三个半桥(未示出)以如下方式被不同地控制,即,首先切换两相主动短路,然后切换单相主动短路。因此,第一半桥9u、9v、9w和其它三个半桥之间的切换策略在相反的方向上。
图7为车辆22的实施例的示意简图,类似于图1,该车辆22包括根据上述任一实施例的逆变器1、电机8、高压电池7和控制单元18,该控制单元18作为较高级控制单元,提供用于激活安全操作模式的信号19。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于逆变器(1)的控制装置(2),所述逆变器包括三个半桥(9u,9v,9w),每个半桥具有连接到第一DC电压电势(10)的第一功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w)和连接到第二DC电压电势(12)的第二功率开关元件(13u,13v,13w),其中,所述控制装置(2)设置为在正常操作模式下驱动所述功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w,13u,13v,13w),以将存在于所述DC电压电势(10,12)之间的DC电压转换成多相AC电流,并且将所述逆变器(1)从正常操作模式转换到安全操作模式,
其特征在于:
所述控制装置(2)还设置为在安全操作模式下交替地驱动所述功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w,13u,13v,13w),以用于切换单相主动短路和用于切换两相主动短路。
2.根据权利要求1所述的控制装置,所述控制装置还设置为在切换单相主动短路时,驱动相应的第一功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w)以用于导通,并且在切换两相主动短路时驱动相应的两个第一功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w)以用于导通。
3.根据权利要求2所述的控制装置,所述控制装置还适于在切换所述两相主动短路时,不驱动所述第一功率开关元件(11u、11v、11w),所述第一功率开关元件在切换所述单相主动短路用于导通时被驱动以用于导通。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的控制装置,所述控制装置还适于在安全操作模式开始时,首先驱动所述功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w,13u,13v,13w)以切换单相主动短路。
5.根据权利要求4所述的控制装置,所述控制装置还设置为确定多相交流电的相电流值,并且选择用于所述第一单相主动短路的功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w,13u,13v,13w),当转换到安全操作模式时,所述第一单相主动短路的半桥(9u,9v,9w)承载就幅值而言最大的相电流。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的控制装置,所述控制装置还设置为在每种情况下在第一时间段内切换所述单相主动短路,并且在每种情况下在不同于所述第一时间段的第二时间段内切换所述两相主动短路。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的控制装置,其中,所述逆变器(1)包括三个另外的半桥,每个所述另外的半桥具有第一功率开关元件和第二功率开关元件,其中,所述控制装置(2)还设置为在安全操作模式下驱动所述另外的半桥的功率开关元件,以便用于当所述第一半桥(9u,9v,9w)的功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w,13u,13v,13w)被驱动以切换所述两相主动短路时驱动单相主动短路,并且当所述第一半桥(9u,9v,9w)的功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w,13u,13v,13w)被驱动以切换所述单相主动短路时驱动两相主动短路。
8.一种用于车辆(22)的逆变器(1),所述逆变器包括三个半桥(9u,9v,9w)以及根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的控制装置(2),每个半桥具有连接到第一DC电压电势(10)的第一功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w)和连接到第二DC电压电势(12)的第二功率开关元件(13u,13v,13w)。
9.一种车辆(22),包括适于驱动所述车辆(22)的电机(8),以及根据权利要求8所述的逆变器(1),所述逆变器适于为所述电机(8)提供动力。
10.一种用于操作逆变器(1)的方法,所述逆变器包括三个半桥(9u,9v,9w),每个半桥具有连接到第一DC电势(10)的第一功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w)和连接到第二DC电势(12)的第二功率开关元件(13u,13v,13w),所述方法包括以下步骤:
在正常操作模式下驱动所述功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w,13u,13v,13w),以将存在于所述DC电势(10,12)之间的DC电压转换成多相AC电流;
将所述逆变器(1)从正常操作模式转换到安全操作模式;以及
在安全操作模式下借助功率开关元件(11u,11v,11w,13u,13v,13w)交替切换单相主动短路和两相主动短路。
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- 2018-09-20 DE DE102018123207.1A patent/DE102018123207A1/de active Pending
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- 2019-09-19 WO PCT/EP2019/075241 patent/WO2020058445A1/de unknown
- 2019-09-19 US US17/277,549 patent/US11855555B2/en active Active
- 2019-09-19 CN CN201980061715.9A patent/CN112739568B/zh active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP3853058A1 (de) | 2021-07-28 |
DE102018123207A1 (de) | 2020-03-26 |
US20220029556A1 (en) | 2022-01-27 |
CN112739568B (zh) | 2024-05-28 |
US11855555B2 (en) | 2023-12-26 |
WO2020058445A1 (de) | 2020-03-26 |
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