CN112617087A - 一种青贮饲料二次发酵抑制剂 - Google Patents
一种青贮饲料二次发酵抑制剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种能够抑制青贮饲料二次发酵,其含有甲酸、脱氢乙酸和丙酸,能够有效抑制青贮饲料中酵母菌和霉菌的增殖,显著提高青贮饲料的有氧稳定性,从而抑制开窖后的有氧发酵,减缓青贮饲料的发霉变质和营养物质损失,提高青贮饲料的营养水平和贮藏时间。本发明的抑制剂原料易得且成本较低,制备方法简单,能够显著抑制青贮饲料二次发酵,保护开窖后青贮饲料的品质,具有良好的规模化应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于动物饲料领域,具体涉及青贮饲料的加工和保存。
背景技术
随着人民生活水平的不断提高,饮食结构中肉、蛋、奶的比例越来越大,这促使了畜牧业的快速发展,其中牛羊养殖需要大量的饲草料,青贮饲料例如玉米青贮(全株玉米青贮、玉米秸青贮等)具有柔软、多汁、芳香、适口性好、原料营养保留率高、胡萝卜素和蛋白质损失少和消化率高等特点,对提高牛羊的生产性能和畜产品品质发挥着非常重要的作用。
但在青贮饲料的实践应用中,二次发酵是个严重的问题。二次发酵是青贮窖开封后在取用过程中好氧微生物(主要是真菌和酵母)随空气进入,导致青贮饲料中的糖、乳酸和乙酸、蛋白质和氨基酸被分解,造成青贮饲料中营养物质的大量流失、出现有氧腐败并产生大量的热量。二次发酵能够增加青贮饲料的糖分损失10%~24%,并且还会产生毒素,牛羊吃了这样的饲料不但起不到应有的效果,还会造成其生产性能和乳、肉品质下降。因此,防止青贮玉米开窖后二次发酵逐渐成了人们研究的热点与重点。
过去更多的研究集中在青贮饲料加工技术和制作过程的品质改善上,且取得了很多的研究成果,这些成果对青贮饲料品质的改善有着显著的作用。然而,实际生产中,青贮饲料更多是在开封后,由于二次发酵造成青贮饲料营养水平的降低,从而影响牲畜的采食量和生产性能,故开窖后青贮饲料质量的保护和提高尤为重要。但目前开窖后青贮饲料品质的保护研究则并不多,亟需开发出成本低、效果好、适于规模化推广应用的能够有效保护开窖后青贮饲料品质的添加剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种能够抑制青贮饲料二次发酵,以有效保护开窖后青贮饲料品质的添加剂。
本发明首先提供一种青贮饲料二次发酵抑制剂,其含有甲酸、脱氢乙酸和丙酸。
优选地,所述抑制剂含有甲酸2-4重量份、脱氢乙酸2-5重量份和丙酸3-4重量份。
更优选地,所述抑制剂的有效成分由2-4重量份甲酸、2-5重量份脱氢乙酸和3-4重量份丙酸组成。
优选地,所述抑制剂含有甲酸4重量份、脱氢乙酸2重量份和丙酸3重量份。
优选地,所述抑制剂含有甲酸3重量份、脱氢乙酸5重量份和丙酸4重量份。
进一步,本发明提供所述抑制剂的制备方法,其包括:将甲酸、脱氢乙酸和丙酸按重量份比例混合,然后以1:4的比例稀释于水中,混合均匀并密闭保存。
本发明还提供所述抑制剂在制备青贮饲料中的应用。
本发明进一步提供用所述抑制剂制备青贮饲料的方法,其包括:将所述抑制剂均匀喷洒在青贮饲料原料的表面,然后将物料混合均匀,压实,密闭保存。
优选地,每吨所述青贮饲料原料喷洒40L所述抑制剂。
本发明所述青贮饲料包括禾本科、豆科等的作物和牧草青贮,优选为玉米青贮。
本发明的青贮饲料二次发酵抑制剂能够有效抑制青贮饲料中酵母菌和霉菌的增殖,从而抑制开窖后的有氧发酵,减缓青贮饲料的发霉变质和营养物质损失;同时能够显著提高青贮饲料的有氧稳定性,延长青贮饲料的有氧稳定性时间,减少有氧腐败,保护青贮饲料中的营养物质不被腐败菌分解,提高青贮饲料的营养水平和贮藏时间。
本发明的青贮饲料二次发酵抑制剂由甲酸、脱氢乙酸和丙酸合理配制而成,原料易得且成本较低,制备方法简单,且能够显著抑制青贮饲料二次发酵,保护开窖后青贮饲料的品质,具有良好的规模化应用前景。
具体实施方式
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但不用来限制本发明的范围。在不背离本发明精神和实质的情况下,对本发明方法、步骤或条件所作的修改或替换,均属于本发明的范围。
若未特别指明,实施例中所用的技术手段为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规手段。下述实施例中所用的试验材料,如无特殊说明,均为自常规生化试剂商店购买得到。
实施例1-4二次发酵抑制剂及其制备
实施例1-4的二次发酵抑制剂组成见表1。
按照表1所示重量份配比取各种原料,混合均匀后,以1:4的比例稀释于水中,混合均匀,密闭保存,即得。
表1实施例1-4产品组成
实验例二次发酵抑制剂效果验证
1、试验材料
青贮全株玉米:本试验选用的是河南省洛阳市的一个奶牛场所用的混合切碎后的青贮全株玉米,干物质含量约75%。从青贮窖取样,弃去窖口约l0cm厚的部分后取样,样品是已经过粉碎机粉碎至1~2cm的玉米青贮饲料原料。
酸:3种待混合的有机酸(甲酸、脱氢乙酸、丙酸),皆为化学纯以上,纯度99%。
2、试验设计
将甲酸、脱氢乙酸、丙酸按表2的比例混合,形成25个不同配比的产品,其中实施例1的编号为9,实施例2编号为24,实施例3编号为25,实施例4的编号为20。编号1为对照组,不添加任何二次发酵抑制剂。各产品的配制方法同实施例1-4。
将所配制的每个产品分布喷洒于玉米青贮饲料原料中,每吨饲料喷洒40L,混合均匀后装入密封袋,室温贮藏。每个产品设置3个重复。
表2各试验处理组产品配比
3、指标测定
在喷洒各处理组产品后1、2、4、6、8、10天分别取样进行分析。
(1)青贮发酵品质测定检测
取青贮样品25g于250mL具塞三角瓶中,加入225mL去离子水,适量50%H2SO4酸化至pH<2,置于4℃冰箱中浸提24h,中间摇荡数次,水浸液经快速定量滤纸过滤,滤液备用待测。
乳酸和乙酸的测定:乳酸(1actic acid,LA)和乙酸(volatile fatty acids,VFAs)采用安捷伦1260高效液相检测系统,配备示差检测器(CarbomixRH-NP5,55℃,2.5mmol H2SO4,0.5ml/min)。
(2)酵母菌和霉菌数量
微生物培养:在无菌条件下进行,称新鲜青贮饲料25g放入装有225ml0.85%的灭菌生理盐水的三角瓶中,将其摇床震荡30分钟后稀释101~104倍,分别吸取100微升于倒好的灭菌培养基上,涂布均匀。酵母菌和霉菌的培养采用的是改良马丁培养基和0.1g/L的氯霉素,在30℃的微生物培养箱中培养72小时。微生物的测量进行2次重复培养,计数方法使用的是平板计数法,计数后取两次的平均值。计测单位为:每克样品中所含有的菌素(CFU/g)。
(3)有氧稳定性试验将样品集中放入塑料封口袋中,并用牙签扎数个小孔,再套上一个宽松不封口的灭菌塑料袋,防止交叉污染和减少水分损失。贴上对应取样时间的标签,置于阴凉处,用于测定温度。试验中的塑料封口袋、塑料袋、温度计、牙签等用具使用前均须紫外灭菌。所有样品于室温下进行避光保存。用温度检测法进行测定,从6点开始,到22点结束,间隔4个小时测量一次温度。计算青贮温度超过当天室温2℃所需要的时间。
4、数据统计
利用Excel进行简单数据统计。利用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行方差分析和Duncan’s多重比较,采用重复测量方差分析方法,分别对不同组分的酸化剂处理试验结果进行分析。
5、结果
检测结果见下表3。
表3各处理组检测数据
同列数据上标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
从表3可以看出,实施例1-4的抑制剂能够有效降低开窖后玉米青贮饲料中酵母菌和霉菌数量,有利于减缓玉米青贮的发霉变质和营养物质损失。青贮饲料中乳酸含量也有所增加,有利于降低青贮饲料的pH值,加强酸化剂的抑菌效果,减少有氧腐败。
实施例1-4的抑制剂尤其能够显著提高青贮饲料的有氧稳定性,可以使青贮饲料的有氧稳定性提高1.1—2.7倍。青贮饲料开窖后由于酵母菌和霉菌的增殖、有氧发酵,温度迅速上升。开窖后测定青贮温度,是体现其品质是否稳定的一个公认的方法,温度上升越慢越好。有氧稳定性的显著提升充分说明本发明的抑制剂能够有效抑制青贮饲料的二次发酵。
Claims (9)
1.一种青贮饲料二次发酵抑制剂,其含有甲酸、脱氢乙酸和丙酸。
2.根据权利要求1所述的抑制剂,其特征在于,含有甲酸2-4重量份、脱氢乙酸2-5重量份和丙酸3-4重量份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的抑制剂,其特征在于,所述抑制剂的有效成分由2-4重量份甲酸、2-5重量份脱氢乙酸和3-4重量份丙酸组成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的抑制剂,其特征在于,含有甲酸4重量份、脱氢乙酸2重量份和丙酸3重量份。
5.根据权利要求1所述的抑制剂,其特征在于,含有甲酸3重量份、脱氢乙酸5重量份和丙酸4重量份。
6.权利要求1-5任一项所述抑制剂的制备方法,其包括:将甲酸、脱氢乙酸和丙酸按重量份比例混合,然后以1:4的比例稀释于水中,混合均匀并密闭保存。
7.权利要求1-5任一项所述抑制剂在制备青贮饲料中的应用。
8.用权利要求1-5任一项所述抑制剂制备青贮饲料的方法,其包括:将所述抑制剂均匀喷洒在青贮饲料原料的表面,然后将物料混合均匀,压实,密闭保存。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,每吨所述青贮饲料原料喷洒40L所述抑制剂。
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