CN112586260A - Apple orchard ecological planting method - Google Patents

Apple orchard ecological planting method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112586260A
CN112586260A CN202011491575.XA CN202011491575A CN112586260A CN 112586260 A CN112586260 A CN 112586260A CN 202011491575 A CN202011491575 A CN 202011491575A CN 112586260 A CN112586260 A CN 112586260A
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apple
per
trees
plants
planting
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张开银
王冠华
吴代彦
徐云峰
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/15—Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
    • A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
    • A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
    • A01K67/033—Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates
    • A01K67/0332—Earthworms

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Ecology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to an apple orchard ecological planting method, which relates to the technical field of agricultural planting and comprises the following steps: (1) selecting tree planting density, (2) pruning branches, (3) fixing fruits, (4) selecting the height of a first branch position from the ground, (5) artificially planting grass in an apple orchard, (6) stocking poultry (livestock), (7) releasing natural enemies, inoculating earthworms, (8) establishing and optimizing a beneficial microbial community, wherein the tree planting density is determined by the principle that the spacing between crowns of trees after the trees is not less than 50cm and the spacing between crowns of rows is not less than 100cm, the number of plants planted per mu is determined, in the step (7), the pests natural enemies are released on the trees, organic fertilizers containing earthworm cocoons are applied to soil, or the earthworms are directly inoculated, or the composted orchards are utilized to breed the earthworms, the method is simple and practical, can effectively improve the yield and quality of apples, the artificially planted grass can cover the ground and can be fed after being cut, the livestock can eat grass, the grass and the livestock bred in the apple field eat worms, and the excrement of the poultry is high-quality fertilizer, has multiple purposes.

Description

Apple orchard ecological planting method
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to an apple orchard ecological planting method.
Background
The apple tree is a tree, the apple is mild in nature and taste, contains rich carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements, contains sugars, organic acids, pectin, protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C and dietary fibers, and further contains malic acid, tartaric acid and carotene, the nutritional value of all vegetables and fruits is the closest to perfect one, and the demand of people on apples in daily life is increasing, so that the apple orchard planting method is more and more important.
At present, the conventional apple planting is single planting, the planting density is high, the ground surface is exposed, a large amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are applied, the ecological balance is damaged, the soil is hardened, the fertility is reduced, the plant diseases and insect pests are seriously generated, the fruit quality is poor, and the yield is low. The problems can be well solved by adopting the ecological planting technology. .
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide an apple orchard ecological planting method which can effectively solve the problems of ecological imbalance, soil fertility reduction, serious pest and disease damage, pollution caused by applying a large amount of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, poor fruit quality, low yield and the like in the conventional planting in the background technology.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: an apple orchard ecological planting method comprises the following steps:
(1) selection of tree planting density:
when the tree age of the vigorous apple orchard is below 10 years, the number of plants is 30 per 667 square meter to 40 per 667 square meter, when the tree age is 10 to 20 years, the number of plants is 20 per 667 square meter to 30 per 667 square meter, when the tree age is above 20 years, the number of plants is less than 20 per 667 square meter, the dwarfing close planting orchard needs to properly reduce the number of plants by 20 to 30 percent and expand the row width;
(2) pruning branches:
trimming redundant branches of the apple tree to ensure that 5-8-ten thousand square meters are kept in the branches;
(3) and (3) fruit setting:
in the young fruit period, thinning the apple trees with over-dense fruits according to the fruit type size and the requirement of the fruit retention amount per mu;
(4) selection of the height of the first branch from the ground:
the initial height of the first branch of the sapling is 100-130cm, and the sapling gradually moves upwards to more than 1.5m along with the increase of the age of the sapling;
(5) artificially planting grass in an apple orchard:
the method is characterized in that leguminous green manure (vetch and common vetch) and cruciferae green manure (cabbage rape) are planted among the lower rows of the trees, and repelling and trapping plants are planted in the green manure;
(6) stocking poultry (livestock):
after the grass grows out, breeding the chickens, ducks or geese into an apple planting field;
(7) releasing natural enemies and inoculating earthworms:
releasing natural enemies of pests such as predatory mites, lacewing flies, ladybirds, aphid flies, parasitic wasps and the like on fruit trees; the soil uses earthworm organic fertilizer containing earthworm cocoons, or earthworms are directly inoculated, or the compost in an orchard is used for cultivating the earthworms;
(8) establishing and optimizing beneficial microbial communities:
spraying biocontrol bacteria on trees, applying a biological organic fertilizer underground in an apple orchard, spraying microbial agents on the ground, or spraying bacteria after mowing and covering grass, or irrigating water and adding the agents for flushing.
Further, the tree planting density in the step (1) is specifically determined by the number of plants planted per mu according to the principle that the spacing between the crowns of the plants after the trees are grown is not less than 50cm and the spacing between the crowns of the rows is not less than 100cm, and the apple trees can be ventilated and transparent better by keeping the spacing between the crowns.
Further, in the step (3), fruit setting is performed according to the fruit size type, and the specific number is as follows: 10000 per 667 square meters of large-sized fruits per square meter to 12000 per 667 square meters, 12000 per 667 square meters of medium-sized fruits per square meter to 15000 per 667 square meters, and 15000 per 667 per square meters to 20000 per 667 square meters of small-sized fruits, the fruits are reasonably arranged, and the load of the apple trees can be effectively reduced.
Further, in the step (4), the branch removal and the stem lifting are carried out year by year, and a healing agent or a lime sulfur agent is used for sealing the wound in time, so that the height of the tree is about 300 cm.
Further, the density of the avoiding or trapping plants planted in the step (5) is as follows: 2 per square meter to 3 per square meter and 1 to 5 per square meter of tall pole crops are planted around fruit trees for the dwarf crops; when the height of the green manure plant grass exceeds 30cm, the plant is mowed to cover the tree disc, and mowed in turn, and a part of the plant is reserved.
Further, in the step (7), releasing natural enemies of pests such as predatory mites, lacewing flies, ladybugs, aphid flies, parasitic wasps and the like on the fruit trees; the soil uses earthworm organic fertilizer containing earthworm cocoons, or earthworms are directly inoculated, or composted in an orchard are utilized to breed earthworms, and the aim of introducing the earthworms is to increase the soil granular structure, loosen the soil, convert organic matters, purify the soil and benefit the worm and cultivate the soil; releasing natural enemies of pests on trees or in grasses, protecting the natural enemies and controlling the pests.
Further, the organic fertilizer and ground spraying or flushing microbial inoculum in the step (8) mainly comprise nitrogen fixation, decomposed phosphorus and potassium and mineral elements, and have the functions of decomposing and converting organic matters, digesting harmful substances, activating and loosening soil, preventing and treating soil diseases and other strains. The fungus spraying on the trees is mainly used for biocontrol fungus prevention, disease prevention and insect prevention. The beneficial microbial communities in the orchard are established and optimized by using various beneficial microbial communities on underground ground trees.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the apple orchard ecological planting method adopted by the invention has strong pertinence, and can effectively improve the ecological environment of the apple orchard, fertilize soil, control the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests and improve the quality and the yield of fruits by planting density, trunk height and artificial grass planting of apple trees, utilizing earthworms to improve the soil, releasing and protecting natural enemies and establishing and optimizing beneficial microbial communities of the orchard;
2. the method is simple and practical, the artificially planted grass can be cut and then can be used for feeding livestock, poultry cultured in an apple field can eat pests at the same time, and the excrement of the livestock is also high-quality fertilizer, so that the method has multiple purposes.
Of course, it is not necessary for any product in which the invention is practiced to achieve all of the above-described advantages at the same time.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The first embodiment is as follows: an apple orchard ecological planting method comprises the following steps:
(1) selection of tree planting density:
when the tree age of the vigorous apple orchard is below 10 years, the number of plants is 30 per 667 square meter to 40 per 667 square meter, when the tree age is 10 to 20 years, the number of plants is 20 per 667 square meter to 30 per 667 square meter, when the tree age is above 20 years, the number of plants is less than 20 per 667 square meter, the dwarfing close planting orchard needs to properly reduce the number of plants by 20 to 30 percent and expand the row width;
(2) pruning branches:
trimming redundant branches of the apple tree to ensure that 5-8-ten thousand square meters are kept in the branches;
(3) and (3) fruit setting:
in the young fruit period, thinning the apple trees with over-dense fruits according to the fruit type size and the requirement of the fruit retention amount per mu;
(4) selection of the height of the first branch from the ground:
the initial height of the first branch of the sapling is 100-130cm, and the sapling gradually moves upwards to more than 1.5m along with the increase of the age of the sapling;
(5) artificially planting grass in an apple orchard:
the method is characterized in that leguminous green manure (vetch and common vetch) and cruciferae green manure (cabbage rape) are planted among the lower rows of the trees, and repelling and trapping plants are planted in the green manure;
(6) stocking poultry (livestock):
after the grass grows out, breeding the chickens, ducks or geese into an apple planting field;
(7) releasing natural enemies and inoculating earthworms:
releasing natural enemies of pests such as predatory mites, lacewing flies, ladybirds, aphid flies, parasitic wasps and the like on fruit trees; the soil uses earthworm organic fertilizer containing earthworm cocoons, or earthworms are directly inoculated, or the compost in an orchard is used for cultivating the earthworms;
(8) establishing and optimizing beneficial microbial communities:
spraying biocontrol bacteria on trees, applying a biological organic fertilizer underground in an apple orchard, spraying microbial agents on the ground, or spraying bacteria after mowing and covering grass, or irrigating water and adding the agents for flushing.
Further, the tree planting density in the step (4) is specifically determined by the number of plants planted per mu according to the principle that the spacing between the crowns of the plants after the trees are grown is not less than 50cm and the spacing between the crowns of the rows is not less than 100cm, and the apple trees can be ventilated and transparent better by keeping the spacing between the crowns.
Further, in the step (3), fruit setting is performed according to the fruit size type, and the specific number is as follows: 10000 per 667 square meters of large-sized fruits per square meter to 12000 per 667 square meters, 12000 per 667 square meters of medium-sized fruits per square meter to 15000 per 667 square meters, and 15000 per 667 per square meters to 20000 per 667 square meters of small-sized fruits, the fruits are reasonably arranged, and the load of the apple trees can be effectively reduced.
Further, in the step (1), the branch removal and the stem lifting are carried out year by year, and a healing agent or a lime sulfur agent is used for sealing the wound in time, so that the height of the tree of the arbor is about 300 cm.
Further, the density of the avoiding or trapping plants planted in the step (5) is as follows: 2 per square meter to 3 per square meter and 1 to 5 per square meter of tall pole crops are planted around fruit trees for the dwarf crops; when the height of the green manure plant grass exceeds 30cm, the plant is mowed to cover the tree disc, and mowed in turn, and a part of the plant is reserved.
Further, in the step (7), releasing natural enemies of pests such as predatory mites, lacewing flies, ladybugs, aphid flies, parasitic wasps and the like on the fruit trees; the soil uses earthworm organic fertilizer containing earthworm cocoons, or earthworms are directly inoculated, or composted in an orchard are utilized to breed earthworms, and the aim of introducing the earthworms is to increase the soil granular structure, loosen the soil, convert organic matters, purify the soil and benefit the worm and cultivate the soil; releasing natural enemies of pests on trees or in grasses, protecting the natural enemies and controlling the pests.
Further, the organic fertilizer and ground spraying or flushing microbial inoculum in the step (8) mainly comprise nitrogen fixation, decomposed phosphorus and potassium and mineral elements, and have the functions of decomposing and converting organic matters, digesting harmful substances, activating and loosening soil, preventing and treating soil diseases and other strains. The fungus spraying on the trees is mainly used for biocontrol fungus prevention, disease prevention and insect prevention. The beneficial microbial communities in the orchard are established and optimized by using various beneficial microbial communities on underground ground trees.
Example two:
furthermore, the artificial grass in the step (5) is to artificially plant the vetch and arrow in early spring or in 7-9 months
Figure BDA0002840895330000061
Peas are planted to repel and trap plants, the plants are selected according to the main pest species of various fruit trees to achieve the purpose of preventing and controlling pests, grass is planted artificially, the soil is fertilized with grass, moisture is preserved, the ecological environment of an apple orchard is improved, and when the grass grows, chickens, ducks and the like eat the grass and eat the pests.
Example three:
the ecological planting method of the apples in the step (2) is 'thin, tall, grass, poultry, insect and fungus' on the whole, the trees are thin and tall, the three-dimensional space is increased, ventilation and light transmission are facilitated, the good growth of the apples is promoted, the space is vacated for grass planting, the plant diversity and the green plant production are increased for grass planting, a food source is provided for poultry and livestock, poultry and livestock are fed, earthworms are inoculated, natural enemies are released, the animal diversity is increased, a sufficient fertilizer source is provided for apple production, the pests are effectively controlled, the trees are sprayed with the composite biocontrol fungus, the composite fungus agent is applied to soil, the microbial diversity is increased, the occupation advantage of beneficial microbial communities is achieved, and the plant diseases and insect pests are effectively controlled. Thus forming an ecological chain of plants, animals and microorganisms, improving the ecological environment of the pepper garden, maintaining virtuous cycle and effectively promoting the production of apples
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles and broad features of the present invention and advantages thereof. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

Claims (7)

1. An apple orchard ecological planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selection of tree planting density:
when the tree age of the vigorous apple orchard is below 10 years, the number of plants is 30 per 667 square meter to 40 per 667 square meter, when the tree age is 10 to 20 years, the number of plants is 20 per 667 square meter to 30 per 667 square meter, when the tree age is above 20 years, the number of plants is less than 20 per 667 square meter, the dwarfing close planting orchard needs to properly reduce the number of plants by 20 to 30 percent and expand the row width;
(2) pruning branches:
trimming redundant branches of the apple tree to ensure that 5-8-ten thousand square meters are kept in the branches;
(3) and (3) fruit setting:
in the young fruit period, fruit setting is carried out on apple trees with over-dense fruits according to the fruit type size and the requirement of fruit retention amount per mu;
(4) selection of the height of the first branch from the ground:
the initial height of the first branch of the sapling is 100-130cm, and the sapling gradually moves upwards to more than 1.5m along with the increase of the age of the sapling;
(5) artificially planting grass in an apple orchard:
the method is characterized in that leguminous green manure (vetch and common vetch) and cruciferous green manure (cabbage rape) are planted among the lower rows of the trees, and certain repelling and trapping plants are planted among the green manure plants;
(6) stocking poultry (livestock):
after the apple trees and grasses grow out, breeding chickens, ducks or geese into an apple planting field;
(7) releasing natural enemies and inoculating earthworms:
releasing natural enemies of pests such as predatory mites, lacewing flies, ladybirds, aphid flies, parasitic wasps and the like on fruit trees; the soil uses earthworm organic fertilizer containing earthworm cocoons, or earthworms are directly inoculated, or the compost in an orchard is used for cultivating the earthworms;
(8) establishing and optimizing beneficial microbial communities:
spraying biocontrol bacteria on apple trees, applying a biological organic fertilizer underground in apple orchards, spraying microbial agents on the ground, or spraying bacteria after mowing and covering grass, or irrigating water and adding the agents for flushing.
2. The apple orchard ecological planting method of claim 1, characterized in that: the tree planting density in the step (1) is specifically determined by planting the number of plants per mu according to the principle that the spacing between the crowns of the plants after the trees are grown is not less than 50cm, and the spacing between the crowns of the rows is not less than 100 cm.
3. The apple orchard ecological planting method of claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (3), fruit is set according to fruit types during fruit thinning, and the specific quantity is as follows: 10000 to 12000 large-sized fruits per 667 square meters, 12000 medium-sized fruits per 667 square meters, and 15000 to 2000000 small-sized fruits per 667 square meters.
4. The apple orchard ecological planting method of claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (4), the branch removal and the stem extraction are carried out year by year, and the wound is closed by a healing agent or a lime sulphur agent in time.
5. The apple orchard ecological planting method of claim 1, characterized in that: the density of some species of evasion and trapping plants mixed and planted in the green manure plants in the step (5) is as follows: 2 per square meter to 3 per square meter and 1 to 5 per square meter of tall pole crop to 10 per square meter are planted around the fruit trees for the dwarf plants; when the height of the green manure plant grass exceeds 30cm, the plant is mowed to cover the tree disc, and mowed in turn, and a part of the plant is reserved.
6. The apple orchard ecological planting method of claim 1, characterized in that: and (7) introducing the earthworms into the apple tree planting soil.
7. The apple orchard ecological planting method of claim 1, characterized in that: and (3) spraying biocontrol bacteria on the trees in the step (8), applying a bio-organic fertilizer to soil, and spraying bacteria or flushing applied microbial inoculum on the ground, wherein the microbial inoculum mainly comprises nitrogen fixation, decomposed phosphorus and potassium and mineral elements.
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN115500223A (en) * 2022-11-02 2022-12-23 陕西省杂交油菜研究中心 Planting method for intercropping rape in yellow soil plateau area apple and red date garden and realizing water-adaptive recarburization

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Application publication date: 20210402