CN112544783A - 一种黑水虻幼虫粉高比例替代鱼粉的乌鳢幼鱼饲料 - Google Patents
一种黑水虻幼虫粉高比例替代鱼粉的乌鳢幼鱼饲料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及饲料配方技术领域，具体涉及一种黑水虻幼虫粉高比例替代鱼粉的乌鳢幼鱼饲料,所述饲料由以下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉16‑24%、棉粕1‑5%、菜粕2‑4%、血粉0.5‑1.5%、啤酒酵母1‑3%、玉米蛋白粉6‑10%、豆粕8‑12%、鸡肉粉6‑14%、面粉18‑20%、磷酸氢钙1‑3%、多维多矿0.6‑1.4%、黑水虻虫粉15‑25%、氯化胆碱1‑3%、诱食剂0.2‑0.6%；本发明可以替代乌鳢饲料中鱼粉，从而达到节约鱼粉，缓解鱼粉短缺，同时实现对垃圾处理副产品的资源化利用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及饲料配方技术领域，具体涉及一种黑水虻幼虫粉高比例替代鱼粉的乌鳢幼鱼饲料。
背景技术
水产养殖动物对鱼粉的需求比例较高，我国是全球最大的鱼粉需求国，鱼粉产量存在严重缺口，鱼类的长期过度捕捞和海洋环境破坏等因素导致渔业资源日益减少，加之中美贸易战等因素的影响，鱼粉的市场价格不断攀升，蛋白原料匮乏对我国水产养殖业健康发展产生不利影响。黑水虻作为一种新型可持续供应的蛋白源替代鱼粉具有良好的应用前景。
黑水虻（Hermetia illu-cens L.）属双翅目水虻科，又称亮斑扁角水虻，其幼虫摄食能力强，繁殖速度快，营养价值高，黑水虻幼虫营腐生性，以动物粪便、腐烂的有机物，如腐肉、腐烂的水果、蔬菜和植物性垃圾为食。能够将厨余垃圾转化为高质量的蛋白质，通过黑水虻采食的方式，100%处理餐厨垃圾有机残渣，同时得到黑水虻幼虫、虫沙两种高附加值产品。有研究检测表明，黑水虻幼虫中蛋白质含量在 40 %以上；氨基酸比例均衡，必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的46.35 %，谷氨酸的含量高达4.88g/100g，黑水虻含 28 种微量元素，有害元素含量均符合我国现行的饲料卫生标准（GB 13078-2017）。黑水虻在蛋白质含量、氨基酸组成及抗菌肽含量等方面具有优势，所以，黑水虻可作为一种优良的水产动物蛋白源在饲料中进行应用具有良好的前景，
乌鳢（Channa argus）属鲈形目、攀鲈亚目、鳢科、 鳢属，俗称乌鱼、黑鱼和蛇头等，肉食性鱼类，具有环境适应性强、生长速度快、产量高、耐低氧等特点，在我国从南到北都有广泛分布。乌鳢肉质细嫩、味道鲜美，受到广大消费着的喜爱。
本发明，旨在通过资源化利用黑水虻虫粉，高比例替代乌鳢饲料中鱼粉，从而达到节约鱼粉，缓解鱼粉短缺，同时对垃圾处理副产品进行资源化利用。
发明内容
（一）解决的技术问题
本发明提供一种黑水虻幼虫粉高比例替代鱼粉的乌鳢幼鱼饲料，可以替代乌鳢饲料中鱼粉，从而达到节约鱼粉，缓解鱼粉短缺，同时实现对垃圾处理副产品的资源化利用。
（二）采用的技术方案
本发明为实现上述目的，通过以下技术方案予以实现：一种黑水虻幼虫粉高比例替代鱼粉的乌鳢幼鱼饲料，所述饲料由以下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉16-24%、棉粕1-5%、菜粕2-4%、血粉0.5-1.5%、啤酒酵母1-3%、玉米蛋白粉6-10%、豆粕8-12%、鸡肉粉6-14%、面粉18-20%、磷酸氢钙1-3%、多维多矿0.6-1.4%、黑水虻虫粉15-25%、氯化胆碱1-3%、诱食剂0.2-0.6%
作为本方案的进一步优化，所述饲料由以下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉20%、棉粕3%、菜粕3%、血粉1%、啤酒酵母2%、玉米蛋白粉8%、豆粕10%、鸡肉粉10%、面粉19.6%、磷酸氢钙1.5%、多维多矿1%、黑水虻虫粉20%、氯化胆碱0.5%、诱食剂0.4%。
作为本方案的进一步优化，其特征在于，所述饲料的制备方法包括以下步骤：称取上述重量百分配比的原料粉碎后经40目过筛，放入搅拌机混合均匀，之后在加水混合搅拌10分钟，最后通过挤压式颗粒机制成慢沉性颗粒饲料，然后将制备的饲料在干燥、通风的室内晾干，放入4℃冰箱中备用。
（三）有益效果
本发明配方科学合理，制备简单，通过本发明配方可以替代乌鳢饲料中鱼粉，从而达到节约鱼粉，缓解鱼粉短缺，同时实现对垃圾处理副产品的资源化利用。
具体实施方式
本说明书中公开的所有特征，或公开的所有方法或过程中的步骤，除了互相排斥的特征和/或步骤以外，均可以以任何方式组合。
本说明书（包括任何附加权利要求、摘要）中公开的任一特征，除非特别叙述，均可被其他等效或具有类似目的的替代特征加以替换。即，除非特别叙述，每个特征只是一系列等效或类似特征中的一个例子而已。
实施例
一种黑水虻幼虫粉高比例替代鱼粉的乌鳢幼鱼饲料，所述饲料由以下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉20%、棉粕3%、菜粕3%、血粉1%、啤酒酵母2%、玉米蛋白粉8%、豆粕10%、鸡肉粉10%、面粉19.6%、磷酸氢钙1.5%、多维多矿1%、黑水虻虫粉20%、氯化胆碱0.5%、诱食剂0.4%。
作为本方案的进一步优化，所述饲料的制备方法包括以下步骤：称取上述重量百分配比的原料粉碎后经40目过筛，放入搅拌机混合均匀，之后在加水混合搅拌10分钟，最后通过挤压式颗粒机制成慢沉性颗粒饲料，然后将制备的饲料在干燥、通风的室内晾干，放入4℃冰箱中备用。
本发明（替代组）与现有含有鱼粉的饲料（对照组）进行试验对比测试：
（一）饲料配方以及成分
表1为替代组和对照组各成分配比
其中替代组中用未脱脂的烘干黑水虻做为蛋白源替代鱼粉
| Name | 对照组0% | 替代组（50%黑水虻虫粉） |
| Fish meal 鱼粉 | 40 | 20 |
| cottonseed meal 棉粕 | 3 | 3 |
| Rapeseed meal 菜粕 | 3 | 3 |
| Blood meal, whole, spray-dry 血粉 | 1 | 1 |
| Brewer's dried yeast 啤酒酵母 | 2 | 2 |
| Corn gluten meal 玉米蛋白粉 | 2.5 | 8 |
| Soybean meal, 52%CP 豆粕 | 10 | 10 |
| Poultry by-product meal 鸡肉粉 | 10 | 10 |
| Wheat flour 面粉 | 19.1 | 19.6 |
| CaHPO4 磷酸氢钙 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| 多维多矿 | 1 | 1 |
| Hermetia illucens L. 黑水虻（虫粉） | 0 | 20 |
| Fish oil 鱼油 | 6 | 0 |
| 氯化胆碱（50%） | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| 诱食剂（甜菜碱） | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| 合计total | 100 | 100 |
| 化学组成（%） | ||
| 粗蛋白 | 48.09 | 45.06 |
| 粗脂肪 | 127 | 114 |
| 粗灰分 | 10.2 | 10 |
| 水分 | 7.3 | 7.2 |
注：粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分风干样计算.
维生素预混物、2矿物质预混物由浙江德清县鸿利饲料有限公司提供。
试验用黑水虻虫粉是一种经过微波烘干的黑水虻幼虫，具体成份如下：
表2 试验用黑水虻成分（%）
| 粗蛋白（%） | 粗脂肪（%） | 粗灰分（%） | 水分（%） |
| 33.26 | 39.2 | 13.30 | 3.0 |
（二）养殖试验：
养殖试验在杭州市农业科学研究院水产研究所进行。乌鳢幼鱼由湖州某养殖场提供。试验开始前，挑选体质健康，大小相近的500尾幼鱼4m*5m的水泥池中驯化7d。驯化期间，每日饱食投喂两次(8:00和16:00)。实验开始前，将暂养的鱼饥饿24h，随机15尾鱼，称重后随机放入养殖网箱(1*1*1.5m)中。实验饲料共两个组，对照组为40%鱼粉组，实验组为替代50%鱼粉组，每个实验饲料设置3个重复，共用6个网箱。饲养实验持续56d。实验期间，表观饱食投喂实验鱼。养殖网箱内连续充气，实验水温为27.8-32.0°C，溶氧为＞5.0mg/L。
（三）样品采集、指标测定
养殖试验结束后，实验鱼禁食24 h，然后将每个网箱中的鱼依次捕出、称重，计算饲料投喂量，计算乌鳢的生长、饲料利用等数据。
（四）数据处理与分析方法
数据结果利用EXCEL和SPSS软件(版本26.0)进行处理和统计分析，数据采用平均值±标准差（means ± SD）的形式表示，进行独立样本T检验，取P < 0.05为差异显著性水平。
（五）试验结果
表3、黑水虻替代鱼粉（替代组）对乌鳢生长、饲料利用及成活率的影响
| 组号 | 初始体重（g） | 末体重（g） | 增重率（%） | 饵料系数 | 成活率（%） |
| 对照组（0%） | 6.80±0.28 | 48.55±3.92 | 613.62±28.38 | 1.04±0.12 | 80.00±11.55 |
| 替代组（50%黑水虻虫粉） | 7.27±0.84 | 52.78±7.43 | 629.13±94.33 | 0.89±0.02 | 88.90±10.18 |
不同字母表示差异显著（P<0.05），无字母表示无显著性差异（P>0.05）
试验结果表明：利用黑水虻虫粉替代50%的乌鳢饲料鱼粉（替代组），同时不补充添加鱼油对乌鳢的生长、饲料利用及成活率无显著性影响(P >0.05)。
表4黑水虻替代鱼粉（替代组）对乌鳢血清抗氧化指标的影响
| 组号 | 血清SOD活力（U/ml） | 血清GSH-PX活力（U/ml） | 血清CAT活力（U/ml） | 血清T-AOC活力（mmol/L） | 血清MDA含量（nmol/ml） |
| 对照组（0%） | 48.44±7.66<sup>A</sup> | 237.14±45.88 | 3.57±0.99 | 0.18±0.01<sup>A</sup> | 6.59±0.65<sup>B</sup> |
| 替代组（50%黑水虻虫粉） | 72.67±5.80<sup>B</sup> | 184.79±17.04 | 4.26±1.09 | 0.24±0.02<sup>B</sup> | 5.35±0.29<sup>A</sup> |
不同字母表示差异显著（P<0.05），无字母表示无显著性差异（P>0.05）
从表4可以看出，黑水虻替代鱼粉后对提高乌鳢血清抗氧化能力具有显著的促进作用。
表5黑水虻替代鱼粉（替代组）对乌鳢肾免疫指标的影响
| 组号 | 肾LZM活力（U/mgprot） | 肾ACP（金氏单位/gprot）） | 肾IgM含量（μg/mgprot） | 肾C3含量（μg/mgprot） | 肾C4含量（μg/mgprot） |
| 对照组（0%） | 623.41±93.19 | 438.12±28.22A | 30.11±5.48<sup>A</sup> | 41.88±6.66<sup>A</sup> | 22.79±1.86<sup>A</sup> |
| 替代组（50%黑水虻虫粉） | 798.55±89.42 | 568.90±50.07B | 41.81±5.20<sup>B</sup> | 63.70±6.23<sup>B</sup> | 30.25±1.90<sup>B</sup> |
不同字母表示差异显著（P<0.05），无字母表示无显著性差异（P>0.05）
从试验结果可以看出，黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对乌鳢肾脏免疫指标具有显著的促进作用。
（六）试验结论
本试验结果表明，黑水虻虫粉可以高比例（50%）替代乌鳢幼鱼的饲料鱼粉，并对其生长和饲料利用无显著性影响，同时替代鱼粉对促进乌鳢的抗氧化能力和免疫性能作用显著黑水虻可以做为一种优质的饲料蛋白源高水平替代鱼粉用于乌鳢幼鱼的饲料之中。
本发明的基本教导已加以说明，对具有本领域通常技能的人而言，许多延伸和变化将是显而易知者。由于说明书揭示的本发明可在未脱离本发明精神或大体特征的其它特定形式来实施，且这些特定形式的一些形式已经被指出，所以，说明书揭示的实施例应视为举例说明而非限制。本发明的范围是由所附的申请专利范围界定，而不是由上述说明所界定，对于落入申请专利范围的均等意义与范围的所有改变仍将包含在其范围之内。
Claims (2)
1.一种黑水虻幼虫粉高比例替代鱼粉的乌鳢幼鱼饲料,其特征在于，所述饲料由以下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉16-24%、棉粕1-5%、菜粕2-4%、血粉0.5-1.5%、啤酒酵母1-3%、玉米蛋白粉6-10%、豆粕8-12%、鸡肉粉6-14%、面粉18-20%、磷酸氢钙1-3%、多维多矿0.6-1.4%、黑水虻虫粉15-25%、氯化胆碱1-3%、诱食剂0.2-0.6%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种黑水虻幼虫粉高比例替代鱼粉的乌鳢幼鱼饲料，其特征在于，所述饲料的制备方法包括以下步骤：称取上述重量百分配比的原料粉碎后经40目过筛，放入搅拌机混合均匀，之后在加水混合搅拌10分钟，最后通过挤压式颗粒机制成慢沉性颗粒饲料，然后将制备的饲料在干燥、通风的室内晾干，放入4℃冰箱中备用。
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