CN113519723A - 一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方 - Google Patents

一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方 Download PDF

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CN113519723A
CN113519723A CN202110848321.7A CN202110848321A CN113519723A CN 113519723 A CN113519723 A CN 113519723A CN 202110848321 A CN202110848321 A CN 202110848321A CN 113519723 A CN113519723 A CN 113519723A
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付东欢
朱慧
王尊
张灏
吴玉波
徐梦谦
陈元超
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Abstract

本发明涉及饲料配方技术领域，具体涉及一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方,所述饲料配方包括以下重量份数的原料制备而成：蒸汽干燥鱼粉240份、大豆浓缩蛋白160份、鸡肉粉100份、去皮豆粕130份、菜粕80份、谷朊粉40份、氯化胆碱2份、淀粉10份、面粉165份、膨润土1份、磷酸氢钙10份、罗维素30份、硒酵母1份、鱼油31份；本发明饲料配方各成分配比科学合理、制备方便、通过大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母可有效代替鱼粉，降低成本，营养成分丰富，并且可以有效降低水资源污染。

Description

一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方
技术领域
本发明涉及饲料配方技术领域，具体涉及一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方。
背景技术
海水养殖中的水产品种大多是肉食性鱼类，其饲料配方中的鱼粉含量往往超过30％。由于较完美的营养成分，鱼粉常常作为鱼类饲料配方中的主要蛋白质来源。然而，全世界有限的鱼粉来源目前已稳定在每年供应500-700万吨，全球水产养殖饲料生产中的鱼粉消费量则持续上升。因此，利用廉价蛋白质来源替代饲料鱼粉是提高海洋鱼类养殖可持续性的关键。
豆粕因蛋白质含量高、氨基酸成分好、供应稳定、成本低，可作为饲料鱼粉的替代品。豆粕中必需氨基酸缺乏、蛋白质消化率低和存在抗营养因子等，被认为是限制豆粕在鱼类饲料中的进一步利用的主要原因。与豆粕相比，大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)是以脱脂大豆粕为原料，通过溶剂萃取去除其中的非蛋白质成分后得到的浓缩产品。由于去除了寡糖、灰分、气味因子等，改善了蛋白质的品质和风味，提高了饲养动物对豆粕营养的利用效率。然而，当饲料中以SPC高比例替代鱼粉时，往往导致养殖鱼类出现摄食下降、生长缓慢和饲料利用效率低下等现象。
硒是一种重要的微量营养素，对动物的生长发育和免疫调节具有重要作用。硒作为谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的辅助因子，可减少动物体内过氧化氢、脂肪酰氢过氧化物和脂肪酰乙醇的含量,从而减少脂肪的氧化。动物饲料中添加的硒主要包括无机硒(亚硒酸钠等)和有机硒(蛋氨酸硒等)，而有机硒生物学效价较无机硒高。在饲料中添加硒可显著提高大马哈鱼、斑点叉尾鮰、银鲫、非洲鲶鱼、点带石斑鱼、条纹鲈鱼、中国对虾和凡纳滨对虾的生长速度、消化酶活性以及免疫力等。研究发现，鱼粉中硒的含量远远高于陆生植物和动物蛋白原料中的硒含量。这表明硒缺乏可能是限制陆生蛋白原料替代海水鱼饲料中鱼粉含量的重要原因。
卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)为热带广盐性鱼类，其肉质鲜美、生长快，在东南亚国家被广为养殖。当以大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉时，卵形鲳鲹饲料的最低鱼粉需求量为32％。以大豆浓缩蛋白作为鱼粉替代物的机理有待进一步探索。因此，本发明研究了以SPC替代鱼粉的饲料中添加硒酵母对卵形鲳鲹生长、食物利用效率、鱼体组成和废物排放的影响，目的是为研发一种卵形鲳鲹高营养、低污染、廉价配合饲料。
发明内容
(一)解决的技术问题
本发明提供一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方，具有成本度、污染小、高营养等优点。
(二)采用的技术方案
本发明为实现上述目的，通过以下技术方案予以实现：一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方,所述饲料配方包括以下重量份数的原料制备而成：蒸汽干燥鱼粉240份、大豆浓缩蛋白160份、鸡肉粉100份、去皮豆粕130份、菜粕80份、谷朊粉40份、氯化胆碱2份、淀粉10份、面粉165份、膨润土1份、磷酸氢钙10份、罗维素30份、硒酵母1份、鱼油31份。
作为本方案的进一步优化，所述饲料配方另一种配比包括以下重量份数的原料制备而成：蒸汽干燥鱼粉80份、大豆浓缩蛋白321份、鸡肉粉100份、去皮豆粕130份、菜粕80份、谷朊粉43份、氯化胆碱2份、淀粉10份、面粉152份、磷酸氢钙10份、罗维素30份、硒酵母1份、鱼油42份。
一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方所述饲料的制备方法为：将上述重量配比的饲料经粉碎后过80目筛，根据配方称重并手工混匀，再在搅拌机中加水混合10分钟，最后用单螺杆饲料膨化机制成3mm×5mm的慢沉性颗粒；饲料在室温下风干，用自封袋密封，使用前贮存在冰箱(-20℃)中。
(三)有益效果
本发明提供一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方,具有以下有益效果：
本发明饲料配方各成分配比科学合理、制备方便、通过大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母可有效代替鱼粉，降低成本，营养成分丰富，并且可以有效降低水资源污染。
附图说明
以下结合附图进一步说明本发明：
图1为本发明对照组C与实验组R40(SPC替代40％鱼粉组)、R80(SPC替代80％鱼粉组)、R40+Se(SPC替代40％鱼粉并添加硒酵母组)、R80+Se(SPC替代80％鱼粉并添加硒酵母组)之间生长性能和饲料利用效率之间的聚类分析图。
具体实施方式
本说明书中公开的所有特征，或公开的所有方法或过程中的步骤，除了互相排斥的特征和/或步骤以外，均可以以任何方式组合。
本说明书(包括任何附加权利要求、摘要)中公开的任一特征，除非特别叙述，均可被其他等效或具有类似目的的替代特征加以替换。即，除非特别叙述，每个特征只是一系列等效或类似特征中的一个例子而已。
实施例
一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方,所述饲料配方包括以下重量份数的原料制备而成：蒸汽干燥鱼粉240份、大豆浓缩蛋白160份、鸡肉粉100份、去皮豆粕130份、菜粕80份、谷朊粉40份、氯化胆碱2份、淀粉10份、面粉165份、膨润土1份、磷酸氢钙10份、罗维素30份、硒酵母1份、鱼油31份。
作为本方案的进一步优化，所述饲料配方另一种配比包括以下重量份数的原料制备而成：蒸汽干燥鱼粉80份、大豆浓缩蛋白321份、鸡肉粉100份、去皮豆粕130份、菜粕80份、谷朊粉43份、氯化胆碱2份、淀粉10份、面粉152份、磷酸氢钙10份、罗维素30份、硒酵母1份、鱼油42份。
一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方所述饲料的制备方法为：将上述重量配比的饲料经粉碎后过80目筛，根据配方称重并手工混匀，再在搅拌机中加水混合10分钟，最后用单螺杆饲料膨化机制成3mm×5mm的慢沉性颗粒；饲料在室温下风干，用自封袋密封，使用前贮存在冰箱(-20℃)中。
以下通过实验分析实验饲料(鱼粉饲料和替代鱼粉的饲料)的相关性能对比；
1.1实验饲料
所用硒酵母购自安琪酵母生物技术有限公司(富邦硒酵母，硒含量为0.16％)。鱼粉、鸡肉粉、大豆浓缩蛋白及其它饲料原料均购自浙江省科盛有限公司，维生素预混物由帝斯曼公司上海总部提供。实验原料的营养组成见表1。
实验为2×2设计。实验饲料均等氮等能，即粗蛋白46％，粗脂肪6.5％。对照组C中含有40％的鱼粉，以SPC替代对照组C中40％和80％的鱼粉并添加或者不添加1％的硒酵母，分别命名为R40+Se、R80+Se、R40和R80。
实验饲料配方及营养组成见表1。
表1饲料配方(g/kg)
Figure BDA0003181398790000051
Figure BDA0003181398790000061
1.2饲养实验
实验前挑选个体相近的实验鱼在实验网箱(1m×1m×1.5m)中驯养2周。驯养期间，每天饱食投喂配合饲料C两次。
实验开始前，将驯养的实验鱼饥饿24h，每次随机取25尾实验鱼，群体称重后随机放入一个实验网箱中。实验鱼初始体重为14.4±0.8g。每个饲料处理设3个重复，共用15个网箱。放养结束后从剩余的鱼中随机取3组鱼(每组15尾鱼)，测量其体长、体重和肝脏重，然后保存在冰箱(-20℃)中作为鱼体成分分析的样品。
饲养实验周期为八周。实验期间，每天8:00和17:00饱食投喂实验鱼。每天上午测量水温(实验期间水温为26.5-27.9℃)，每周测量1次盐度(实验期间盐度为28-33‰)。饲养实验结束后，将鱼饥饿24h，然后将每个网箱中的鱼依次捕出、计数并称重。从每个网箱中取3尾鱼，测量鱼体长、体重和肝脏重后保存在-20℃下用作分析鱼体成分的样品。
1.3化学分析
所取的实验鱼样品化冻后，在高压蒸汽灭菌锅内蒸煮(125℃)20min，然后在烘箱内(75℃)烘干。以AOAC(1995)方法分析实验鱼和饲料样品的常规指标(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分)。样品磷含量以钒钼酸铵法测定。
1.4数据计算和统计分析
计算实验鱼的摄食率、增重、饲料系数、饲料氮储积效率、饲料磷储积效率、饲料氮废物排放量和饲料磷废物排放量。
以双因素方差分析(Two-way ANOVA)方法检验硒酵母添加水平和鱼粉替代水平对摄食率、增重、饲料系数、饲料氮储积效率、饲料磷储积效率、饲料氮废物排放量和饲料磷废物排放量的影响，采用Duncan’s多重比较方法检验处理间差异。以t-test检验分析实验组C和R40+Se或者C和R40之间上述参数的差异。取P<0.05为差异显著性水平。
结果
终末体重、体增重、氮保留效率和磷保留效率取决于饲料鱼粉水平和硒酵母水平(表2)，而摄食率不受饲料鱼粉水平、硒酵母及其相互作用的影响。饲料系数显著受硒酵母水平的影响。
对照组C的体增重与实验组R40+Se没有显著差异(P>0.05)，但显著高于实验组R40、R80、R80+Se(P<0.05)。实验组R40的饲料摄食率和饲料系数与对照组C、实验组R80和R40+Se无显著差异(P>0.05)，但显著高于实验组R80+Se(P<0.05)。对照组C的氮保留效率高于实验组R80的氮保留效率(P<0.05)，但与实验组R40、R40+Se和R80+Se的氮保留效率无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组C的磷保留效率低于实验组R40、R80、R40+Se和R80+Se(P<0.05)。
由上述数据发现，通过在低鱼粉饲料组R40和R80中添加硒酵母，可以显著提高鱼类的生长、饲料的利用效率和蛋白质在鱼体内的积累。
表2饲料鱼粉水平和硒酵母对卵形鲳鲹生长和饲料利用的影响
Figure BDA0003181398790000081
与实验组R40、R80和R80+Se的生产性能相比，实验组R40+Se的生产性能最接近对照组C(HCA，图1)。
本发明的基本教导已加以说明，对具有本领域通常技能的人而言，许多延伸和变化将是显而易知者。由于说明书揭示的本发明可在未脱离本发明精神或大体特征的其它特定形式来实施，且这些特定形式的一些形式已经被指出，所以，说明书揭示的实施例应视为举例说明而非限制。本发明的范围是由所附的申请专利范围界定，而不是由上述说明所界定，对于落入申请专利范围的均等意义与范围的所有改变仍将包含在其范围之内。

Claims (3)

1.一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方,其特征在于，所述饲料配方包括以下重量份数的原料制备而成：蒸汽干燥鱼粉240份、大豆浓缩蛋白160份、鸡肉粉100份、去皮豆粕130份、菜粕80份、谷朊粉40份、氯化胆碱2份、淀粉10份、面粉165份、膨润土1份、磷酸氢钙10份、罗维素30份、硒酵母1份、鱼油31份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方,其特征在于，所述饲料配方另一种配比包括以下重量份数的原料制备而成：蒸汽干燥鱼粉80份、大豆浓缩蛋白321份、鸡肉粉100份、去皮豆粕130份、菜粕80份、谷朊粉43份、氯化胆碱2份、淀粉10份、面粉152份、磷酸氢钙10份、罗维素30份、硒酵母1份、鱼油42份。
3.根据权利要求1-2任一所述的一种以大豆浓缩蛋白和硒酵母混合替代鱼粉的饲料配方,其特征在于，所述饲料的制备方法为：将上述重量配比的饲料经粉碎后过80目筛，根据配方称重并手工混匀，再在搅拌机中加水混合10分钟，最后用单螺杆饲料膨化机制成3mm×5mm的慢沉性颗粒；饲料在室温下风干，用自封袋密封，使用前贮存在冰箱(-20℃)中。
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN115399412A (zh) * 2022-09-08 2022-11-29 福建农林大学 一种以大豆浓缩蛋白部分替代鱼粉的低磷大黄鱼饲料及其制备方法

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