CN112452335A - 三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料及其制备与应用 - Google Patents
三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料及其制备与应用 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112452335A CN112452335A CN202011476774.3A CN202011476774A CN112452335A CN 112452335 A CN112452335 A CN 112452335A CN 202011476774 A CN202011476774 A CN 202011476774A CN 112452335 A CN112452335 A CN 112452335A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- cecuo
- core
- composite material
- microchip
- shell structure
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 104
- 239000002135 nanosheet Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylformamide Substances CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000000703 Cerium Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004729 solvothermal method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims description 2
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract description 24
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 12
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010335 hydrothermal treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- -1 metal oxide copper oxide Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000033962 Fontaine progeroid syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013246 bimetallic metal–organic framework Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQZMWMKOWKGPQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical group O.O.O.O.O.O.[Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O QQZMWMKOWKGPQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- SXTLQDJHRPXDSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;dinitrate;trihydrate Chemical group O.O.O.[Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O SXTLQDJHRPXDSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002114 nanocomposite Substances 0.000 description 1
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical group [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/002—Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/864—Removing carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/755—Nickel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/83—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/20—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state
- B01J35/23—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state in a colloidal state
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/391—Physical properties of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/393—Metal or metal oxide crystallite size
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/397—Egg shell like
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/40—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0215—Coating
- B01J37/0219—Coating the coating containing organic compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0215—Coating
- B01J37/0221—Coating of particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
- B01J37/031—Precipitation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/04—Mixing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
- B01J37/082—Decomposition and pyrolysis
- B01J37/088—Decomposition of a metal salt
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
- B01J37/10—Heat treatment in the presence of water, e.g. steam
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/206—Rare earth metals
- B01D2255/2065—Cerium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20753—Nickel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2255/00—Catalysts
- B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/207—Transition metals
- B01D2255/20761—Copper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/70—Organic compounds not provided for in groups B01D2257/00 - B01D2257/602
- B01D2257/702—Hydrocarbons
- B01D2257/7027—Aromatic hydrocarbons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/70—Organic compounds not provided for in groups B01D2257/00 - B01D2257/602
- B01D2257/708—Volatile organic compounds V.O.C.'s
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料及其制备方法与应用;CeCuOx具备较大的比表面积,良好的稳定性,通过低温水热和热处理方法生长氧化镍纳米片于CeCuOx表面,制备NiO/CeCuOx核壳结构复合材料催化剂。本发明制备的双金属CeCuOx微片相比于单金属氧化物氧化铜和氧化铈对甲苯的催化表现出较优异的性能,进一步的生长不同浓度的氧化镍纳米片有效提高了催化活性,其中3Ni/CeCuOx催化剂可在210℃实现甲苯的完全催化。本发明在避免使用贵金属的条件下,利用三元过渡金属的高效结合实现了在较低温度下对低浓度甲苯的完全催化氧化,大大节约了成本,对实际解决空气环境中甲苯污染气体有着重大研究意义及一定的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及纳米复合材料技术领域,具体涉及一种NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料的制备及其在甲苯热催化处理中的应用。
背景技术
沸点在室温至260℃之间的挥发性有机化合物(VOC)被认为是造成全球空气污染的主要因素,尤其是在甲苯造成的臭氧,光化学烟雾和二次气溶胶等环境污染的驱使下,人们倡导使用有效的技术来减少对环境和人类健康的损害。低温催化氧化技术被认为是去除甲苯的一种有效而经济的方法,引起了人们的广泛关注。
近年来,许多科学家在研发更高效的、能在更低温度下催化氧化VOC的催化剂方面做出了很大的努力。一般而言,用于总VOC氧化的高效催化剂有两种类型,它们分别是负载的贵金属和过渡金属氧化物。虽然贵金属基催化剂被认为是用于VOC催化氧化的较好催化剂而备受关注。但是,它具有热稳定性差和成本高,高表面能易团聚的缺点。因此,正在努力设计不同的多元过渡金属氧化物纳米结构催化剂,例如核壳结构和具有高表面积的中空多孔材料。
与昂贵且稀有的贵金属相比,过渡金属氧化物催化剂便宜得多。在一些反应中它们是可行的和充分活跃的。为了达到开发替代贵金属催化剂和降低反应温度的目的,进行多元过渡金属氧化物催化剂的研究是很有必要的。作为典型的过渡金属氧化物,CeO2、NiO和CuO具有低成本、高热稳定性的优点。因此,针对现状,很有必要研发一种有效的方法来制备新型多元复合材料催化剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料的制备方法,采用水浴热反应的方法,将NiO纳米片生长到双金属CeCuOx微片上,以实现低温高效处理气体污染物,比如甲苯气体的目的。
为了达到上述目的,本发明采用如下具体技术方案:
三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将铈盐、铜盐、有机酸、溶剂混合后进行溶剂热反应,然后煅烧反应产物,得到CeCuOx微片;
(2)将镍盐、尿素、所述CeCuOx微片的混合物在醇/水混合溶剂中进行水浴反应,然后煅烧反应产物,得到三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料。
具体的:
(1)将铈盐、铜盐、对苯二甲酸分别在溶剂中溶解后混合,再放入高压反应釜中进行溶剂热反应,反应产物经离心洗涤、干燥、煅烧处理后得到CeCuOx微片;
(2)将镍盐和尿素溶于乙醇和水的混合液中,再加入CeCuOx粉末进行水浴反应,反应产物经离心洗涤、干燥、煅烧处理后得到三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料。
本发明中,铈盐为六水合硝酸铈,铜盐为三水合硝酸铜;溶剂为DMF(N,N-二甲基甲酰胺);镍盐为硝酸镍;醇/水混合溶剂中,醇为乙醇,优选醇、水的体积比为1∶1。
优选的,三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料中,NiO纳米片的重量为双金属CeCuOx微片重量的1~5倍,比如NiO纳米片、双金属CeCuOx微片的重量比为1:1、3:1、5:1。
本发明中,在溶剂中溶解的温度为室温,时间为2~3小时;溶剂热反应在高压反应釜中进行,反应温度为80℃~90℃、时间为24~25小时,优选的,反应温度为80 ℃,时间为24 h;煅烧在空气中进行,温度为350℃~400℃、时间为4~4.5小时,优选的,煅烧的温度为350℃,煅烧时升温速率为3 ℃/min,时间为4小时。
本发明中,水浴反应的温度为80℃~90℃,时间为1.5~3小时,优选80℃反应2小时;煅烧在空气中进行,温度为350℃~400℃、时间为4~4.5小时,优选的,煅烧的温度为350℃,煅烧时升温速率为3 ℃/min,时间为4小时。
本发明中,步骤(1)中,铈盐、铜盐、对苯二甲酸的摩尔比为2∶(1.0~1.1)∶(4.0~4.1);步骤(2)中,镍盐和尿素的摩尔比为1:(5.0~5.1);镍盐为Ni(NO3)2。
本发明首先采用以双金属金属-有机骨架作为催化剂前体来制备具有出色活性的二元金属氧化物催化剂(CeCuOx),CeCuOx具备较大的比表面积,良好的稳定性,而较大的比表面积可以促进催化性能,是一种良好的催化剂材料;再通过低温水热和热处理方法生长氧化镍纳米片于CeCuOx表面,通过调节NiO/CeCuOx加入的质量比,制备不同比值的yNiO/CeCuOx核壳结构复合材料催化剂。由NiO纳米片生长在双金属CeCuOx微片构成的形貌,进一步增大了接触面积,增加了催化的活性位点,且显示优异的催化效果,高效经济。
本发明在煅烧处理后,将定量NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料放入具有一定浓度甲苯环境中去,利用固定床反应器对其进行加热催化,实现低温催化氧化甲苯利用GCMS-QP2020测试,完全催化氧化甲苯。
本发明进一步公开了上述负NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料在低温催化氧化甲苯中的应用。
本发明公开的低温热催化处理甲苯的方法中,将上述NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料置入含有甲苯的环境中,利用固定床反应器完成甲苯的处理,优选的,低温完全催化氧化甲苯气体的温度为210 ℃。
本发明的优点:
1、本发明公开的NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料具有较大的比表面积、均一的孔径大小、可控的结构;氧化镍的生长增加了载体的氧空位和接触面积,明显提升了载体催化剂的催化性能;纳米片状均一地生长在双金属CeCuOx微片上构成核壳结构,较大的比表面积可以促进催化性能,增加了反应活性位点,是一种良好的多元过渡金属型催化剂材料。
2、本发明公开的NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料的制备方法中,避免了使用贵金属颗粒的负载,极大的降低了材料的成本,并且氧化镍生长到CeCuOx微片纳米片上,该实验流程较简单,对甲苯的催化性能较优异,因此具有较高的经济实用性和研究价值。
附图说明
图1为CeCuOx微片的扫描电镜图(SEM);
图2为CeCuOx微片的透射电镜图(TEM);
图3为3Ni/CeCuOx核壳结构复合材料的扫描电镜图(SEM);
图4为3Ni/CeCuOx核壳结构复合材料的透射电镜图(TEM);
图5为NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料对甲苯气体的热催化效果曲线图。
具体实施方式
本发明公开的NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料的制备方法如下:
(1)将铈盐和铜盐,对苯二甲酸(H2BDC)分别在溶剂中溶解后混合,并放入高压反应釜中进行溶剂热反应,再经离心洗涤、干燥、煅烧处理后得到CeCuOx微片;
(2)将镍盐和尿素溶于乙醇和水的混合液中,再加入CeCuOx粉末进行水浴反应,再经离心洗涤、干燥、煅烧处理后得到NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料。
本发明所用原料都为常规市售产品,具体操作方法以及测试方法为本领域常规方法。
实施例一 CeCuOx微片的制备,具体步骤如下:
室温下,将Ce(NO3)3·6H2O(0.868 g,2 mmol)和Cu(NO3)2·3H2O(0.242 g,1 mmol)溶解在DMF(40 ml)中,并在1000 rpm下搅拌2 h;将H2BDC(0.664g,4mmol)溶解在DMF(40ml)中,并以1000 rpm搅拌2 h。然后将两种溶液在不锈钢高压釜中与超纯水(20 ml)混合,在80 ℃下进行溶剂热合成24小时,将获得的蓝色沉淀CeCuBDC用DMF和乙醇冲洗几次,然后在65 °C下真空干燥6 h,接着在空气中将CeCuBDC于350°C下煅烧4 h,3 ℃/min升温速率由室温升至350℃,得到CeCuOx微片。附图1为CeCuOx微片的SEM图,附图2为CeCuOx微片的TEM图;从图中可以看出微片的二维层状结构,且为平行四边形的规整形貌。
实施例二 三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料的制备,具体步骤如下:
以氧化镍3倍于CeCuOx质量计算投料比,将摩尔比为1∶5的Ni(NO3)2和尿素溶解于水/醇体积比为1/1的100mL溶液中,然后,加入100mg制备好的CeCuOx微片粉末(实施例一),并将得到的溶液在常规搅拌下置于80 ℃下2反应小时。将产物粉末过滤并洗涤,然后在90 ℃下干燥,接着在空气气氛下于350℃,以3 ℃/min升温速率进行4 h煅烧,得到三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料,命名为3Ni/CeCuOx(表示按投料比计,NiO纳米片、双金属CeCuOx微片的重量比为3∶1),再进行性能和表征测试。
附图4为3Ni/CeCuOx复合材料的SEM图,附图5为3Ni/CeCuOx复合材料的TEM图。从图中可以看出氧化镍成功生长到了CeCuOx微片上,且分布很均一。
将Ni(NO3)2的投料量改变,得到NiO纳米片、双金属CeCuOx微片的重量比为1:1、5:1的复合材料,分别命名为Ni/CeCuOx、5Ni/CeCuOx。
实施例三
三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料对甲苯气体的热催化条件是:甲苯浓度为50 ppm(空气作为填充气,购买于梅塞尔液化空气有限公司),催化剂的量为 50mg,根据常规方法,将该催化剂通过U形管固定在固定床反应器上,通过气相色谱分析该复合材料在加热条件下对甲苯气体的催化效果,测试条件为36000 ml/(h∙g)。
附图5为三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料对甲苯气体的热催化效果曲线图。由附图5可知,本发明可应用于较低温度下甲苯的转化。空气中甲苯污染主要来源于建筑材料、室内装饰材料和生活及办公用品,室外的工业废气、汽车尾气、光化学烟雾等,具体的甲苯催化效果是通过气相色谱分析的,甲苯转化率的计算方法如方程(1):
C0和C分别为实验中甲苯的初始浓度和测试浓度(每15分钟测试一次)。
通过图5效果对比可知,具备大片状形貌的双金属CeCuOx样品的催化性能明显优于单金属的CeO2和CuO样品,证实了该双金属样品形貌结构的优势。此外,生长氧化镍到CeCuOx微片上,进一步提高氧空位的浓度,促使催化性能明显提高,且氧化镍的均匀生长又使其催化性能大大提高,并且避免了使用贵金属。因此,3Ni/CeCuOx复合材料催化剂相对既经济又高效。
比较例
将实施例一中80 ℃下进行溶剂热合成24小时调整为80 ℃下进行溶剂热合成48小时,其余不变,得到的CeCuOx微片根据实施例二的方法,制备3Ni/CeCuOx,进行同样的甲苯转化测试,在210 ℃下无法完全催化氧化甲苯气体,即转化率不到100%。
将实施例一中3 ℃/min升温速率调整为10 ℃/min升温速率,其余不变,得到的CeCuOx微片根据实施例二的方法,制备3Ni/CeCuOx,进行同样的甲苯转化测试,在210℃下转化率不到95%。
将实施例二中350 ℃调整为400 ℃,其余不变,制备3Ni/CeCuOx,进行同样的甲苯转化测试,在210 ℃下转化率不到92%。
对比例
将摩尔比为1∶5的的Ni(NO3)2和尿素溶解于水/醇体积比为1/1的100mL溶液中,然后,将得到的溶液在常规搅拌下置于80 ℃下2反应小时,然后在90 ℃下干燥,接着在空气气氛下于350 ℃,以3 ℃/min升温速率进行4 h煅烧,得到固体材料,进行同样的甲苯转化测试,在210 ℃下转化率不到30%。
通过以上分析,说明采用本发明的技术方案氧化镍纳米片可以成功生长到CeCuOx微片上构成核壳结构复合材料,工艺简单易行,且氧化镍的生长非常均匀,且一定比例的复合材料对甲苯具有相对较好的催化活性。NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料,具有较大的比表面积、均一的孔径大小、可控的结构;氧化镍的生长增加了载体的氧空位和接触面积,明显提升了载体催化剂的催化性能;纳米片状均一地生长在双金属CeCuOx微片上构成核壳结构,较大的比表面积可以促进催化性能,增加了反应活性位点,是一种良好的多元过渡金属型催化剂材料;同时避免了使用贵金属颗粒的负载,极大的降低了材料的成本,该实验流程较简单,对甲苯的催化性能较优异,因此,此发明的催化剂进一步实现了经济实用性的目的。
Claims (10)
1.一种三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料,其特征在于,所述三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将铈盐、铜盐、有机酸、溶剂混合后进行溶剂热反应,然后煅烧反应产物,得到CeCuOx微片;
(2)将镍盐、尿素、所述CeCuOx微片的混合物在醇/水混合溶剂中进行水浴反应,然后煅烧反应产物,得到三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,铈盐、铜盐、有机酸的摩尔比为2∶(1.0~1.1)∶(4.0~4.1);溶剂为DMF;有机酸为对苯二甲酸。
3.根据权利要求1所述三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料,其特征在于:以Ce(NO3)3·6H2O、Cu(NO3)2·3H2O为原料,在对苯二甲酸存在下,制备CeCuOx微片。
4.根据权利要求1所述三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,镍盐和尿素的摩尔比为1:(5.0~5.1);镍盐为Ni(NO3)2。
5.根据权利要求1所述三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料,其特征在于:三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料中,NiO纳米片的重量为双金属CeCuOx微片重量的1~5倍。
6.权利要求1所述三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)将铈盐、铜盐、有机酸、溶剂混合后进行溶剂热反应,然后煅烧反应产物,得到CeCuOx微片;
(2)将镍盐、尿素、所述CeCuOx微片的混合物在醇/水混合溶剂中进行水浴反应,然后煅烧反应产物,得到三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料。
7.根据权利要求6所述三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,溶剂热反应的温度为80℃~90℃、时间为24~25小时;煅烧在空气中进行,温度为350℃~400℃、时间为4~4.5小时。
8.根据权利要求6所述三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,水浴反应的温度为80℃~90℃、时间为2~2.5小时;煅烧在空气中进行,温度为350℃~400℃、时间为4~4.5小时。
9.权利要求1所述三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料在低温热催化处理气体污染物中的应用。
10.根据权利要求9所述的应用,其特征在于,气体污染物为甲苯。
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN202011476774.3A CN112452335B (zh) | 2020-12-14 | 2020-12-14 | 三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料及其制备与应用 |
PCT/CN2021/074577 WO2022126843A1 (zh) | 2020-12-14 | 2021-01-31 | 三元 NiO 纳米片 @ 双金属 CeCuOx 微片核壳结构复合材料及其制备与应用 |
US18/011,173 US20230241590A1 (en) | 2020-12-14 | 2021-01-31 | Ernary composite material having nio nanosheet/bimetallic cecuox microsheet core-shell structure, and preparation and application thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN202011476774.3A CN112452335B (zh) | 2020-12-14 | 2020-12-14 | 三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料及其制备与应用 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN112452335A true CN112452335A (zh) | 2021-03-09 |
CN112452335B CN112452335B (zh) | 2022-04-15 |
Family
ID=74802876
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN202011476774.3A Active CN112452335B (zh) | 2020-12-14 | 2020-12-14 | 三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料及其制备与应用 |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20230241590A1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN112452335B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2022126843A1 (zh) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2022126842A1 (zh) * | 2020-12-14 | 2022-06-23 | 苏州大学 | 利用三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料低温热处理甲苯的方法 |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20110104893A (ko) * | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-23 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 다공성 산화물 촉매 및 그의 제조방법 |
CN103447047A (zh) * | 2013-09-09 | 2013-12-18 | 青岛科技大学 | 一种Fe2O3/CeO2/ NiO核壳结构微球的制备方法 |
CN107376824A (zh) * | 2016-07-01 | 2017-11-24 | 淮阴师范学院 | CuO@NiO核壳结构的复合磁性材料的制备及其应用 |
CN108940304A (zh) * | 2018-07-27 | 2018-12-07 | 华南理工大学 | 一种Mn/Ce/Cu基低温等离子体催化剂及制备与应用 |
CN109046345A (zh) * | 2018-08-01 | 2018-12-21 | 中国科学院城市环境研究所 | 一种负载型催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN110038579A (zh) * | 2019-04-25 | 2019-07-23 | 上海复翼环保科技有限公司 | 一种促进硫酸氢铵低温解离的scr催化剂及其制备方法 |
CN110586065A (zh) * | 2019-09-20 | 2019-12-20 | 天津大学 | 一种新型金属有机骨架衍生的金属氧化物催化剂合成方法、应用 |
CN110787788A (zh) * | 2018-08-01 | 2020-02-14 | 香港科技大学 | 衍生自金属有机骨架的二维催化材料及其在挥发性有机化合物去除中的应用 |
-
2020
- 2020-12-14 CN CN202011476774.3A patent/CN112452335B/zh active Active
-
2021
- 2021-01-31 WO PCT/CN2021/074577 patent/WO2022126843A1/zh active Application Filing
- 2021-01-31 US US18/011,173 patent/US20230241590A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20110104893A (ko) * | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-23 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 다공성 산화물 촉매 및 그의 제조방법 |
CN103447047A (zh) * | 2013-09-09 | 2013-12-18 | 青岛科技大学 | 一种Fe2O3/CeO2/ NiO核壳结构微球的制备方法 |
CN107376824A (zh) * | 2016-07-01 | 2017-11-24 | 淮阴师范学院 | CuO@NiO核壳结构的复合磁性材料的制备及其应用 |
CN108940304A (zh) * | 2018-07-27 | 2018-12-07 | 华南理工大学 | 一种Mn/Ce/Cu基低温等离子体催化剂及制备与应用 |
CN109046345A (zh) * | 2018-08-01 | 2018-12-21 | 中国科学院城市环境研究所 | 一种负载型催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN110787788A (zh) * | 2018-08-01 | 2020-02-14 | 香港科技大学 | 衍生自金属有机骨架的二维催化材料及其在挥发性有机化合物去除中的应用 |
CN110038579A (zh) * | 2019-04-25 | 2019-07-23 | 上海复翼环保科技有限公司 | 一种促进硫酸氢铵低温解离的scr催化剂及其制备方法 |
CN110586065A (zh) * | 2019-09-20 | 2019-12-20 | 天津大学 | 一种新型金属有机骨架衍生的金属氧化物催化剂合成方法、应用 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
JIAFU QU等: "《Construction of Pd-Modified NiCoOx Hollow Nanospheres with Surface Hydroxyls and Oxygen Vacancies for Highly Enhanced Catalytic Toluene Oxidation Activity》", 《ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING》 * |
甘蓉丽等: "《低温等离子体协同铜铈催化剂脱除甲苯》", 《化工进展》 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2022126842A1 (zh) * | 2020-12-14 | 2022-06-23 | 苏州大学 | 利用三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料低温热处理甲苯的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN112452335B (zh) | 2022-04-15 |
WO2022126843A1 (zh) | 2022-06-23 |
US20230241590A1 (en) | 2023-08-03 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN112337461B (zh) | 锶掺杂有序介孔锰酸镧负载贵金属钯的复合材料及其制备方法与在催化氧化甲苯中的应用 | |
CN110732323B (zh) | 催化挥发性有机化合物氧化的α-MnO2催化剂的制备方法 | |
CN106582655B (zh) | 一种高分散易还原负载型镍-铝催化剂的制备方法 | |
CN107597109A (zh) | 纳米金属氧化物掺杂的负载型金催化剂及其制备方法与应用 | |
CN113231070B (zh) | 一种复合金属氧化物固溶体负载铜的反向催化剂的制备方法及应用 | |
CN106975479B (zh) | 一种海胆状CeO2-MnO2复合氧化物催化剂的制备方法 | |
CN113385185A (zh) | 一种高活性、可选择性的钙钛矿型光热催化剂及其制备方法和应用 | |
US20180036714A1 (en) | Method for producing composite oxide and composite oxide catalyst | |
CN112452335B (zh) | 三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料及其制备与应用 | |
CN111686757B (zh) | 负载铂的纳米笼状氧化锆-四氧化三钴固溶体及其制备与在甲苯热催化处理中的应用 | |
CN112452129B (zh) | 利用三元NiO纳米片@双金属CeCuOx微片核壳结构复合材料低温热处理甲苯的方法 | |
CN113134352B (zh) | 一种催化氮氧化物直接分解的复合金属氧化物催化剂及其制备方法 | |
CN111450823A (zh) | 一种降解NO的复合催化剂GQD/Bi2WO6及其制备方法 | |
CN114160148B (zh) | 一种用于甲醇重整制氢的Cu基催化剂及其制备方法和应用 | |
CN114100604B (zh) | LaMnO3催化剂及其制备方法和应用 | |
CN107185525A (zh) | 八面体Pt纳米粒子负载γ‑Al2O3型催化剂的制备方法 | |
CN114849789A (zh) | Mil-125负载1t相硫化钼复合光催化剂的制备方法及其应用 | |
CN114433073A (zh) | 锰基催化剂及其制备方法和应用 | |
CN114308061A (zh) | NiAu双金属合金纳米催化剂及其合成与应用 | |
CN115350708B (zh) | 复合型催化剂及其制备方法和用途 | |
CN113083288B (zh) | 一种用于甲苯催化氧化的二氧化锰催化剂的制备和使用方法 | |
CN116422342B (zh) | 一种多原子掺杂的表面富铂的催化剂及其制备方法 | |
CN117000249A (zh) | 一种二维多孔Co3O4/CeO2纳米片的制备方法及应用 | |
CN117899871A (zh) | 一种二维花状Cu0.5Co2.5O4尖晶石及其制备方法与应用 | |
CN117680149A (zh) | 一种二氧化碳加氢制甲醇的泡沫金属催化剂及其制备方法 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
GR01 | Patent grant |