CN112301732B - 一种二次复合制备气凝胶纤维毡的方法 - Google Patents
一种二次复合制备气凝胶纤维毡的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims description 156
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 84
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 84
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
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- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
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- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
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- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- DXODQEHVNYHGGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptadecafluorooctyl-tris(trifluoromethoxy)silane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)O[Si](OC(F)(F)F)(OC(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F DXODQEHVNYHGGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VBGGLSWSRVDWHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-henicosafluorodecyl-tris(trifluoromethoxy)silane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)O[Si](OC(F)(F)F)(OC(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F VBGGLSWSRVDWHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CDOUZKKFHVEKRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-n-[(prop-2-enoylamino)methyl]propanamide Chemical compound BrCCC(=O)NCNC(=O)C=C CDOUZKKFHVEKRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229960002233 benzalkonium bromide Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960000686 benzalkonium chloride Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- KHSLHYAUZSPBIU-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzododecinium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHSLHYAUZSPBIU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[NH+](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019329 dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl benzenesulfonate;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GVGUFUZHNYFZLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SBRXLTRZCJVAPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CC[Si](OC)(OC)OC SBRXLTRZCJVAPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyltrimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[Si](C)(OC)OC BFXIKLCIZHOAAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229940080264 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- DENFJSAFJTVPJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(ethyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](CC)(OCC)OCC DENFJSAFJTVPJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(methyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](C)(OCC)OCC CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QTRSWYWKHYAKEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-henicosafluorodecyl-tris(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethoxy)silane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)O[Si](OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)(OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F QTRSWYWKHYAKEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940089951 perfluorooctyl triethoxysilane Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- AVYKQOAMZCAHRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F AVYKQOAMZCAHRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002050 silicone resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
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- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 5
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Abstract
本发明提供一种二次复合制备气凝胶纤维毡的方法,先通过热处理去除纤维毡的表面处理剂,然后利用硅烷偶联剂对其表面进行疏水改性;将上述预处理后的纤维毡除去一个侧面外,其他侧面进行封装,气凝胶浆料无法通过封装的侧面上进出纤维毡内部孔径;将气凝胶粉体配成的气凝胶浆料通过真空灌注分级填充到封装后的纤维毡中,最后对纤维毡未封装面进行封装,使气凝胶浆料无法通过进出纤维毡内部孔径。本申请的方法制备工艺比较简单,不需要昂贵的生产设备,成本较低,而且制备的气凝胶纤维毡的性能可以媲美原位合成法;以保证气凝胶颗粒在纤维毡内部的充分填充,四周树脂封装能够防止气凝胶粉体脱落,获得的气凝胶纤维毡性能优异。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于气凝胶功能材料技术领域,具体涉及一种二次复合制备气凝胶纤维毡的方法。
背景技术
气凝胶具有密度极低、比表面积较高、孔隙率高等特点,被认为是目前隔热性能最好的多孔材料,但是纯气凝胶的强度较低,限制了其应用。因此,通常利用纤维增强材料来增强气凝胶,形成气凝胶纤维毡,以克服气凝胶强度差的问题,从而满足使用要求。
目前气凝胶纤维毡产品主要采用的是原位复合的方法,如专利CN105906298A公开的气凝胶纤维毡的制备过程中,气凝胶前驱体需要经过溶胶-凝胶反应、溶液分级替换、表面改性、常压干燥或超临界干燥等复杂步骤在纤维毡内部原位生成气凝胶,存在工艺复杂、周期较长、成本较高等缺陷。为了克服原位合成法的缺陷,人们尝试采用二次复合的方法制备气凝胶纤维毡(如CN 107604634 A、CN 106757781A、CN 107574657 A等专利),在这些二次复合的气凝胶纤维毡制备方法中,主要通过直接浸泡、喷洒、涂覆等方式使粒径大小不一的气凝胶粉体溶液与纤维毡复合,得到气凝胶纤维毡,这些方法工艺简单,所需设备简单,极大地降低了生产成本,很难保证气凝胶颗粒在纤维毡内部得到完全填充,尤其是纤维毡厚度较大时填充复合更加困难,只能适用于生产气凝胶超薄纤维毡。因此,需开发新的气凝胶纤维毡制备方法,以克服现有方法生产气凝胶纤维毡存在的诸多不足。
发明内容
为解决上述问题,本发明提供一种二次复合制备气凝胶纤维毡的方法,不存在超临界干燥等复杂干燥过程,制备工艺比较简单,不需要昂贵的生产设备,成本较低,而且制备的气凝胶纤维毡的性能可以媲美原位合成法;以保证气凝胶颗粒在纤维毡内部的充分填充,四周树脂封装能够防止气凝胶粉体脱落,获得的气凝胶纤维毡性能优异。
本发明的目的是以下述方式实现的:一种气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将气凝胶粉体加入分散溶剂和表面活性剂的混合溶液中,使气凝胶颗粒均匀分散,形成不同粒径的气凝胶浆料;
(2)纤维毡预处理:先通过热处理去除纤维毡的表面处理剂,然后利用硅烷偶联剂对其表面进行疏水改性;
(3)纤维毡预封装:将上述预处理后的纤维毡除去一个侧面外,其他侧面进行封装,气凝胶浆料无法通过封装的侧面上进出纤维毡内部孔径;
(4)分级填充:将预封装后的纤维毡放置在真空灌注装置中,抽取真空,然后通过灌注口向真空灌注装置中加入粒径为80~100um的气凝胶浆料,使纤维毡上表面完全浸泡,一次填充结束后,在50~80℃下进行初步干燥,去除85~90%的溶剂;然后将一次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,在保证真空度小于25mbar的条件下,加入粒径为1~10um的气凝胶浆料,进行二次填充,填充结束后,在50~80℃下进行初步干燥,然后将一次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,在保证真空度小于25mbar的条件下,加入粒径为1~10um的气凝胶浆料,进行二次填充,填充结束后,在50~80℃下进行初步干燥,去除85~90%的溶剂;再将二次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,在保证真空度小于25mbar的条件下,加入粒径为1~10nm的气凝胶浆料,进行三次填充,使纤维毡内部孔隙完全被气凝胶颗粒均匀填充,最后在80~120℃下干燥至恒重;
(5)对纤维毡未封装面进行封装,使气凝胶浆料无法通过进出纤维毡内部孔径。
所述步骤(1)中气凝胶粉体粒径为1~100um。
所述步骤(1)中气凝胶粉体粒径为1~10nm、1~10um或80~100um。
所述步骤(3)为,在矩形容器中加入树脂溶液,然后将上述预处理的纤维毡的面积较大的一个平面水平浸入树脂溶液1~5mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡底部浸入部分后,在100~120℃下干燥,使树脂完全凝固。然后分别将纤维毡的与这个面积较大平面连接的所有平面依次浸入树脂溶液1~3mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡浸入部分后,在100~120℃下干燥,使树脂完全凝固;
所述步骤(5)为,对纤维毡未封装面涂覆一层树脂溶液,使树脂溶液向纤维毡内渗入纤维毡1~3mm,在100~120℃下干燥凝固,即得气凝胶纤维毡复合材料。
所述的树脂溶液为有机硅树脂、酚醛树脂、环氧树脂或聚酰胺树脂中的一种。
所述气凝胶粉体是二氧化硅气凝胶粉体、二氧化钛气凝胶、碳气凝胶或氧化铝气凝胶粉体中的一种;所述分散溶剂是乙醇、甲醇、异丙醇、正己烷或环己烷中的至少一种;表面活性剂为硬脂酸、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、二辛基琥珀酸磺酸钠、苯扎氯铵、苯扎溴铵、氟碳表面活性剂中的至少一种;所述的纤维毡为玻璃纤维毡、陶瓷纤维毡、岩棉纤维毡、聚氨酯纤维毡、碳纤维毡或不锈钢纤维毡中的一种,纤维毡的内部孔径大于150um,厚度为10~100mm;所述的纤维毡疏水改性用的硅烷偶联剂至少为甲基三甲氧基硅烷、甲基三乙氧基硅烷、乙基三甲氧基硅烷、乙基三乙氧基硅烷、全氟辛基三甲氧基硅烷、全氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷、全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷或全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷中的一种,其浓度以质量分数计为1.5~6%,疏水改性时间为5~30min。
所述的气凝胶浆料的原料组分,按质量分数计由气凝胶粉体2~10%、分散溶剂88.8~97.9%和表面活性剂0.1~1.2%组成。
纤维毡厚度为10~50mm;所述的纤维毡预处理的热处理温度为100~120℃,热处理时间为30~65min。
所述的分级填充的真空灌注装置内部的真空度不高于25mbar,每级填充时间为15~80min,干燥时间为30~90min。
所述步骤(1)中通过机械搅拌和超声分散处理使气凝胶颗粒均匀分散,机械搅拌和超声分散处理时间分别为30~60min和15~30min。
相对于现有技术,本发明的有益效果是:(1)与原位合成法相比,不存在超临界干燥等复杂干燥过程,制备工艺比较简单,不需要昂贵的生产设备,成本较低,而且制备的气凝胶纤维毡的性能可以媲美原位合成法;(2)与其它二次复合方法相比,气凝胶粒径控制和分级填充可以保证气凝胶颗粒在纤维毡内部的充分填充,四周树脂封装能够防止气凝胶粉体脱落,获得的气凝胶纤维毡性能优异。
具体实施方式
一种气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将气凝胶粉体加入分散溶剂和表面活性剂的混合溶液中,使气凝胶颗粒均匀分散,形成不同粒径的气凝胶浆料;
(2)纤维毡预处理:先通过热处理去除纤维毡的表面处理剂,然后利用硅烷偶联剂对其表面进行疏水改性;
(3)纤维毡预封装:将上述预处理后的纤维毡除去一个侧面外,其他侧面进行封装,气凝胶浆料无法通过封装的侧面上进出纤维毡内部孔径;
(4)分级填充:将预封装后的纤维毡放置在真空灌注装置中,抽取真空,然后通过灌注口向真空灌注装置中加入粒径为80~100um的气凝胶浆料,使纤维毡上表面完全浸泡,一次填充结束后,在50~80℃下进行初步干燥,去除85~90%的溶剂;然后将一次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,在保证真空度小于25mbar的条件下,加入粒径为1~10um的气凝胶浆料,进行二次填充,填充结束后,在50~80℃下进行初步干燥,然后将一次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,在保证真空度小于25mbar的条件下,加入粒径为1~10um的气凝胶浆料,进行二次填充,填充结束后,在50~80℃下进行初步干燥,去除85~90%的溶剂;再将二次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,在保证真空度小于25mbar的条件下,加入粒径为1~10nm的气凝胶浆料,进行三次填充,使纤维毡内部孔隙完全被气凝胶颗粒均匀填充,最后在80~120℃下干燥至恒重;
(5)对纤维毡未封装面进行封装,使气凝胶浆料无法通过进出纤维毡内部孔径。
所述步骤(1)中气凝胶粉体粒径为1~100um。
所述步骤(1)中气凝胶粉体粒径为1~10nm、1~10um或80~100um。
所述步骤(3)为,在矩形容器中加入树脂溶液,然后将上述预处理的纤维毡的面积较大的一个平面水平浸入树脂溶液1~5mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡底部浸入部分后,在100~120℃下干燥,使树脂完全凝固。然后分别将纤维毡的与这个面积较大平面连接的所有平面依次浸入树脂溶液1~3mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡浸入部分后,在100~120℃下干燥,使树脂完全凝固;
所述步骤(5)为,对纤维毡未封装面涂覆一层树脂溶液,使树脂溶液向纤维毡内渗入纤维毡1~3mm,在100~120℃下干燥凝固,即得气凝胶纤维毡复合材料。
所述的树脂溶液为有机硅树脂、酚醛树脂、环氧树脂或聚酰胺树脂中的一种。
所述气凝胶粉体是二氧化硅气凝胶粉体、二氧化钛气凝胶、碳气凝胶或氧化铝气凝胶粉体中的一种;所述分散溶剂是乙醇、甲醇、异丙醇、正己烷或环己烷中的至少一种;表面活性剂为硬脂酸、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、二辛基琥珀酸磺酸钠、苯扎氯铵、苯扎溴铵、氟碳表面活性剂中的至少一种;所述的纤维毡为玻璃纤维毡、陶瓷纤维毡、岩棉纤维毡、聚氨酯纤维毡、碳纤维毡或不锈钢纤维毡中的一种,纤维毡的内部孔径大于150um,厚度为10~100mm;所述的纤维毡疏水改性用的硅烷偶联剂至少为甲基三甲氧基硅烷、甲基三乙氧基硅烷、乙基三甲氧基硅烷、乙基三乙氧基硅烷、全氟辛基三甲氧基硅烷、全氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷、全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷或全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷中的一种,其浓度以质量分数计为1.5~6%,疏水改性时间为5~30min。
所述的气凝胶浆料的原料组分,按质量分数计由气凝胶粉体2~10%、分散溶剂88.8~97.9%和表面活性剂0.1~1.2%组成。
纤维毡厚度为10~50mm;所述的纤维毡预处理的热处理温度为100~120℃,热处理时间为30~65min。
所述的分级填充的真空灌注装置内部的真空度不高于25mbar,每级填充时间为15~80min,干燥时间为30~90min。
所述步骤(1)中通过机械搅拌和超声分散处理使气凝胶颗粒均匀分散,机械搅拌和超声分散处理时间分别为30~60min和15~30min。
下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行具体描述,有必要在此指出的是本实施例只用于对本发明进行进一步说明,不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,该领域的技术熟练人员可以根据上述本发明的内容做出一些非本质的改进和调整。
实施例1
一种气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)气凝胶浆料的制备:将经过筛选粒径分别为1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um的二氧化硅气凝胶粉体15g加入286.2g环己烷和2.4g十二烷基苯磺酸钠的混合溶液中,先机械搅拌50min,搅拌速率为1200转/分,然后超声分散处理20min,超声频率40kHz,超声功率为240w;得到1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um不同粒径的二氧化硅气凝胶浆料。
(2)纤维毡预处理:先将长宽厚120mm×60mm×30mm的玻璃纤维毡在马弗炉中120℃下热处理45min,然后浸泡在质量分数为5%的甲基三乙氧基硅烷的乙醇溶液中对其表面进行疏水改性10min,之后在60℃干燥。纤维毡长宽所形成的两个平面一个为底,另一个为上。
(3)纤维毡预封装:在矩形容器中加入环氧树脂溶液,然后将上述预处理的纤维毡底部浸入树脂溶液1.5mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡底部浸入部分后,在110℃下对纤维毡干燥,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。然后分别将纤维毡的四个侧面浸入树脂溶液1.5mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡浸入部分后,在110℃下干燥纤维毡,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。
(4)分级填充:将预封装后的纤维毡放置在真空灌注装置中,抽真空使其真空度保持在20mbar,然后通过灌注口向真空灌注装置中加入粒径为80~100um的气凝胶浆料,使纤维毡上表面完全浸泡,真空灌注30min后,在80℃下初步干燥30min;然后将一次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在20mbar,加入粒径为1~10um的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注40min后,在80℃下初步干燥30min;再将二次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在20mbar,加入粒径为1~10nm的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注50min后,在120℃下干燥至恒重。
(5)纤维毡上部封装:在水平静置的纤维毡试样的上表面涂覆一层环氧树脂溶液,使树脂溶液向下渗入纤维毡上部1.5mm,在110℃下对纤维毡干燥,使浸入纤维毡的环氧树脂完全凝固,即得气凝胶纤维毡复合材料—二氧化硅气凝胶玻璃纤维毡。
经检测,上述得到的的二氧化硅气凝胶玻璃纤维毡在25℃的导热系数为0.018W/(m·K),优于市售的原位合成法制备的二氧化硅气凝胶纤维毡。
实施例2
一种气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)气凝胶浆料的制备:将经过筛选粒径分别为1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um的二氧化硅气凝胶粉体12g加入300g乙醇和1.5g硬脂酸的混合溶液中,先机械搅拌50min,搅拌速率为1000转/分,然后超声分散处理20min,超声频率40kHz,超声功率为240w;得到1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um不同粒径的二氧化硅气凝胶浆料。
(2)纤维毡预处理:先将长宽厚120mm×60mm×50mm的玻璃纤维毡在马弗炉中120℃下热处理45min,然后浸泡在质量分数为5%的全氟辛基三甲氧基硅烷的乙醇溶液中对其表面进行疏水改性15min,之后在60℃干燥。纤维毡长宽所形成的两个平面一个为底,另一个为上
(3)纤维毡预封装:在矩形容器中加入有机硅树脂溶液,然后将上述预处理的纤维毡底部浸入树脂溶液2mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡底部浸入部分后,在120℃下干燥纤维毡,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。然后分别将纤维毡的四个侧面浸入树脂溶液2mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡浸入部分后,在120℃下干燥纤维毡,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。
(4)分级填充:将预封装后的纤维毡放置在真空灌注装置中,抽真空使其真空度保持在15mbar,然后通过灌注口向真空灌注装置中加入粒径为80~100um的气凝胶浆料,使纤维毡上表面完全浸泡,真空灌注45min后,在80℃下初步干燥50min;然后将一次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在15mbar,加入粒径为1~10um的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注55min后,在80℃下初步干燥50min;再将二次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在15mbar,加入粒径为1~10nm的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注60min后,在120℃下干燥至恒重。
(5)纤维毡上部封装:在水平静置的纤维毡试样的上表面涂覆一层有机硅树脂溶液,使树脂溶液向下渗入纤维毡上部2mm,在120℃下对纤维毡干燥,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固,即得气凝胶纤维毡复合材料—二氧化硅气凝胶玻璃纤维毡。
经检测,上述的二氧化硅气凝胶玻璃纤维毡在25℃的导热系数为0.022W/(m·K)。
实施例3
一种气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)气凝胶浆料的制备:将经过筛选粒径分别为1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um的二氧化硅气凝胶粉体10g加入150g正己烷和1g氟碳表面活性剂的混合溶液中,先机械搅拌50min,搅拌速率为800转/分,然后超声分散处理20min,超声频率40kHz,超声功率为240w;得到1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um不同粒径的二氧化硅气凝胶浆料。
(2)纤维毡预处理:先将长宽厚120mm×60mm×15mm的玻璃纤维毡在马弗炉中120℃下热处理45min,然后浸泡在质量分数为3%的全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷的乙醇溶液中对其表面进行疏水改性15min,之后在60℃干燥。纤维毡长宽所形成的两个平面一个为底,另一个为上。
(3)纤维毡预封装:在矩形容器中加入有机硅树脂溶液,然后将上述预处理的纤维毡底部浸入树脂溶液1mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡底部浸入部分后,在120℃下干燥纤维毡,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。然后分别将纤维毡的四个侧面浸入树脂溶液1mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡浸入部分后,在120℃下干燥纤维毡,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。
(4)分级填充:将预封装后的纤维毡放置在真空灌注装置中,抽真空使其真空度保持在25mbar,然后通过灌注口向真空灌注装置中加入粒径为80~100um的气凝胶浆料,使纤维毡上表面完全浸泡,真空灌注20min后,在70℃下初步干燥30min;然后将一次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在25mbar,加入粒径为1~10um的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注30min后,在70℃下初步干燥30min;再将二次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在25mbar,加入粒径为1~10nm的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注40min后,在100℃下干燥至恒重。
(5)纤维毡上部封装:在水平静置的纤维毡试样的上表面涂覆一层有机硅树脂溶液,使树脂溶液向下渗入纤维毡上部1mm,在120℃下对纤维毡干燥,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固,即得气凝胶纤维毡复合材料—二氧化硅气凝胶玻璃纤维毡。
经检测,上述的二氧化硅气凝胶玻璃纤维毡在25℃的导热系数为0.020W/(m·K)。
实施例4
一种气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)气凝胶浆料的制备:将经过筛选粒径分别为1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um的二氧化钛气凝胶16g加入350g异丙醇和2g二辛基琥珀酸磺酸钠的混合溶液中,先机械搅拌30min,搅拌速率为1400转/分,然后超声分散处理30min,超声频率40kHz,超声功率为240w;得到1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um不同粒径的二氧化钛气凝胶浆料。
(2)纤维毡预处理:先将长宽厚120mm×60mm×10mm的陶瓷纤维毡在马弗炉中100℃下热处理65min,然后浸泡在质量分数为1.5%的乙基三甲氧基硅烷的乙醇溶液中对其表面进行疏水改性30min,之后在60℃干燥。纤维毡长宽所形成的两个平面一个为底,另一个为上。
(3)纤维毡预封装:在矩形容器中加入有机硅树脂溶液,然后将上述预处理的纤维毡底部浸入树脂溶液1mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡底部浸入部分后,在100℃下对纤维毡干燥,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。然后分别将纤维毡的四个侧面浸入树脂溶液1mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡浸入部分后,在120℃下干燥纤维毡,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。
(4)分级填充:将预封装后的纤维毡放置在真空灌注装置中,抽真空使其真空度保持在24mbar,然后通过灌注口向真空灌注装置中加入粒径为80~100um的气凝胶浆料,使纤维毡上表面完全浸泡,真空灌注15min后,在50℃下初步干燥90min;然后将一次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在20mbar,加入粒径为1~10um的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注30min后,在60℃下初步干燥60min;再将二次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在22mbar,加入粒径为1~10nm的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注45min后,在120℃下干燥至恒重。
(5)纤维毡上部封装:在水平静置的纤维毡试样的上表面涂覆一层有机硅树脂溶液,使树脂溶液向下渗入纤维毡上部1mm,在100℃下对纤维毡干燥,使浸入纤维毡的环氧树脂完全凝固,即得气凝胶纤维毡复合材料—二氧化钛气凝胶陶瓷纤维毡。
经检测,上述得到的的二氧化钛气凝胶陶瓷纤维毡在25℃的导热系数为0.021W/(m·K),优于市售的原位合成法制备的二氧化钛气凝胶纤维毡。
实施例5
一种气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)气凝胶浆料的制备:将经过筛选粒径分别为1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um的氧化铝气凝胶粉体30g加入266.4g甲醇和3.6g苯扎氯铵的混合溶液中,先机械搅拌60min,搅拌速率为1400转/分,然后超声分散处理15min,超声频率40kHz,超声功率为240w;得到1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um不同粒径的氧化铝气凝胶浆料。
(2)纤维毡预处理:先将长宽厚120mm×60mm×100mm的碳纤维毡在马弗炉中120℃下热处理30min,然后浸泡在质量分数为6%的甲基三甲氧基硅烷的乙醇溶液中对其表面进行疏水改性5min,之后在60℃干燥。纤维毡长宽所形成的两个平面一个为底,另一个为上。
(3)纤维毡预封装:在矩形容器中加入酚醛树脂溶液,然后将上述预处理的纤维毡底部浸入树脂溶液5mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡底部浸入部分后,在120℃下对纤维毡干燥,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。然后分别将纤维毡的四个侧面浸入树脂溶液5mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡浸入部分后,在120℃下干燥纤维毡,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。
(4)分级填充:将预封装后的纤维毡放置在真空灌注装置中,抽真空使其真空度保持在22mbar,然后通过灌注口向真空灌注装置中加入粒径为80~100um的气凝胶浆料,使纤维毡上表面完全浸泡,真空灌注60min后,在60℃下初步干燥60min;然后将一次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在20mbar,加入粒径为1~10um的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注70min后,在70℃下初步干燥40min;再将二次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在22mbar,加入粒径为1~10nm的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注80min后,在120℃下干燥至恒重。
(5)纤维毡上部封装:在水平静置的纤维毡试样的上表面涂覆一层酚醛树脂溶液,使树脂溶液向下渗入纤维毡上部5mm,在110℃下对纤维毡干燥,使浸入纤维毡的环氧树脂完全凝固,即得气凝胶纤维毡复合材料—氧化铝气凝胶碳纤维毡。
经检测,上述得到的的氧化铝气凝胶碳纤维毡在25℃的导热系数为0.019W/(m·K),优于市售的原位合成法制备的氧化铝气凝胶纤维毡。
实施例6
一种气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)气凝胶浆料的制备:将经过筛选粒径分别为1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um的碳气凝胶粉体6g加入293.7g乙醇和0.3g苯扎溴铵的混合溶液中,先机械搅拌50min,搅拌速率为800转/分,然后超声分散处理20min,超声频率40kHz,超声功率为240w;得到1~10nm、1~10um和80~100um不同粒径的二氧化硅气凝胶浆料。
(2)纤维毡预处理:先将长宽厚120mm×60mm×60mm的聚氨酯纤维毡在马弗炉中120℃下热处理50min,然后浸泡在质量分数为4%的乙基三乙氧基硅烷的乙醇溶液中对其表面进行疏水改性20min,之后在60℃干燥。纤维毡长宽所形成的两个平面一个为底,另一个为上。
(3)纤维毡预封装:在矩形容器中加入聚酰胺树脂溶液,然后将上述预处理的纤维毡底部浸入树脂溶液2mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡底部浸入部分后,在115℃下对纤维毡干燥,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。然后分别将纤维毡的四个侧面浸入树脂溶液2mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡浸入部分后,在115℃下干燥纤维毡,使浸入纤维毡的树脂完全凝固。
(4)分级填充:将预封装后的纤维毡放置在真空灌注装置中,抽真空使其真空度保持在18mbar,然后通过灌注口向真空灌注装置中加入粒径为80~100um的气凝胶浆料,使纤维毡上表面完全浸泡,真空灌注20min后,在80℃下初步干燥40min;然后将一次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在21mbar,加入粒径为1~10um的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注35min后,在50℃下初步干燥45min;再将二次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,真空度保持在18mbar,加入粒径为1~10nm的气凝胶浆料,真空灌注50min后,在120℃下干燥至恒重。
(5)纤维毡上部封装:在水平静置的纤维毡试样的上表面涂覆一层聚酰胺树脂溶液,使树脂溶液向下渗入纤维毡上部2mm,在110℃下对纤维毡干燥,使浸入纤维毡的环氧树脂完全凝固,即得气凝胶纤维毡复合材料—碳气凝胶聚氨酯纤维毡。
经检测,上述得到的的碳气凝胶聚氨酯纤维毡在25℃的导热系数为0.020W/(m·K),优于市售的原位合成法制备的碳气凝胶纤维毡。
以上所述的仅是本发明的优选实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,应当指出,对于本领域的及任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明整体构思前提下,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,及作出的若干改变和改进,这些也应该视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将气凝胶粉体加入分散溶剂和表面活性剂的混合溶液中,使气凝胶颗粒均匀分散,形成气凝胶浆料;
(2)纤维毡预处理:先通过热处理去除纤维毡的表面处理剂,然后利用硅烷偶联剂对其表面进行疏水改性;
(3)纤维毡预封装:将上述预处理后的纤维毡除去一个侧面外,其他侧面进行封装,气凝胶浆料无法通过封装的侧面上进出纤维毡内部孔径;具体为:在矩形容器中加入树脂溶液,然后将上述预处理的纤维毡的面积较大的一个平面水平浸入树脂溶液1~5mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡底部浸入部分后,在100~120℃下干燥,使树脂完全凝固;然后分别将纤维毡的与这个面积较大平面连接的所有平面依次浸入树脂溶液1~3mm,待树脂充分填充纤维毡浸入部分后,在100~120℃下干燥,使树脂完全凝固;
(4)分级填充:将预封装后的纤维毡放置在真空灌注装置中,抽取真空,然后通过灌注口向真空灌注装置中加入粒径为80~100um的气凝胶浆料,使纤维毡上表面完全浸泡,一次填充结束后,在50~80℃下进行初步干燥,去除85~90%的溶剂;然后将一次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,在保证真空度小于25mbar的条件下,加入粒径为1~10um的气凝胶浆料,进行二次填充,填充结束后,在50~80℃下进行初步干燥,去除85~90%的溶剂;再将二次填充的纤维毡试样再次放入真空灌注装置中,在保证真空度小于25mbar的条件下,加入粒径为1~10nm的气凝胶浆料,进行三次填充,使纤维毡内部孔隙完全被气凝胶颗粒均匀填充,最后在80~120℃下干燥至恒重;
(5)对纤维毡未封装面进行封装,使气凝胶浆料无法通过进出纤维毡内部孔径;具体为,对纤维毡未封装面涂覆一层树脂溶液,使树脂溶液向纤维毡内渗入纤维毡1~3mm,在100~120℃下干燥凝固,即得气凝胶纤维毡复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中气凝胶粉体粒径为1~100um。
3.根据权利要求2所述的气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中气凝胶粉体粒径为1~10nm、1~10um或80~100um。
4.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法,其特征在于,所述的树脂溶液为有机硅树脂、酚醛树脂、环氧树脂或聚酰胺树脂中的一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法,其特征在于,所述气凝胶粉体是二氧化硅气凝胶粉体、二氧化钛气凝胶、碳气凝胶或氧化铝气凝胶粉体中的一种;所述分散溶剂是乙醇、甲醇、异丙醇、正己烷或环己烷中的至少一种;表面活性剂为硬脂酸、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、二辛基琥珀酸磺酸钠、苯扎氯铵、苯扎溴铵、氟碳表面活性剂中的至少一种;所述的纤维毡为玻璃纤维毡、陶瓷纤维毡、岩棉纤维毡、聚氨酯纤维毡、碳纤维毡或不锈钢纤维毡中的一种,纤维毡的内部孔径大于150um,厚度为10~100mm;所述的纤维毡疏水改性用的硅烷偶联剂至少为甲基三甲氧基硅烷、甲基三乙氧基硅烷、乙基三甲氧基硅烷、乙基三乙氧基硅烷、全氟辛基三甲氧基硅烷、全氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷、全氟癸基三甲氧基硅烷或全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷中的一种,其浓度以质量分数计为1.5~6%,疏水改性时间为5~30min。
6.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法,其特征在于,所述的气凝胶浆料的原料组分,按质量分数计由气凝胶粉体2~10%、分散溶剂88.8~97.9%和表面活性剂0.1~1.2%组成。
7.根据权利要求5所述的气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法,其特征在于,纤维毡厚度为10~50mm;所述的纤维毡预处理的热处理温度为100~120℃,热处理时间为30~65min。
8.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法,其特征在于,所述的分级填充的真空灌注装置内部的真空度不高于25mbar,每级填充时间为15~80min,干燥时间为30~90min。
9.根据权利要求1所述的气凝胶纤维毡的二次复合制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)通过机械搅拌和超声分散处理使气凝胶颗粒均匀分散,机械搅拌和超声分散处理时间分别为30~60min和15~30min。
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