CN108947469A - 一种从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法 - Google Patents
一种从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法。它包括如下步骤:铁尾矿前处理;碱溶提硅;制备溶胶;复合凝胶;常压干燥:复合尾矿渣;制备氧化铁粉体;产物后处理等。本发明制备的氧化铁粉体可应用于建筑、化工等多个领域;制备的二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料在保持较低导热系数及较强机械强度的前提下,大量使用尾矿渣作为固化材料,达到了无固体废弃物产生的效果,该方法是一种洁净、无固体废弃物生成的回收处理工艺,且制备的二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料具有较高的利用价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于无机材料制备技术领域,具体涉及一种从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣保温材料的方法。
背景技术
铁尾矿是钢铁工业排放的固体废弃物。据不完全统计, 目前我国累计堆存的铁尾矿已高达5×109t左右,而且随着铁矿产能的不断提高, 铁尾矿堆存量正以5×108t/a的速率增长。铁尾矿的堆存既占用耕地、污染环境,又需投入大量的资金去维护。因此研究铁尾矿的综合利用十分重要。其中铁尾矿主要由硅质和铁质成分组成,杂质含量较低,它们的常规回收方法工艺复杂、能耗大、成本高。
二氧化硅气凝胶材料是世界上最好的隔热固体材料之一,并且具有最高的阻燃等级但是,气凝胶极限拉伸强度很小,质脆,易碎,要避免直接的机械撞击。由于它结构本身的缺陷,目前气凝胶产品很难作为商品直接应用,需和其它材料复合使用。气凝胶毡是将二氧化硅气凝胶在湿溶胶阶段与纤维增强材料复合,然后经过凝胶和干燥制备得到气凝胶毡。它即保留了气凝胶良好的保温绝热的特点,又通过与纤维材料的复合有效的解决了气凝胶机械强度低、易碎、易裂等问题。但是制成的气凝胶毡的机械强度仍不足以直接应用于建筑、管道保温领域。
针对上述技术背景,以铁尾矿为原料,制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料,将铁尾矿这种废弃资源重新回收利用,制成的二氧化硅气凝胶毡与尾矿粉复合,在达到较低导热系数的同时显著增强了其机械性能,可直接应用于工业、建筑等领域。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本发明提供了一种从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,它以铁尾矿为原料,制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料,这种方法制备的二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料具有保温效果好,机械强度大等优点,且制备条件温和,易于工业化。
所述的一种从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
1)将铁尾矿研磨粉碎并过100目筛,得到磨细后的铁尾矿;
2)将步骤1)的磨细后的铁尾矿放入马弗炉内加热到850-950℃进行活化,保温4.5-5.5小时,制得活化铁尾矿粉;
3)将步骤2)中的活化铁尾矿粉与氢氧化钠颗粒混合并搅拌均匀,在马弗炉中加热碱熔,再将碱熔反应后的铁尾矿融入水中进行加热反应,反应结束后过滤得粗硅溶液,滤渣收集待用;
4)将步骤3)中的粗硅溶液通过阳离子交换树脂,滴加氨水溶液将pH值为6.5-7.5得溶胶,纤维毡完全浸入溶胶中静置凝胶得湿凝胶垫;
5)凝胶老化:将步骤4)中得到的湿凝胶垫浸入凝胶老化液,室温下静置,得老化后的湿凝胶垫;
6)溶剂交换:将步骤5)中的老化后的湿凝胶垫浸入正己烷中22-26小时将凝胶内的水置换出来,得湿凝胶垫;
7)表面改性:将步骤6)中溶剂交换后的湿凝胶垫浸入改性液中12-20小时进行表面改性,之后常压干燥得到二氧化硅气凝胶垫;
8)将步骤3)中的滤渣与水泥、水混合,均匀涂在步骤7)得到的二氧化硅气凝胶垫上,并附压一张纤维网格布,之后在常温下静置干燥,得二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料。
所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤1)中的铁尾矿的主要成分的质量分数为:SiO245.43%、CaO 13.81%、MgO 13.10%、Al2O311.35%、Fe2O3 10.13%,余量为杂质。
所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤3)中的滤渣与氢氧化钠颗粒的质量比为1:1.2-2.2,在马弗炉中加热至500℃-600℃并保持1-3小时,碱熔反应后的铁尾矿与水的固液比为1:3-7。
所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤4)中的氨水浓度为1-3mol/L,溶胶浸入玻璃纤维毡后,毡垫硬化即为凝胶完成。
所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤5)中的凝胶老化液为无水乙醇和正硅酸乙酯混合液,无水乙醇和正硅酸乙酯的体积比为8-12:1,优选为10:1。
所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤7)中的改性液为正己烷和三甲基氯硅烷混合液,正己烷与三甲基氯硅烷的体积比为8-12:1,优选为10:1;
所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤7)中的干燥为分段干燥,先60-80℃干燥3小时,再100-120℃干燥6小时。
所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤8)中的滤渣、水泥、水的质量比为1-2:1-1.5:1。
所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于得到二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的平均密度为1.833-1.946g/cm3。
通过采用上述技术,与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下有益效果:
1)本发明合理回收了尾矿中的有价元素,并对废渣进行再次处理,通过水泥和水混合涂在二氧化硅气凝胶垫表面,达到了全部铁尾矿的有效利用;
2)本发明制备的二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料,兼具保温阻燃性能与较强的机械强度,克服了二氧化硅气凝胶质脆、易碎的缺点,最终制备的二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料达到了国标A1级不燃性建筑材料标准,且抗压强度达到了17Mpa,具备很强的阻燃性能及机械强度。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施流程图;
图2是本发明实例1制得二氧化硅气凝胶层的SEM图;
图3是本发明实例1制得二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面以具体实施例对本发明的技术方案做进一步说明,但本发明的保护范围不限于此:
实施例1制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料
本发明实施例1以铁尾矿为原料制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料,如图1所示,其制备方法包括如下步骤:
(1)原料至少包括华北地区铁尾矿(质量分数SiO245.43%、CaO 13.81%、MgO 13.10%、Al2O3 11.35%、Fe2O3 10.13%,余量为杂质,以下实施例中的铁尾矿组分与该实施例相同)、氢氧化钠、浓氨水、玻璃纤维、正己烷、三甲基氯硅烷、无水乙醇、水泥、纤维网格布;
(2)将铁尾矿过筛并在高温炉内加热到850℃,保持温度4.5小时,制得活化后的尾矿粉;
(3)将尾矿粉按一定与氢氧化钠颗粒按质量比1:1.2混合,在马弗炉中500℃加热1小时,之后按1:3固液比与水70℃下搅拌20小时,经过滤得到粗硅溶液,滤渣收集待用;
(4)将粗硅溶液通过强酸性阳离子交换树脂,滴加2mol/L氨水溶液将调节至pH=6.5,均匀浸入纤维毡中静置,待玻璃纤维毡硬化即为凝胶,得湿凝胶垫;
(5)凝胶老化:将制得的凝胶垫浸入凝胶老化液(无水乙醇与正硅酸乙酯按体积为10:1混合),在室温下静置22小时老化;
(6)溶剂交换:将老化后的凝胶垫浸入正己烷中22小时进行溶剂交换,将胶体垫内的水置换出来;
(7)表面改性:将制得的胶体浸入改性液(正己烷与三甲基氯硅烷按体积比10:1的比例混合),室温下静置12小时。最后将制得的凝胶60℃常压干燥3小时,在100℃常压干燥6小时,获得一种以铁尾矿为原料制备的疏水二氧化硅气凝胶垫;
(8)将步骤(3)中的尾矿渣与水泥、水按1:1.2:1混合,均匀涂在二氧化硅气凝胶垫上,并附压一张纤维网格布,之后在常温下静置干燥,得到二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料,其结构示意图如图3所示,该二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料从上到下包括尾矿渣废料层1、硅气凝胶垫层2及纤维风格布层3。对所得的二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料进行了性能参数测定,具体如下:实施例1制备的气凝胶扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析如图2所示,图2为二氧化硅气凝胶层在电子扫描显微镜下的微观结构形貌。从图中可以看出,二氧化硅气凝胶在玻璃纤维丝之间保持着其多孔的三维网状结构,这些特征的存在使二氧化硅气凝胶层有着低导热系数及高机械性能的特点。
实施例2制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料
本发明实施例2以铁尾矿为原料制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料,包括如下步骤:
(1)原料至少包括华北地区铁尾矿、氢氧化钠、浓氨水、玻璃纤维、正己烷、三甲基氯硅烷、无水乙醇、水泥、纤维网格布;
(2)将铁尾矿过筛并在高温炉内加热到950℃,保持温度5.5小时,制得活化后的尾矿粉;
(3)将尾矿粉按一定与氢氧化钠颗粒按质量比1:2.2混合,在马弗炉中600℃加热3小时,之后按1:7固液比与水85℃下搅拌26小时,经过滤得到粗硅溶液,滤渣收集待用;
(4)将粗硅溶液通过强酸性阳离子交换树脂,滴加2mol/L氨水溶液将调节至pH=7.5,均匀浸入纤维毡中静置,待玻璃纤维毡硬化即为凝胶,得湿凝胶垫;
(5)凝胶老化:将制得的凝胶垫浸入凝胶老化液(无水乙醇与正硅酸乙酯按体积为10:1混合),在室温下静置26小时老化;
(6)溶剂交换:将老化后的凝胶垫浸入正己烷中26小时进行溶剂交换,将胶体垫内的水置换出来;
(7)表面改性:将制得的胶体浸入改性液(正己烷与三甲基氯硅烷按体积比10:1的比例混合),室温下静置20小时。最后将制得的凝胶80℃常压干燥3小时,在120℃常压干燥6小时,获得一种以铁尾矿为原料制备的疏水二氧化硅气凝胶垫;
(8)将步骤(3)中的尾矿渣与水泥、水按2:1.5:1混合,均匀涂在二氧化硅气凝胶垫上,并附压一张纤维网格布,之后在常温下静置干燥,得到二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料。对所得的二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料性能参数测定同实施例1。
实施例3制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料
本发明实施例3以铁尾矿为原料制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料,包括如下步骤:
(1)原料至少包括华北地区铁尾矿、氢氧化钠、浓氨水、玻璃纤维、正己烷、三甲基氯硅烷、无水乙醇、水泥、纤维网格布;
(2)将铁尾矿过筛并在高温炉内加热到900℃,保持温度5小时,制得活化后的尾矿粉;
(3)将尾矿粉按一定与氢氧化钠颗粒按质量比1:2混合,在马弗炉中550℃加热3小时,之后按1:5固液比与水80℃下搅拌24小时,经过滤得到粗硅溶液,滤渣收集待用;
(4)将粗硅溶液通过强酸性阳离子交换树脂,滴加2mol/L氨水溶液将调节至pH=7,均匀浸入纤维毡中静置,待玻璃纤维毡硬化即为凝胶,得湿凝胶垫;
(5)凝胶老化:将制得的凝胶垫浸入凝胶老化液(无水乙醇与正硅酸乙酯按体积为10:1混合),在室温下静置24小时老化;
(6)溶剂交换:将老化后的凝胶垫浸入正己烷中24小时进行溶剂交换,将胶体垫内的水置换出来;
(7)表面改性:将制得的胶体浸入改性液(正己烷与三甲基氯硅烷按体积比10:1的比例混合),室温下静置18小时。最后将制得的凝胶70℃常压干燥3小时,在110℃常压干燥6小时,获得一种以铁尾矿为原料制备的疏水二氧化硅气凝胶垫;
(8)将步骤(3)中的尾矿渣与水泥、水按1.5:1.2:1混合,均匀涂在二氧化硅气凝胶垫上,并附压一张纤维网格布,之后在常温下静置干燥,得到二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料。对所得的二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料性能参数测定同实施例1。
实施例4制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料
本发明以铁尾矿为原料制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料,包括如下步骤:
(1)原料至少包括华北地区铁尾矿、氢氧化钠、浓氨水、玻璃纤维、正己烷、三甲基氯硅烷、无水乙醇、水泥、纤维网格布;
(2)将铁尾矿过筛并在高温炉内加热到920℃,保持温度5小时,制得活化后的尾矿粉;
(3)将尾矿粉按一定与氢氧化钠颗粒按质量比1:1.7混合,在马弗炉中530℃加热3小时,之后按1:6固液比与水75℃下搅拌23小时,经过滤得到粗硅溶液,滤渣收集待用;
(4)将粗硅溶液通过强酸性阳离子交换树脂,滴加2mol/L氨水溶液将调节至pH=7.5,均匀浸入纤维毡中静置,待玻璃纤维毡硬化即为凝胶,得湿凝胶垫;
(5)凝胶老化:将制得的凝胶垫浸入凝胶老化液(无水乙醇与正硅酸乙酯按体积为10:1混合),在室温下静置25小时老化;
(6)溶剂交换:将老化后的凝胶垫浸入正己烷中25小时进行溶剂交换,将胶体垫内的水置换出来;
(7)表面改性:将制得的胶体浸入改性液(正己烷与三甲基氯硅烷按体积比10:1的比例混合),室温下静置15小时。最后将制得的凝胶75℃常压干燥3小时,在120℃常压干燥6小时,获得一种以铁尾矿为原料制备的疏水二氧化硅气凝胶垫;
(8)将步骤(3)中的尾矿渣与水泥、水按1.8:1.3:1混合,均匀涂在二氧化硅气凝胶垫上,并附压一张纤维网格布,之后在常温下静置干燥,得到二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料。对所得的二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料性能参数测定同实施例1。
比较例1制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料
本发明比较例1以铁尾矿为原料制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料,包括如下步骤:
(1)原料至少包括华北地区铁尾矿、氢氧化钠、盐酸、浓氨水、玻璃纤维、正己烷、三甲基氯硅烷、无水乙醇、水泥、纤维网格布。
(2)将铁尾矿过筛并在高温炉内加热到900℃,保持温度5小时,制得活化后的尾矿粉。
(3)将尾矿粉按一定与氢氧化钠颗粒按质量比1:1.2混合,在马弗炉中加热500℃,之后按1:3固液比与水70℃下搅拌20小时,经过滤得到粗硅溶液。
(4)将粗硅溶液滴加2mol/L盐酸溶液将pH值调至中性附近,均匀浸入纤维毡中静置,待玻璃纤维毡硬化即为凝胶。
(5)凝胶老化:将制得的凝胶垫浸入凝胶老化液(无水乙醇与正硅酸乙酯按体积为10:1混合),在室温下静置20小时老化。
(6)溶剂交换:将老化后的凝胶垫浸入正己烷中20小时进行溶剂交换,将胶体垫内的水置换出来。
(7)表面改性:将制得的胶体浸入改性液(正己烷与三甲基氯硅烷按体积比10:1的比例混合),室温下静置20小时,最后将制得的凝胶60℃常压干燥8小时,在120℃常压干燥4小时,获得一种以铁尾矿为原料制备的二氧化硅气凝胶垫。
(8)将步骤(3)中的尾矿渣与水泥、水按1:1.2:1混合,均匀涂在二氧化硅气凝胶垫上,并附压一张纤维网格布,之后在常温下静置干燥,得到二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料。
比较例2制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料
本发明比较例2以铁尾矿为原料制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料,包括如下步骤:
(1)原料至少包括华北地区铁尾矿、氢氧化钠、盐酸、浓氨水、玻璃纤维、正己烷、三甲基氯硅烷、无水乙醇、水泥、纤维网格布。
(2)将铁尾矿过筛并在高温炉内加热到900℃,保持温度5小时,制得活化后的尾矿粉。
(3)将尾矿粉按一定与氢氧化钠颗粒按质量比1:2.2混合,在马弗炉中加热600℃,之后按1:7固液比与水90℃下搅拌28小时,经过滤得到粗硅溶液,滤渣收集待用。
(4)将粗硅溶液通过阳离子交换树脂,滴加3mol/L氨水溶液将pH值调至中性附近,均匀浸入纤维毡中静置,待玻璃纤维毡硬化即为凝胶。制得的凝胶65℃常压干燥6小时,在120℃常压干燥3小时,获得一种以铁尾矿为原料制备的二氧化硅气凝胶垫。
(5)将步骤(3)中的尾矿渣与水泥、水按2:1.5:1混合,均匀涂在二氧化硅气凝胶垫上,并附压一张纤维网格布,之后在常温下静置干燥,得到二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料。
本发明将得到的实施例1-4及对比实施例1-2的保温材料凝胶垫孔隙率、层间结合度及抗压强度结果进行比较,如表1所示。
表1
经观察,通过以上两个比较实例,比较例1在步骤(4)中没有进行阳离子交换,制备的硅气凝胶垫质软易分层,复合尾矿渣后易脱落。这是由于没有在玻璃纤维毡中形成凝胶,导致制成的二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的机械性能及保温隔热效果较差。比较例2中未对硅凝胶进行后处理,使得制备的硅气凝胶垫纤维外露,二氧化硅颗粒易掉落,复合尾矿渣后易脱落分层,说明在凝胶阶段未形成块状凝胶,导致产品没有达到预定的性能,从表1可以得出,本发明实施例1-4得到的保温材料凝胶垫孔隙率、层间结合度及抗压强度等都比对比实施例1-2的性能好。
由以上实施例和比较例可知,本发明提供了一种以铁尾矿为原料制备二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,包括:充分利用铁尾矿中的硅、铝等元素,制成优良的保温隔热材料;将铁尾矿粉体中有价元素提取后,其废渣也充分利用提升了该保温材料的机械强度;制备方式简单;原料廉价易得;适用于大规模生产。
以上所述仅为本发明的部分实施例,并非用来限制本发明。但凡依本发明内容所做的均等变化与修饰,都为本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
1)将铁尾矿研磨粉碎并过100目筛,得到磨细后的铁尾矿;
2)将步骤1)的磨细后的铁尾矿放入马弗炉内加热到850-950℃进行活化,保温4.5-5.5小时,制得活化铁尾矿粉;
3)将步骤2)中的活化铁尾矿粉与氢氧化钠颗粒混合并搅拌均匀,在马弗炉中加热碱熔,再将碱熔反应后的铁尾矿融入水中进行加热反应,反应结束后过滤得粗硅溶液,滤渣收集待用;
4)将步骤3)中的粗硅溶液通过阳离子交换树脂,滴加氨水溶液将pH值为6.5-7.5得溶胶,纤维毡完全浸入溶胶中静置凝胶得湿凝胶垫;
5)凝胶老化:将步骤4)中得到的湿凝胶垫浸入凝胶老化液,室温下静置,得老化后的湿凝胶垫;
6)溶剂交换:将步骤5)中的老化后的湿凝胶垫浸入正己烷中22-26小时将凝胶内的水置换出来,得湿凝胶垫;
7)表面改性:将步骤6)中溶剂交换后的湿凝胶垫浸入改性液中12-20小时进行表面改性,之后常压干燥得到二氧化硅气凝胶垫;
8)将步骤3)中的滤渣与水泥、水混合,均匀涂在步骤7)得到的二氧化硅气凝胶垫上,并附压一张纤维网格布,之后在常温下静置干燥,得二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤1)中的铁尾矿的主要成分的质量分数为:SiO245.43%、CaO 13.81%、MgO13.10%、Al2O3 11.35%、Fe2O3 10.13%,余量为杂质。
3.根据权利要求1所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤3)中的滤渣与氢氧化钠颗粒的质量比为1:1.2-2.2,在马弗炉中加热至500℃-600℃并保持1-3小时,碱熔反应后的铁尾矿与水的固液比为1:3-7。
4.根据权利要求1所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤4)中的氨水浓度为1-3mol/L,溶胶浸入玻璃纤维毡后,毡垫硬化即为凝胶完成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤5)中的凝胶老化液为无水乙醇和正硅酸乙酯混合液,无水乙醇和正硅酸乙酯的体积比为8-12:1,优选为10:1。
6.根据权利要求1所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤7)中的改性液为正己烷和三甲基氯硅烷混合液,正己烷与三甲基氯硅烷的体积比为8-12:1,优选为10:1。
7.根据权利要求1所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤7)中的干燥为分段干燥,先60-80℃干燥3小时,再100-120℃干燥6小时。
8.根据权利要求1所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于步骤8)中的滤渣、水泥、水的质量比为1-2:1-1.5:1。
9.根据权利要求1所述的从铁尾矿制备二氧化硅复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的方法,其特征在于得到二氧化硅气凝胶复合尾矿渣隔热保温材料的平均密度为1.833-1.946g/cm3。
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