CN112240879A - 荧光纳米材料感测器和相关方法 - Google Patents
荧光纳米材料感测器和相关方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112240879A CN112240879A CN202010684606.7A CN202010684606A CN112240879A CN 112240879 A CN112240879 A CN 112240879A CN 202010684606 A CN202010684606 A CN 202010684606A CN 112240879 A CN112240879 A CN 112240879A
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Abstract
可用于检测分析物浓度(例如电解质和/或血液气体)的感测器。在一些实施方式中,这样的感测器可包括基质材料、与基质材料结合的纳米粒子、和与纳米粒子结合的信号分子。在具体实施方式中,所述信号分子可呈现出作为分析物浓度的函数的荧光发射强度。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及用于检测和测量分析物浓度的感测器(传感器,sensor),和更具体地涉及用于检测、测量和监测生物分析物的荧光纳米材料感测器。
背景技术
生物分析物例如pH、血液气体、电解质和代谢产物的监测一直以来是用于评估个体的一般健康状况及其身体机能状态的主要途径之一,在重症护理场合中尤其如此。例如,在近患者(快速诊断,near-patient)检验环境中使用专用分析仪以在重症护理场景期间提供血液分析物的连续的实时的测量和检测。血液分析物的测量提供有关个体的氧合状态、气体交换、酸碱稳态和换气的宝贵信息。尽管已经开发各种生物分析物感测器技术,但仍在不断寻求在设计、功能性和准确性方面的改进。
发明内容
本公开描述用于检测和测量分析物浓度的感测器,并且更具体地涉及用于检测、测量和监测血液气体分析物的荧光纳米材料感测器。
在一个方面中,本公开涉及用于检测分析物浓度的感测器。该感测器包括基质材料、与基质材料结合的纳米粒子和与纳米粒子结合的信号分子(发出信号的分子,signaling molecule)。所述纳米粒子或所述信号分子呈现出作为分析物浓度的函数的荧光发射强度。
这样的感测器可任选地包括以下特征的一个或多个。所述分析物可为钾、氧、二氧化碳、氢离子或其任意组合。所述基质材料可为水凝胶基质。所述基质材料对于所述分析物可为能透过的。所述纳米粒子可为聚合物纳米粒子。所述纳米粒子可为量子点。所述量子点可呈现出能辨别的发射波长。所述信号分子可改变作为分析物浓度的函数的所述量子点的荧光发射强度。在不存在分析物下,所述信号分子可减弱或增强所述纳米粒子的荧光发射强度。在存在分析物下,所述信号分子可增强或减弱所述纳米粒子的荧光发射强度。所述信号分子可为荧光团。所述信号分子可为非荧光团分子。所述信号分子可为羟基芘三磺酸、苯并[g,h,i]苝、香豆素并穴醚(香豆素并穴状配体,coumarocryptand)、或其任意组合。所述感测器可光学连接到测量装置。所述感测器可为比率感测器。所述纳米粒子或所述信号分子可呈现出作为温度的函数的荧光发射强度。
在另一方面中,本公开涉及用于检测分析物浓度的感测器,其包括基质材料、供体发色团和受体发色团。在存在分析物下,所述供体发色团可将能量转移到所述受体发色团,导致所述受体发色团呈现出指示所述分析物存在的能辨别的发射波长。
这样的感测器可任选地包括以下特征的一个或多个。所述分析物可为钾、氧、二氧化碳、氢离子或其任意组合。所述基质材料可为水凝胶基质。所述基质材料对于所述分析物可为能透过的。所述供体发色团或所述受体发色团可为纳米粒子。所述纳米粒子可为聚合物纳米粒子。这些纳米粒子可为量子点。所述受体发色团或所述供体发色团可为荧光染料。所述感测器可光学连接到测量装置。所述感测器可为比率感测器。随着温度的变化,所述供体发色团可将能量转移到所述受体发色团,导致所述受体发色团呈现出指示温度变化的能辨别的发射波长。
在又一方面中,本公开涉及流体中的分析物浓度的检测方法。该方法包括提供一个或多个感测器,其包括基质材料、与基质材料结合的纳米粒子和与纳米粒子结合的信号分子。所述信号分子或所述纳米粒子可呈现出依赖于分析物浓度的荧光发射强度。所述方法还可包括将所述一个或多个感测器暴露于所述流体。所述方法还可包括测量所述荧光发射强度。所述方法还可包括基于所测量的荧光强度,检测所述分析物。
这样的方法可任选地包括以下特征的一个或多个。所述流体可为生物流体。所述生物流体可为血液。
可实施本文中描述的主题的具体实施方式以实现以下优势的一个或多个。在一些实施方式中,本文中提供的感测器可具有增大的稳定性,容许使用超过约6小时。在一些情形中,本文中提供的感测器的这样的延长的稳定性在重症护理场景例如外科手术中可为有益的,其中避免不得不在外科手术期间重新校准、重新准备好和/或更换感测器会是优选的,因为患者中血液分析物的连续监测是至关重要的。另外,临床医师为更换、重新校准或重新准备好感测器所花费的时间可缩短。这继而可导致减少在使用所述感测器的校准和/或测量阶段期间的临床医师失误的风险。此外,本文中提供的感测器可具有减少的干扰和/或噪声以及因此改善的准确性。干扰和/或噪声的减少可导致感测器测量的灵敏度、特异性、精度和/或准确性改善。而且,在一些实施方式中,本公开的感测器可利用单一探针(例如纳米粒子)检测和测量多种分析物。这样的具有单一探针的多分析物感测器可改善可生产性和品质控制。例如,使用多个探针检测两种或更多种分析物的多分析物感测器典型地使用对应于各探针的至少两个生产工艺生产。本文中提供的感测器可在单一工艺中生产;从而缩短总的生产时间和品质控制活动(例如,用于确保合适的感测器性能的品质检查)。
除非另有定义,本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本发明所属领域的普通技术人员通常所理解的相同含义。尽管与本文描述的那些类似或等同的方法和材料可以用于实施本发明,但是本文描述了合适的方法和材料。本文提及的所有出版物、专利申请、专利和其他参考文献通过引用整体并入本文。在冲突的情况下,以包括定义在内的本说明书为准。另外,材料、方法和示例仅是说明性的,而无意于进行限制。
如本文所用,术语“约”的使用是指与所述量接近的相差约10%、5%或1%以内(包括其中的增量)的量。例如,“约”可表示包括该特定值和范围从低于该特定值10%且跨越到高于该特定值10%的范围。
本发明的一个或多个实施方式的细节在下面的附图和说明书中给出。通过说明书和附图以及权利要求书,本发明的其他特征、目的和优点将是显然的。
附图说明
图1为按照本文中提供的一些实施方式的感测器的示意性图示。
图2示意性地图示了按照本文中提供的一些实施方式的感测器的激发过程。
在不同图中相同的参考符号表示相同的元件。
具体实施方式
本公开描述用于检测和测量分析物浓度的感测器,并且更具体地涉及用于检测、测量和监测血液气体分析物的荧光纳米材料感测器。
参考图1,示意性地图示了用于检测分析物浓度的一种示例感测器4。感测器4包括基质材料。感测器4进一步包括外涂层6和化学层8,如图1中所示。外涂层6可与包含待测量的所关注分析物的介质处于流体接触或以其它方式暴露于其。外涂层6可包含基质材料。在一些实施方式中,基质材料对于所关注分析物是能透过的。在一些实例中,基质材料在待由感测器4监测的介质中是不溶的。在一些实例中,所述基质材料为水凝胶基质。如本文中使用的,术语“水凝胶”被定义为包括网络结构的三维大分子材料。在一些情况下,水凝胶包含疏水剂。在一些情形中,基质材料为聚合物材料。聚合物材料的非限制性实例包括离子-能透过的纤维素材料、高分子量或交联的聚乙烯醇(PVA)、葡聚糖、交联的葡聚糖、聚氨酯、季铵化的聚苯乙烯、磺化的聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯酰胺、聚丙烯酸羟烷基酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、亲水性聚酰胺、聚酯及其任意组合。在一些实例中,基质材料为纤维素。在一些实例中,基质材料为纤维素水凝胶。在一些实施方式中,将基质材料涂覆到基底上。在一些实施方案中,将基底成形为圆盘。在一些实施方式中,将基质材料成形为圆盘。在一些实例中,将基质材料冻干。在一些实施方式中,基质材料经由涂覆工艺等制备。相较于常规的生产工艺,经由涂覆工艺生产本公开的感测器将显著地降低生产复杂性、差异性和输出(output)。
外涂层6包括光学隔离化学层8中的纳米粒子和/或信号分子的不透明层(opacifying layer)。外涂层6可包括光学不透明试剂。光学不透明试剂的非限制性实例包括炭黑、基于碳的不透明试剂、三氧化二铁和金属酞菁。在一些实施方式中,光学不透明试剂以有效地提供期望的不透明度以提供期望的光学隔离的量基本上均匀地分散在聚合物中。特别有用的不透明试剂是炭黑。外涂层6也可为化学层8上的涂层。例如,外涂层6可为使用多种技术例如但不限于喷墨技术或墨-丝网(ink-screening)技术施加的在化学层8上的墨涂层。在一些情形中,外涂层6也可为与化学层8结合的黑色膜。在一些实例中,外涂层6包括分散在环氧交联的葡聚糖基质中的炭黑。
如图1中所示,化学层8包括一个或多个纳米粒子2。化学层8是感测器4的感测层。换句话说,化学层8包括可检测所关注分析物的浓度的感测用试剂。在该实例中,感测用试剂是纳米粒子2和信号分子。纳米粒子2与基质材料结合。例如,纳米粒子2可嵌入或陷入(entrap)在基质材料内。在一些实例中,纳米粒子2可溶解或分散在整个基质材料中。在又一实例中,纳米粒子2可以被吸附到基质材料的内和/或外表面上。在其它情形中,纳米粒子2可以可逆地或不可逆地连接至基质材料。纳米粒子2可以与基质材料共价连接。可用于将纳米粒子2连接至基质材料的示例共轭化学包括但不限于碳二酰亚胺、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯、亚胺酯、马来酰亚胺、卤代乙酰基类、吡啶基二硫化物、肼、烷氧基胺、芳基叠氮化物、重氮甲烷(diazirine)、斯托丁格(Staudinger)试剂对、或其任意组合。化学层8的基质材料可与前述的那些基质材料相同。
纳米粒子2可具有在约1至999纳米(nm)的范围内的直径。在一些实施方式中,纳米粒子2是金属纳米簇、碳纳米管、纳米金刚石、碳纳米点、或其任意组合。在一些情形中,纳米粒子2为量子点。量子点结构可包括核和壳。量子点(QD)是胶体的半导体的明亮发光的纳米晶体,其尺寸以直径计范围典型地为约1-约10nm。在吸收光时,在纳米晶体中产生激子,并且电子-空穴再结合(复合,recombination)导致发光。本公开的QD可合成为核/壳结构,其中核纳米晶体涂覆有另外的半导体材料以保护和改善其光学性质。用于制备(核/壳)QD的示例半导体材料包括:CdSe/ZnS、CdTe/ZnS、CdTe/CdSe、CdSe/ZnTe、CdSe/ZnSe、CdTe/ZnSe、InAs/ZnSe、InAs/CdSe、InAs/InP、Cu:InP/ZnSe、InAsxP1–x/InP/ZnSe、CdS/ZnSe、CdSe/CdS、ZnSe/CdSe、ZnSe/InP/ZnS、InP/ZnS、InGaP/ZnS、CdSe/CdS/ZnS、或其任意组合。本公开的制备QD的示例性方法包括但不限于:电子束光刻、聚焦离子束技术、蚀刻工艺、化学沉淀方法、溶胶-凝胶方法、微乳液、热溶分解工艺、气相方法、分子束外延、物理气相沉积、化学气相沉积、超声或微波照射、水热合成、溶剂热合成、电化学组装、簇-籽(cluster-seed)方法、或其任意组合。化学沉淀方法可包括成核和纳米晶体生长。溶胶-凝胶方法可涉及水解、缩合和随后的凝胶形成。
在一些情况中,纳米粒子2为聚合物纳米粒子。聚合物纳米粒子是直径小于1微米(μm)的胶体粒子。聚合物纳米粒子可形成两种结构:纳米球和纳米囊。纳米球是具有固体核或聚合物基质核的纳米粒子。另一方面,纳米囊构成多孔结构(泡囊结构,vesicularstructure),其形成由外膜围绕的内部储库,其中该储库可包括油和/或含水核。本公开的聚合物纳米粒子可由合成聚合物组成。用于制备聚合物纳米粒子的合成聚合物的非限制性实例包括聚丙交酯(PLA)、聚乙交酯(PGA)、聚乳酸-共-乙醇酸(PLGA)、聚氰基丙烯酸酯、聚己内酯(PCL)、聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚氰基丙烯酸烷基酯、聚(苯乙烯-共-马来酸酐)等。替代地,本公开的聚合物纳米粒子可由天然聚合物构成。天然聚合物的非限制性实例包括纤维素、壳聚糖、胶原蛋白、明胶、藻酸盐、白蛋白、透明质酸和葡聚糖。可用于制备聚合物纳米粒子的非限制性示例纤维素类型包括乙酸纤维素、三乙酸纤维素、丙酸纤维素、乙酸丙酸纤维素、乙酸丁酸纤维素、硝化纤维素、硫酸纤维素、甲基纤维、乙基纤维素、乙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟乙基甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基羟乙基纤维素和羧甲基纤维素。另外,本公开的聚合物纳米粒子可由合成和天然聚合物的组合构成。聚合物纳米粒子可由预形成的聚合物的分散体制备。例如,使用溶剂蒸发、纳米沉淀、乳化、盐析方法、透析、超临界流体技术、或其任意组合。另外,聚合物纳米粒子也可经由单体的聚合而制备,所述聚合包括例如,乳液、细乳液、微乳液、界面聚合、受控或活性自由基聚合、或其任意组合。本公开的制备聚合物纳米粒子的其它示例方法包括:亲水性聚合物的凝聚和去溶剂化。可使用前述方法之一或一种或多种的组合制备聚合物纳米粒子。聚合物纳米粒子的直径范围可为约50-约200nm。
感测器4包括与纳米粒子2结合的信号分子。感测器4可包括与纳米粒子2结合的一种(个)或多种(个)信号分子。在一些实施方式中,一种(个)信号分子与纳米粒子2结合。在一些实例中,两种(个)信号分子与纳米粒子2结合。在一些实例中,三种(个)信号分子与纳米粒子2结合。在一些实例中,四种(个)信号分子与纳米粒子2结合。在一些实例中,五种(个)或更多种(个)信号分子与纳米粒子2结合。在图1中所示的实例中,纳米粒子2使其表面装饰有包括如下的多种信号分子:pH-响应性信号分子10、钾-响应性信号分子12、氧-响应性信号分子14和二氧化碳-响应性信号分子16。在一些实施方式中,信号分子为非荧光团分子。在一些实施方案中,感测器包括通过一种或多种非荧光团分子修饰使得来自纳米粒子(包括或不包括信号分子)的荧光发射强度在一种或多种分析物存在下改变的纳米粒子。在一些实例中,所述一种或多种非荧光团分子可改变与纳米粒子结合的信号分子的荧光发射强度。
信号分子可呈现出作为分析物浓度的函数的荧光发射强度。在一些实施方式中,在不存在分析物下,信号分子可减弱或增强纳米粒子的荧光强度。在另一实例中,在存在分析物下,信号分子可减弱或增强纳米粒子的荧光强度。感测器4可为比率感测器。比率感测器可连续地输出信号(例如,两种荧光强度),但所述信号的相对比率可作为分析物浓度的函数变化。例如,当在两个或更多个发射光谱波长或激发波长下测量时,纳米粒子2和信号分子可分别连续地输出第一和第二荧光强度。然而,第一或第二强度或者第一和第二荧光强度两者可作为分析物浓度的函数增强或减弱。因此,可测量第一荧光强度对第二荧光强度的比率以检测分析物浓度的变化。
例如,信号分子可与呈现出能辨别的发射波长的量子点结合。信号分子可改变作为分析物浓度的函数的量子点的荧光发射强度。在一些实施方式中,信号分子为封盖(包覆,capping)分子。封盖分子可为用于分析物检测的开启荧光探针。在不存在分析物下,封盖分子当与量子点结合时通过充当空穴俘获剂可减弱量子点的荧光发射强度。与量子点结合的封盖分子可与一种或多种所关注分析物(例如钾离子、氧、二氧化碳和/或氢离子)形成络合物,其进一步改变封盖分子的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)的能量位置。因此,(与量子点和所关注分析物结合的)封盖分子切换到对于有效空穴转移不利的条件;因此,封盖分子不再减弱量子点的荧光发射强度。通过这种方式,在存在所关注分析物下,封盖分子充当增强量子点的荧光发射强度的通断开关。在一些实施方式中,封盖分子为对氨基苯硫酚。
在另一实例中,在存在所关注分析物下,封盖分子可替代地减弱量子点的荧光发射强度。在存在淬灭性分子(即所关注分析物)下,荧光信号由于淬灭而减弱。例如,随着样品中氧分压(pO2)增大,可与荧光团碰撞并导致非辐射衰减(即,淬灭或荧光强度减弱)的氧分子数量增多。
在又一实例中,信号分子可与聚合物纳米粒子结合。一种或多种信号分子可与聚合物纳米粒子结合。信号分子的荧光发射强度可作为对分析物存在的响应而减弱或增强。替代地,信号分子的发射强度可作为对分析物不存在的响应而减弱或增强。
信号分子可嵌入或陷入在聚合物纳米粒子内。在又一实例中,信号分子可吸附到纳米粒子2的内和/或外表面上。在其它情形中,信号分子可以可逆地或不可逆地连接到纳米粒子2。信号分子可共价连接到纳米粒子2。可用于将信号分子连接到基质材料的示例共轭化学对于本领域技术人员是已知的并且包括但不限于碳二酰亚胺、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯、亚胺酯、马来酰亚胺、卤代乙酰基类、吡啶基二硫化物、肼、烷氧基胺、芳基叠氮化物、重氮甲烷、斯托丁格试剂对、或其任意组合。服从于共轭化学(例如碳二酰亚胺化学),信号分子可包括胺基团并且纳米粒子2可包括羧酸基团。在其它实例中,服从于共轭化学(例如碳二酰亚胺化学),信号分子可包括羧酸基团并且纳米粒子2可包括胺基团。
感测器4可用多种官能团修饰,使得它提供对一种或多种化学(例如pH、氧、二氧化碳和钾离子化学)的可检测的响应。在该实例中,感测器4将通过单一波长激发并且发射对于所检测的各化学独立的信号。这将容许消除(省去)在常规检测系统中使用的光学器件例如发光二极管(LED)和滤波器,从而降低检测系统的复杂性和成本。另外,本公开的感测器的又一优势为,与生产和检查多种原材料(即,每种类型的化学一种原材料)相比,对于所有化学生产和检查单一原材料。感测器4可检测钾离子、氧、二氧化碳、氢离子、水合氢离子或其任意组合的浓度。感测器4可检测的另外分析物包括但不限于葡萄糖、钠离子、钙离子、镁离子、氯离子、肌酸酐、尿素、乳酸根、碳酸氢根或其任意组合。感测器4可检测在检测介质例如生物样品中的分析物浓度。在一些实施方式中,感测器4嵌入在人体组织中并与生物样品接触。
如本文中使用的,术语“生物样品”指的是任何合适的生物品,其包括电解质、血液气体或任何其它生物分析物。生物样品可从受试者获得。生物样品可为流体(例如生物流体)。通常,生物流体可包括与活生物体相关的任何流体。生物样品的非限制性实例包括从受试者的任何解剖学位置(例如组织、循环系统、骨髓)获得的血液(或血液组分,例如白细胞、红细胞和/或血小板)、间质液和唾液。
生物样品可通过本领域中已知的任意手段从受试者获得。用于从受试者直接获得生物样品的手段的非限制性实例包括接近循环系统(例如经由注射器或其它针管以静脉内或动脉内方式)和收集分泌的生物样品(例如唾液或尿液)。
在一些实例中,检测介质为血液。血液可为静脉血液和/或动脉血液。感测器4可经由心肺旁路回路暴露于检测介质,在该回路中使用泵以在某些外科手术例如但不限于冠状动脉旁路外科手术和贲门瓣修复和/或更换期间对血液进行除身体外额外的(extra-corporeally)循环和供氧。在一些实施方式中,检测介质为唾液或尿液。
参考图2,示意性地图示了用于检测pH、氧、二氧化碳和钾离子的一种示例纳米粒子2。在该示例中,将激发波长18引导至纳米粒子2。激发波长18激发pH-响应性信号分子10、钾-响应性信号分子12、氧-响应性信号分子14和二氧化碳-响应性信号分子16的多个电子。结果,作为一种或多种所关注分析物的浓度的函数,信号分子以能辨别且有区别的波长发射光。如图2中所示,pH-响应性信号分子10发射pH-依赖性发射波长20。钾-响应性信号分子12发射钾-依赖性发射波长22。氧-响应性信号分子14发射氧-依赖性发射波长24。而且,二氧化碳-响应性信号分子16发射二氧化碳-依赖性发射波长26。pH-依赖性发射波长20、钾-依赖性发射波长22、氧-依赖性发射波长24和二氧化碳-依赖性发射波长26的范围可为约300纳米(nm)至约900nm。
激发波长18可源于能量源。如本文中使用的术语“能量源”通常是指提供能量束的能量来源。能量源可提供电磁辐射或电磁能的束。能量源可提供粒子束。能量源可提供光束(例如γ波、x-射线、紫外线、可见光、红外光、微波或无线电波)。光束可为相干光束,如可由受激辐射光放大(“激光”)提供。在一些实例中,光束由激光二极管或多个二极管激光器产生。激发波长18的范围可为约300纳米(nm)至约900nm。
信号分子可为荧光团。适合的pH-响应性信号分子10包括pH指示剂和/或这样的指示剂的官能化衍生物。pH-响应性信号分子10可为羟基芘三磺酸(“HPTS”)、其衍生物例如盐和/或混合物。在一些实施方式中,pH-响应性信号分子10为酚酞、荧光素、苯酚红、甲酚红、碱性副品红、品红、二甲苯酚蓝、溴甲酚紫、溴酚蓝、溴百里酚蓝、间甲酚紫、百里酚蓝、溴苯酚蓝、溴百里酚蓝、四溴苯酚蓝、溴氯苯酚蓝、溴甲酚绿、氯苯酚红、邻甲酚酞、百里酚酞、间胺黄二苯胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺、靛蓝、茜素、茜素黄GG、茜素黄R、刚果红、甲基红、甲基紫6B、2,5-二硝基苯酚和/或以上物种的各种官能化衍生物。对于其它离子物种的感测组分可由有机物种制成,其包括但不限于荧光素、二碘荧光素、二氯荧光素、酚表素(phenosafrainin)、玫瑰红、曙红I蓝、四溴荧光素、试镁灵、酒石黄、铬黑T、香豆素、茜素等。
另外的适合的与感测器4一起使用的pH-响应性信号分子组分10包括但不限于:9-氨基-6-氯-2-甲氧基吖啶;2',7'-双-(2-羧乙基)-5-(和-6)-羧基荧光素;2',7'-双-(2-羧乙基)-5-(和-6)-羧基荧光素,乙酰氧基甲基酯;2',7'-双-(2-羧乙基)-5-(和-6)-羧基荧光素,乙酰氧基甲基酯;5-(和-6)-羧基-2',7'-二氯荧光素;5-(和-6)-羧基-2',7'-二氯荧光素二乙酸酯;5-(和-6)-羧基-4',5'-二甲基荧光素;5-(和-6)-羧基-4',5'-二甲基荧光素二乙酸酯;5-羧基荧光素;6-羧基荧光素;5-(和-6)-羧基荧光素;5-羧基荧光素二乙酸酯;6-羧基荧光素二乙酸酯;5-羧基荧光素二乙酸酯,乙酰氧基甲基酯;5-(和-6)-羧基荧光素二乙酸酯;5-(和-6)-羧基萘并荧光素;5-(和-6)-羧基萘并荧光素二乙酸酯;5-(和-6)-羧基-1,琥珀酰亚胺基酯{5'(和6')-琥珀酰亚胺基酯-3,10-二羟基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮};5-(和-6)-羧基-2,琥珀酰亚胺基酯{5'(和6')-琥珀酰亚胺基酯-9-氯-3,10-二羟基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮};羧基-1{5'(和6')-羧基-3,10-二羟基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮};羧基-1二乙酸酯{5'(和6')-羧基-3,10-二乙酰氧基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮};羧基-2{5'(和6')-羧基-9-氯-3,10-二羟基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮};羧基-2二乙酸酯{5'(和6')-羧基-9-氯-3,10-二乙酰氧基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮};羧基-1{5'(和6')-羧基-10-二甲基氨基-3-羟基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮};羧基-1,AM乙酸酯(3-乙酰氧基-5'-乙酰氧基甲氧基羰基-10-二甲基氨基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮);羧基-2{5'(和6')-羧基-10-二乙基氨基-3-羟基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮};羧基-2,AM乙酸酯{3-乙酰氧基-5'-乙酰氧基甲氧基羰基-10-二乙胺-3-羟基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮};羧基-6{5'(和6')-羧基-10-二乙基氨基-3-羟基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮};羧基-X{5'(和6')-羧基-3-羟基-四氢喹嗪并[1,9-h,i]螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮};5-氯甲基荧光素二乙酸酯;4-氯甲基-7-羟基香豆素;C1-NERF{4-[2-氯-6-(乙基氨基)-7-甲基-3-氧代-3H-呫吨-9-基]-1,3-苯-二羧酸};葡聚糖,BCECF,10,000MW,阴离子型{葡聚糖,2',7'-双(2-羧乙基)-5(和6)-羧基-荧光素,阴离子型);葡聚糖,BCECF,40,000MW,阴离子型;葡聚糖,BCECF,70,000MW,阴离子型;葡聚糖,C1-NERF,10,000MW,阴离子型;葡聚糖,C1-NERF,70,000MW,阴离子型;葡聚糖,C1-NERF,10,000MW,阴离子型,赖氨酸可固定的;葡聚糖,DM-NERF,10,000MW,阴离子型(葡聚糖,4-[2,7-二甲基-6-(乙基氨基)-3-氧代-3H-呫吨-9-基]-1,3-苯二羧酸,阴离子型};葡聚糖,DM-NERF,70,000MW,阴离子型;葡聚糖,DM-NERF,10,000MW,阴离子型,赖氨酸可固定的;葡聚糖,7-羟基香豆素,10,000MW,中性的;葡聚糖,7-羟基香豆素,70,000MW,中性的;葡聚糖,b-甲基伞形酮(b-methylumbelliferone),10,000MW,中性的;葡聚糖,b-甲基伞形酮,70,000MW,中性的;葡聚糖,-2,10,000MW,阴离子型{葡聚糖,9-氯-3,10-二羟基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]3'-酮,阴离子型};葡聚糖,-2,70,000MW,阴离子型{葡聚糖,10-二甲基氨基-3-羟基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮,阴离子型};葡聚糖,-1,10,000MW,阴离子型;葡聚糖,-1,70,000MW,阴离子型;1,4-二羟基酞腈;DM-NERF{4-[2,7-二甲基-6-乙基氨基)-3-氧代-3H-呫吨-9-基]1,3-苯二羧酸};荧光素二乙酸酯;8-羟基芘-1,3,6-三磺酸,三钠盐;萘并荧光素;萘并荧光素二乙酸酯;-1{3,10-二羟基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮);和-1,二乙酸酯(3,10-二乙酰氧基-螺[7H-苯并[c]呫吨-7,1'(3'H)-异苯并呋喃]-3'-酮}。
钾-响应性信号分子12可为香豆素并穴醚;例如,6,7-[2.2.2]-穴醚并-3-[2”-(5”-羧基)呋喃基]香豆素。在一些情形中,钾-响应性信号分子12包含荧光部分和用于结合离子的络合部分。该化合物具有至少约350nm的最大吸光度波长。适合的荧光部分可包括紧邻的nπ*和ππ*激发态。适合的荧光部分当与适当的络合部分连接时可能够离子依赖性地面外起皱(puckering)。还有,适合的荧光部分的ππ*状态可为能量充分高的使得离子依赖性混合主导向基态的非辐射耦合(coupling)。在一些情况下,荧光部分包括香豆素部分,但可使用其它的芳族羰基或硝基芳族或N-杂环部分。适合的离子络合部分包括能够结合离子的环状“笼”部分。所述笼看能够选择性地结合离子。在一些实例中,离子络合部分包括穴醚(穴状配体,cryptand)和冠醚部分。
使用离子载体(ionophore)可感测的离子包括例如,Ag+、Ba2+、Ca2+、Ce+、Cd2+、Fr+、Hg2+、K+、Li+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Na+、Pb2+、Ru+、Sr2+、Ti+和Zn2+。如果需要,离子载体可与离子选择性膜结合使用。在一些实例中,本文中提供的感测器包括对于K+、Na+和Ca2+进行感测的离子载体。
在一些实施方式中,氧-响应性信号分子14为苯并[g,h,i]苝。氧-响应性信号分子14可包括荧光指示剂,其包括一种或多种多环芳族化合物、多环芳族化合物的衍生物等。这样的多环芳族化合物的实例包括十环烯、苯并[g,h,i]苝和晕苯。氧指示剂可包括这样的多环芳族化合物的叔丁基衍生物的混合物。
另外的可使用的氧指示剂包括钌(II)、锇(II)、铱(III)、铑、铼和铬(III)与2,2'联吡啶、1,10-邻二氮菲、4,7-二苯基-1,10-邻二氮菲、4,7-二甲基-1,10-邻二氮菲、4,7-二磺化的-二苯基-1,10-邻二氮菲、2,2'双-2-噻唑啉、2,2'双噻唑、5-溴-1,10-邻二氮菲和5-氯-1,10-邻二氮菲的络合物,以及Co(II)、Cu(II)、Pt(II)、Pd(II)和Zn(II)与卟啉、初卟啉、四苯基卟啉、四氟苯基卟啉、四苯并卟啉、四氟苯并卟啉、四氯苯并卟啉、中卟啉IX二酯、原卟啉IX二甲基酯和八乙基卟啉的络合物。在所述金属络合物中,钌络合物。
在一些实施方式中,氧-响应性信号分子14对于流体中的氧浓度是敏感的并且包括一种或多种多环芳族化合物和/或其一种或多种衍生物。所述多环芳族化合物可为任何多环芳族类的荧光或吸收性光学指示剂。指示剂组分源于其的多环芳族化合物可选自苝、十环烯、苯并苝(例如苯并[g,h,i]苝)、晕苯、芘、紫菜碱、卟啉、二氢卟吩、酞菁及其衍生物和混合物。因为苝和苝衍生物对氧具有相对降低的灵敏度,所以当分析物为氧时可使用其它多环芳族化合物例如本文中所述的那些。当将使用准分子组分时,单体指示剂组分可选自一种多环芳族化合物、该同一种多环芳族化合物的衍生物、和其混合物。
在一些情况中,二氧化碳-响应性信号分子16包括羟基芘3,6,8-三磺酸(其在本文中称为HPTS或羟基芘三磺酸)和衍生物例如HPTS的盐。本文中公开的感测器可使用HPTS的碱金属和碱土金属盐来检测流体中的二氧化碳浓度。二氧化碳-响应性信号分子16可为吸光度或荧光指示剂。在感测二氧化碳浓度中,可使用的吸光度指示剂的实例包括氯苯基红、溴甲酚紫、硝基苯酚、溴百里酚蓝、五氯甲烷、苯酚红等。对于二氧化碳可使用的荧光指示剂包括以上列举的对于pH感测可使用的感测器、β-甲基伞形酮、荧光素等。
在一些实施方式中,感测器4为基于荧光共振能量转移(FRET)的感测器。FRET为其中在极接近于彼此的两个光敏分子(即发色团)之间存在能量转移而不发射光子的机制。最初处于其电子激发态下的供体发色团可将能量通过非辐射偶极-偶极耦合转移到受体发色团。该能量转移的效率与供体发色团和受体发色团之间的距离的六次幂成反比,使得FRET对于小的距离变化极为灵敏。感测器4可包括供体发色团和受体发色团。在存在分析物下,供体发色团可将能量转移到受体发色团,导致所述受体发色团呈现出指示分析物存在的能辨别的发射波长。在一些实施方式中,供体发色团和/或受体发色团为纳米粒子(例如量子点或聚合物纳米粒子)。在其它实例中,供体发色团和/或受体发色团为荧光染料或蛋白质。在又一实例中,供体发色团和受体发色团两者均为荧光染料或蛋白质。在FRET中使用的荧光染料或蛋白质的非限制性实例包括青色荧光蛋白质(CFP)、黄色荧光蛋白质(YFP)、绿色荧光蛋白质(GFP)、荧光素、BODIPY FL、四甲基罗丹明、5-({2-[(碘乙酰基)氨基]乙基}氨基)萘-1-磺酸(IAEDANS)、Alexa Fluor 488、Oregon Green、(5-((2-氨乙基)氨基)萘-1-磺酸)(EDANS)、4-(二甲基氨基偶氮)苯-4-羧酸(DABCYL)、4-(4-二甲基氨基苯基偶氮)苯磺酰氯(DABSYL)、7、9、青色素3(Cy3)、Cy3.5、Cy5.5、Cy7或其任意组合。
在一些实例中,供体发色团为量子点且受体发色团为荧光染料。在一些情形中,供体发色团为纳米粒子且受体发色团为荧光染料。在一些实例中,所述荧光染料为比率染料。在一些实施方式中,所述荧光染料为Cy5.5。在一些实施方案中,所述感测器为具有供体量子点核和荧光染料受体涂层的纳米粒子。例如,纳米粒子可具有量子点核和脂质涂层,其包括荧光染料(例如Cy5.5)。在一些实施方式中,供体发色团为荧光染料且受体发色团为量子点或聚合物纳米粒子。
本公开的感测器可用结合干扰物且降低它们对准确性的影响的“螯合性”分子修饰。作为一种实例,结合钠的穴醚可固定在钾-特异性感测器的表面上以减少钠对干扰钾检测的可获得性。在一个实施方式中,钠的结合可为非荧光的并且纯粹为了减少干扰而存在。在另一实例中,所述纳米材料可结合钠并提供浓度依赖性响应,使得对钾准确性的干扰减少并且感测器报道钠浓度。
在一些实施方式中,感测器为温度敏感性感测器。在一些实施方式中,所述感测器可包括温度敏感性通道,使得感测器的输出信号(例如荧光发射强度或两种荧光发射强度的比率)响应于温度变化。在一些实例中,这样的温度依赖性信号可作为用于温度校正的参比物使用。在一些实施方式中,所述感测器包括呈现出作为温度(例如样品温度)的函数的荧光发射强度的纳米粒子或信号分子。在一些实施方式中,所述感测器包括供体发色团,随着温度的变化,其将能量转移到受体发色团,导致所述受体发色团呈现出指示温度变化(例如样品温度变化)的能辨别的发射波长。例如,所述感测器可包括呈现出温度敏感性光致发光的量子点。
在一方面中,本公开提供检测流体中的分析物浓度的方法。所述方法可包括提供一个或多个感测器,所述感测器包括基质材料、与基质材料结合的纳米粒子、和与纳米粒子结合的信号分子。信号分子或纳米粒子呈现出依赖于分析物浓度的荧光发射强度。接着,所述方法可包括将所述一个或多个感测器暴露于流体。例如,所述一个或多个感测器可经由如下为心肺旁路回路的一部分:沿着与来自患者的血液流体连通的管路放置。在另一实例中,所述一个或多个感测器可连至流通单元(电池,cell),该流通单元在相对的侧上具有用于连接到回路管路的配件。
接着,所述方法可包括测量荧光发射强度。感测器可光学连接到输出所测量的荧光发射强度的测量装置。感测器可远程连接到测量装置。也就是说,所述测量装置可为远程测量装置。所述测量装置可为血液气体测量装置。所述测量装置可包括:用于将光引导到一个或多个感测器的能量源,用于分析从一个或多个感测器返回的光的设备,和用于提供可视的测量结果显示的监视器。在一些实例中,所述测量装置可包括从远程装置延伸到传输模块(block)或保持器(retainer)的光学纤维束和被提供用来将所述保持器或模块可拆卸地连接到支撑感测器的壳体或单元的可拆连接装置(releasable coupling)。
接着,所述方法可包括基于所测量的荧光强度,检测所述分析物。一旦将来自能量源的光引导至一个或多个感测器,就检测从一个或多个感测器发射的光。从一个或多个感测器发射的光可通过检测器(例如光电二极管)检测。然后,该检测器可将光信号发送至将发射的光转换成数字信号的转换器。在另一实例中,所述检测器可将光信号发送到放大器,该放大器将光信号放大,之后将其传输到转换器。在发射的光已经转换成数字信号之后,控制器可将数字信号发送到控制器和/或监视器。控制器可与监视器和能量源可操作地连接。控制器可接收来自监视器的指令。所传输的数字信号可为一个或多个测得的荧光强度值。
尽管为了说明意图已经描述了多个实例,但不希望前面的描述限制由所附权利要求的范围限定的本发明范围。在下面的权利要求的范围内存在并且将会存在其它实例和变型。
Claims (30)
1.用于检测分析物浓度的感测器,该感测器包括:
基质材料;
与基质材料结合的纳米粒子;和
与纳米粒子结合的信号分子,
其中所述纳米粒子或所述信号分子呈现出作为分析物浓度的函数的荧光发射强度。
2.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中所述分析物为钾、氧、二氧化碳、氢离子或其任意组合。
3.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中所述基质材料为水凝胶基质。
4.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中所述基质材料对于所述分析物是能透过的。
5.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中所述纳米粒子为聚合物纳米粒子。
6.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中所述纳米粒子为量子点。
7.如权利要求6所述的感测器,其中所述量子点呈现出能辨别的发射波长。
8.如权利要求6所述的感测器,其中所述信号分子改变作为分析物浓度的函数的所述量子点的荧光发射强度。
9.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中在不存在分析物下,所述信号分子减弱或增强所述纳米粒子的荧光发射强度。
10.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中在存在分析物下,所述信号分子增强或减弱所述纳米粒子的荧光发射强度。
11.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中所述信号分子为荧光团。
12.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中所述信号分子为非荧光团分子。
13.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中所述信号分子为羟基芘三磺酸、苯并[g,h,i]苝、香豆素并穴醚、或其任意组合。
14.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中所述感测器光学连接到测量装置。
15.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中所述感测器为比率感测器。
16.如权利要求1所述的感测器,其中所述纳米粒子或所述信号分子呈现出作为温度的函数的荧光发射强度。
17.用于检测分析物浓度的感测器,该感测器包括:
基质材料;
供体发色团;和
受体发色团,
其中在存在分析物下,所述供体发色团将能量转移到所述受体发色团,导致所述受体发色团呈现出指示分析物存在的能辨别的发射波长。
18.如权利要求17所述的感测器,其中所述分析物为钾、氧、二氧化碳、氢离子或其任意组合。
19.如权利要求17所述的感测器,其中所述基质材料为水凝胶基质。
20.如权利要求17所述的感测器,其中所述基质材料对于所述分析物是能透过的。
21.如权利要求17所述的感测器,其中所述供体发色团或所述受体发色团为纳米粒子。
22.如权利要求21所述的感测器,其中所述纳米粒子为聚合物纳米粒子。
23.如权利要求21所述的感测器,其中所述纳米粒子为量子点。
24.如权利要求17所述的感测器,其中所述受体发色团或所述供体发色团为荧光染料。
25.如权利要求17所述的感测器,其中所述感测器光学连接到测量装置。
26.如权利要求17所述的感测器,其中所述感测器为比率感测器。
27.如权利要求17所述的感测器,其中随着温度的变化,所述供体发色团将能量转移到所述受体发色团,导致所述受体发色团呈现出指示温度变化的能辨别的发射波长。
28.检测流体中的分析物浓度的方法,该方法包括:
提供一个或多个感测器,该感测器包括:
基质材料;
与基质材料结合的纳米粒子;和
与纳米粒子结合的信号分子,
其中所述信号分子或所述纳米粒子呈现出依赖于所述分析物浓度的荧光发射强度;
将所述一个或多个感测器暴露于所述流体;
测量所述荧光发射强度;和
基于所测量的荧光强度,检测所述分析物。
29.如权利要求28所述的方法,其中所述流体为生物流体。
30.如权利要求29所述的方法,其中所述生物流体为血液。
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