CN112206834A - 一种废scr脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法 - Google Patents
一种废scr脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112206834A CN112206834A CN202011275501.2A CN202011275501A CN112206834A CN 112206834 A CN112206834 A CN 112206834A CN 202011275501 A CN202011275501 A CN 202011275501A CN 112206834 A CN112206834 A CN 112206834A
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- denitration catalyst
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Abstract
本发明公开了废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法,包括:将废SCR脱硝催化剂粉末与硫酸混合,并进行硫酸化焙烧,获得焙烧渣;将焙烧渣与水混合,并加入水解抑制剂,进行溶出反应,得到溶出渣和粗钛液;将硫化剂加入至粗钛液进行硫化沉淀反应,得到硫化沉淀渣和硫化沉淀后液;将结晶引发剂加入至硫化沉淀后液,在40~80℃下进行第一阶段的选择性水解,得到锐钛矿型二氧化钛浆液;将氧化剂加入至锐钛矿型二氧化钛浆液破坏水解抑制剂,在80~100℃下进行第二阶段的共沉淀水解,使钨、钒、钛共同水解并在锐钛矿型二氧化钛表面形成共沉淀包覆,得到重构再生的钨钒钛复合粉,该复合粉可用于新SCR脱硝催化剂的制备。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及二次资源利用技术领域,具体涉及一种废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法。
背景技术
氮氧化物(NOx)是大气环境的主要污染物之一。氮氧化物不仅会形成酸雨,还能导致化学烟雾,危害人类健康。燃煤发电在我国能源结构中占有重要的地位。据预测,燃煤发电在能源消费中的比例将不断下降,但2050年我国煤炭、石油、天然气等化石类能源消费占比仍在50%左右。含碳类燃料在燃烧过程中不可避免地产生氮氧化物。2012年国家实施《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》(GB13223-2011)。到2014年底,全国90%以上火电厂安装了钒钛系的SCR脱硝装置。随着生态文明建设的深入,水泥厂、燃油机、燃气锅炉、生物质锅炉等涉及高温燃烧的行业采用脱硝技术实现清洁生产是大势所趋。
SCR脱硝催化剂中最成熟、最广泛应用的是钒钛系催化剂。由于V2O5具有生物毒性,钒钛系废SCR催化剂属于危险固废,另一方面,钨、钒、钛属于价值较高的稀有金属元素,其再生利用或资源化利用近来成为研究热点。
在现有的部分废催化剂再生利用中,企业通过吹灰、高压水冲洗、超声水洗、酸洗等物理或化学手段将催化剂中灰分和杂质脱除,进一步负载活性物质获得再生催化剂。这种方法仅适用于处理几何结构未被破坏的失活催化剂。再生后催化剂比表面积下降且易出现内裂,且有害元素不能彻底脱除,导致催化性能衰减和机械强度下降。另外,少数企业经过简单脱尘后,将废催化剂磨粉并按一定比例与新的钨钒钛复合粉混合制取脱硝催化剂。该方法有害元素极易累积导致脱硝性能逐渐劣化,不值得提倡。
在资源化利用方面,由于脱硝催化剂在高温下制备和服役,结构较为稳定,常规冶炼条件难以实现废催化剂的高效分解。多数工艺将火法冶炼与湿法冶炼相结合,并利用酸性和碱性溶液分别提取有价元素。由于钨、钼、钒等元素化学性质相似,还要采用萃取或离子交换的方法解决其深度分离问题。这些技术虽然可以制取钨、钼、钒和钛的单一产品,但存在流程长、成本高、容易产生二次污染等问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法,旨在解决现有废SCR脱硝催化剂难以高效再生利用的问题。
为实现上述目的,本发明提出的废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将废SCR脱硝催化剂粉末与硫酸混合,并在一定温度下进行硫酸化焙烧,获得焙烧渣;
(2)将步骤(1)所得的焙烧渣与水混合,并按一定比例加入水解抑制剂,在一定温度下进行溶出反应,经固液分离得到溶出渣和粗钛液;
(3)按一定比例将硫化剂加入至步骤(2)所得的粗钛液进行硫化沉淀反应,经固液分离后得到硫化沉淀渣和硫化沉淀后液;
(4)按一定比例将结晶引发剂加入至步骤(3)所得的硫化沉淀后液,在40~80℃下进行第一阶段的选择性水解,使钛优先水解生成锐钛矿型二氧化钛,得到锐钛矿型二氧化钛浆液;
(5)按一定比例将氧化剂加入至步骤(4)所得的锐钛矿型二氧化钛浆液,氧化破坏浆液中的水解抑制剂,在80~100℃下进行第二阶段的共沉淀水解,使钨、钒、钛共同水解并在锐钛矿型二氧化钛表面形成共沉淀包覆,经固液分离水洗便可得到重构再生的钨钒钛复合粉,该复合粉可用于新SCR脱硝催化剂的制备。
优选地,所述步骤(1)中硫酸的加入量是废SCR脱硝催化剂粉末重量的80wt.%~160wt.%,焙烧温度为150~350℃,焙烧时间为1~3小时。
优选地,所述步骤(2)中溶出反应的水加入量是焙烧渣中钛重量的8~12倍,溶出温度为60℃以下,溶出时间为1~3小时。
优选地,所述步骤(2)中所述的水解抑制剂为草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸的一种或几种,水解抑制剂加入量是焙烧渣中钨钼钒总摩尔量的2~5倍。
优选地,所述步骤(3)中硫化剂为硫化钡、硫化锶、硫化钠、硫化氢、硫化铵、二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠的一种或几种,硫化剂加入量是砷、铁和重金属总摩尔量的40~80倍,硫化沉淀温度为20~70℃,硫化沉淀时间为3~5小时。
优选地,所述步骤(4)中结晶引发剂为碱性试剂,包括氢氧化钠、氨水、碳酸氢铵、碳酸钠、碳酸铵、碳酸氢钠的一种或几种,结晶引发剂加入量是硫化沉淀后液钛摩尔量的1%~3%。
优选地,所述步骤(5)中氧化剂为硝酸、氯酸钠、双氧水、臭氧、过硫酸铵的一种或几种,氧化剂加入量是水解抑制剂摩尔量的2~5倍。
本发明采用的技术原理如下:
本发明利用硫酸化焙烧使废SCR脱硝催化剂分解,将其中主要成分二氧化钛转化为可溶性的硫酸氧钛或硫酸钛。焙烧渣在溶出过程中,钛的硫酸盐溶解于水形成粗钛液,钨、钼、钒溶解后与水解抑制剂形成稳定的配合物,同时,对催化剂脱硝性能影响显著的砷、铁及重金属也将溶解进入粗钛液。进一步,通过硫化沉淀的方法除去粗钛液中的砷、铁和重金属,得到硫化沉淀后液。硫化沉淀后液的水解分为两个阶段,第一个阶段为选择性水解,钛优先水解生成锐钛矿型的二氧化钛,而此阶段钨、钼、钒与水解抑制剂结合后水解率较低,碱金属及碱土金属元素钾、钠、钙、镁等不参与水解;第二个阶段为共沉淀水解,通过加入氧化剂的方式破坏水解抑制剂,并且升高温度使钨、钼、钒与钛共同水解,并在锐钛矿型二氧化钛表面形成共沉淀包覆,从而得到芯部以二氧化钛为主、表面富含钨钼钒活性物质的SCR脱硝催化剂复合粉。
本发明可达到的有益效果如下:
本发明采用重构再生的思路,通过整体工艺的设计,将砷、铁、钾、钠、钙等对催化剂脱硝性能影响较大的有害元素与钛、钨、钼、钒等催化剂主要构成元素选择性分离;并且采用两段水解的方法,调控钛、钨、钼、钒等元素的水解行为,得到以锐钛矿型二氧化钛为基底、表面富含钨钼钒活性物质的SCR脱硝催化剂复合粉。相比于传统的水洗或酸洗再生技术,本发明可有效脱除有害元素,并且得到了形貌好、活性高的SCR脱硝催化剂复合粉;相比于传统的钨钒钛分别回收技术,本发明避开了相似元素钨、钼、钒深度分离的难题,并且通过各元素在水解过程的行为调控直接获得活性物质表面包覆的SCR脱硝催化剂复合粉。
附图说明
图1为实施例3中重构再生的钨钒钛复合粉的扫描电镜图。
具体实施方式
本发明提供一种废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(1)将废SCR脱硝催化剂粉末与硫酸混合,并在一定温度下进行硫酸化焙烧,获得焙烧渣;
(2)将步骤(1)所得的焙烧渣与水混合,并按一定比例加入水解抑制剂,在一定温度下进行溶出反应,经固液分离得到溶出渣和粗钛液;
(3)按一定比例将硫化剂加入至步骤(2)所得的粗钛液进行硫化沉淀反应,经固液分离后得到硫化沉淀渣和硫化沉淀后液;
(4)按一定比例将结晶引发剂加入至步骤(3)所得的硫化沉淀后液,在40~80℃下进行第一阶段的选择性水解,使钛优先水解生成锐钛矿型二氧化钛,得到锐钛矿型二氧化钛浆液;
(5)按一定比例将氧化剂加入至步骤(4)所得的锐钛矿型二氧化钛浆液,氧化破坏浆液中的水解抑制剂,在80~100℃下进行第二阶段的共沉淀水解,使钨、钒、钛共同水解并在锐钛矿型二氧化钛表面形成共沉淀包覆,经固液分离水洗便可得到重构再生的钨钒钛复合粉,该复合粉可用于新SCR脱硝催化剂的制备。
下面通过实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,但不限于此。
实施例1
将2.5kg钛、钨、钼、钒含量分别为43.75wt.%、3.63wt.%、0.60wt.%、0.41wt.%的废SCR脱硝催化剂粉末与4kg浓硫酸混合均匀,在350℃温度下焙烧1小时。将13kg水加入冷却后的焙烧渣,加入215g草酸,溶出温度控制在60℃以下,搅拌状态下溶出3小时后,经固液分离得到溶出渣和粗钛液。经硫酸化焙烧和溶出两个工序,钛、钨、钼、钒的溶出率分别为98.1%、98.9%、98.3%、99.6%。粗钛液中砷、铁、铜浓度分别为51、267、12mg/L。将粗钛液等分为5份,加入二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠,按不同条件进行硫化沉淀反应。试验条件和结果如下表所示。
将上述5份硫化沉淀后液合并,放入40℃水浴环境,缓慢搅拌下加入结晶引发剂氢氧化钠,氢氧化钠加入量是硫化沉淀后液钛摩尔量的3%。然后水浴温度升高至80℃,进行第一阶段的选择性水解过程。当钛水解率达到83%时,钨、钼、钒的水解率分别为3.1%、0.8%、0.1%。此刻,向溶液加入氧化剂硝酸和氯酸钠,硝酸和氯酸钠加入量分别是钛液中草酸摩尔量的3倍和1倍,水浴温度进一步升高至100℃,进行第二阶段的共沉淀水解,使钨、钼、钒、钛共同水解并在锐钛矿型二氧化钛表面形成共沉淀包覆,当钛水解率达到96%时,钨、钼、钒的水解率分别为95%、88%、98%。
实施例2
将3kg钛、钨、钼、钒含量分别为42.55wt.%、3.85wt.%、0.53wt.%、0.45wt.%的废SCR脱硝催化剂粉末与2.4kg浓硫酸混合均匀再等分为5份,在不同条件下进行硫酸化焙烧和溶出实验。试验条件和结果如下表所示。
将上述5份粗钛液合并,按粗钛液中砷、铁和重金属总摩尔量的40倍加入硫化铵,并于60℃硫化沉淀5小时后进行固液分离得到硫化沉淀后液,经测定砷、铁、铜、铅的脱除率分别为98.2%、81.7%、99.7%、61.2%。将硫化沉淀后液放入40℃水浴环境,缓慢搅拌下加入结晶引发剂碳酸钠,碳酸钠加入量是硫化沉淀后液钛摩尔量的1%。然后水浴温度升高至80℃,进行第一阶段的选择性水解过程。当钛水解率达到86%时,钨、钼、钒的水解率分别为3.9%、1.1%、0.2%。此刻,向溶液加入氧化剂双氧水,氧化剂加入量是钛液中柠檬酸摩尔量的5倍,水浴温度进一步升高至100℃,进行第二阶段的共沉淀水解,使钨、钼、钒、钛共同水解并在锐钛矿型二氧化钛表面形成共沉淀包覆,当钛水解率达到95%时,钨、钼、钒的水解率分别为93%、87%、96%。
实施例3
将4kg钛、钨、钼、钒含量分别为43.75wt.%、3.63wt.%、0.60wt.%、0.41wt.%的废SCR脱硝催化剂粉末与4.8kg浓硫酸混合均匀,在330℃温度下焙烧1.5小时。将17.5kg水加入冷却后的焙烧渣,加入340g草酸和400g酒石酸,溶出温度控制在60℃以下,搅拌状态下溶出3小时后,经固液分离得到溶出渣和粗钛液。经硫酸化焙烧和溶出两个工序,钛、钨、钼、钒的溶出率分别为98.6%、99.3%、98.9%、99.8%。
按粗钛液中砷、铁和重金属总摩尔量的45倍加入硫化钡,并于65℃硫化沉淀5小时后进行固液分离得到硫化沉淀后液,经测定砷、铁、铜、铅的脱除率分别为98.9%、82.2%、99.8%、99.9%。将硫化沉淀后液放入40℃水浴环境,缓慢搅拌下加入结晶引发剂碳酸氢铵,碳酸氢铵加入量是硫化沉淀后液钛摩尔量的2%。然后水浴温度升高至80℃,进行第一阶段的选择性水解过程。当钛水解率达到85%时,钨、钼、钒的水解率分别为3.3%、0.9%、0.1%。此刻,向溶液加入氧化剂过硫酸铵,氧化剂加入量是钛液中草酸和酒石酸总摩尔量的5倍,水浴温度进一步升高至100℃,进行第二阶段的共沉淀水解,使钨、钼、钒、钛共同水解并在锐钛矿型二氧化钛表面形成共沉淀包覆,当钛水解率达到96%时,钨、钼、钒的水解率分别为95%、89%、97%。经过固液分离得到重构再生的钨钒钛复合粉,其电镜照片如图1所示。由图1可见,钨钒钛复合粉由直径2μm左右、形状较为规则的一次颗粒聚集形成,聚集体粉体有桥连作用,有利于制备高机械强度的催化剂模块。
将上述重构再生的钨钒钛复合粉制作成3×3孔立方体蜂窝状脱硝催化剂模块,为1#号样品。将外观形貌完整的废SCR脱硝催化剂模块切割成4个与1#样品体积相等的3×3孔立方体模块,并分别利用其他方法对其进行再生处理,具体为2#号样品经过吹灰、超声波水洗、干燥等物理手段进行再生;3#号样品经过吹灰、超声波水洗、稀硫酸浸泡、水洗、干燥等手段进行再生;4#号样品经过吹灰、超声波水洗、稀硫酸浸泡、水洗、钒酸铵偏钨酸铵草酸混合溶液浸渍、干燥、焙烧等手段进行再生;5#号样品仅经过吹灰处理。在相同试验条件下测试上述各样品的脱硝效率,试验结束后测定上述样品中砷、铁、铜、铅含量。试验结果如下表所示。
测试指标 | 1#号样品 | 2#号样品 | 3#号样品 | 4#号样品 | 5#号样品 |
300℃脱硝率 | 85% | 61% | 69% | 81% | 59% |
350℃脱硝率 | 98% | 66% | 72% | 96% | 62% |
400℃脱硝率 | 93% | 67% | 71% | 93% | 63% |
砷含量 | 3ppm | 299ppm | 185ppm | 177ppm | 303ppm |
铁含量 | 97ppm | 1556ppm | 887ppm | 862ppm | 1597ppm |
铜含量 | <1ppm | 71ppm | 51ppm | 49ppm | 72ppm |
铅含量 | <1ppm | 13ppm | 10ppm | 10ppm | 13ppm |
由上表可见,在300~400℃测试范围内,本发明重构再生钨钒钛复合粉制作的催化剂模块的脱硝性能优于其它再生方法所得的催化剂模块。并且,本发明重构再生钨钒钛复合粉制作的催化剂模块有害元素砷、铁、铜、铅含量最低,从根本上解决了有害元素累积的问题。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将废SCR脱硝催化剂粉末与硫酸混合,并在一定温度下进行硫酸化焙烧,获得焙烧渣;
(2)将步骤(1)所得的焙烧渣与水混合,并按一定比例加入水解抑制剂,在一定温度下进行溶出反应,经固液分离得到溶出渣和粗钛液;
(3)按一定比例将硫化剂加入至步骤(2)所得的粗钛液进行硫化沉淀反应,经固液分离后得到硫化沉淀渣和硫化沉淀后液;
(4)按一定比例将结晶引发剂加入至步骤(3)所得的硫化沉淀后液,在40~80℃下进行第一阶段的选择性水解,使钛优先水解生成锐钛矿型二氧化钛,得到锐钛矿型二氧化钛浆液;
(5)按一定比例将氧化剂加入至步骤(4)所得的锐钛矿型二氧化钛浆液,氧化破坏浆液中的水解抑制剂,在80~100℃下进行第二阶段的共沉淀水解,使钨、钒、钛共同水解并在锐钛矿型二氧化钛表面形成共沉淀包覆,经固液分离水洗便可得到重构再生的钨钒钛复合粉,该复合粉可用于新SCR脱硝催化剂的制备。
2.如权利要求1所述的废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中硫酸的加入量是废SCR脱硝催化剂粉末重量的80wt.%~160wt.%,焙烧温度为150~350℃,焙烧时间为1~3小时。
3.如权利要求1所述的废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中溶出反应的水加入量是焙烧渣中钛重量的8~12倍,溶出温度为60℃以下,溶出时间为1~3小时。
4.如权利要求1所述的废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中所述的水解抑制剂为草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸的一种或几种,水解抑制剂加入量是焙烧渣中钨钼钒总摩尔量的2~5倍。
5.如权利要求1所述的废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中硫化剂为硫化钡、硫化锶、硫化钠、硫化氢、硫化铵、二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠的一种或几种,硫化剂加入量是砷、铁和重金属总摩尔量的40~80倍,硫化沉淀温度为20~70℃,硫化沉淀时间为3~5小时。
6.如权利要求1所述的废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(4)中结晶引发剂为碱性试剂,包括氢氧化钠、氨水、碳酸氢铵、碳酸钠、碳酸铵、碳酸氢钠的一种或几种,结晶引发剂加入量是硫化沉淀后液钛摩尔量的1%~3%。
7.如权利要求1所述的废SCR脱硝催化剂重构再生的方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(5)中氧化剂为硝酸、氯酸钠、双氧水、臭氧、过硫酸铵的一种或几种,氧化剂加入量是水解抑制剂摩尔量的2~5倍。
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