CN112189520A - Ecological breeding method for rice fish - Google Patents
Ecological breeding method for rice fish Download PDFInfo
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- CN112189520A CN112189520A CN202011111954.1A CN202011111954A CN112189520A CN 112189520 A CN112189520 A CN 112189520A CN 202011111954 A CN202011111954 A CN 202011111954A CN 112189520 A CN112189520 A CN 112189520A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
Abstract
The invention is suitable for the technical field of ecological planting and breeding, and provides an ecological planting and breeding method for rice fish, which utilizes rice to provide food for fish such as inhabitation activity, a sun-shading cooling field, aquatic organisms and the like, and excrement and sinking feed discharged by the fish provide high-quality fertilizer for the rice, so that the using amount of the fertilizer is reduced; the fish can eat part of weeds, so that the application of herbicides can be reduced; the movement of the fish can activate soil and fertilizer, so that the soil structure is improved, the fertilizer is easy to absorb, and the growth of rice can be promoted; the rice quality is improved, the market competitiveness is enhanced, the production benefit is obviously improved, and the income of farmers and the rural joy can be promoted; the dosage of pesticide, herbicide and fertilizer is reduced, the pollution of the field surface is reduced, and the agricultural ecological environment is optimized; the advantages of rice and fish are complementary, the symbiosis is mutually beneficial, the dual-purpose double harvest of the field and the water is realized, the development of the two types of society is met, and the organic combination of the planting and breeding and the development of the ecological cycle agriculture are promoted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological planting and breeding, and particularly relates to an ecological planting and breeding method for rice and fish.
Background
Ecological planting and breeding refers to a planting and breeding mode which realizes ecological balance, improves product quality and improves production benefit by utilizing a natural substance circulating system and enabling different organisms to jointly grow in the same environment through corresponding technologies and management measures in a certain planting and breeding space and area according to the symbiotic complementation principle among different cultured organisms.
The existing ecological breeding technology for the rice fishes has some problems, namely, the fish slip and fish ditch area ratio of the fish breeding is too large, so that the rice area is reduced, the yield is reduced, and the grain safety is influenced. Secondly, the construction of a base lacks long-distance planning, the scattered planting and breeding is more, the scale planting and breeding is less, the functions are incomplete, the capability of resisting natural disasters is poor, the industrial chain is short, and the comprehensive benefits are not obvious. Thirdly, the fish slips and the fish ditches are poor in quality, collapse frequently occurs, the dredging project is large, a shed is not built on the fish slips, and the fish is difficult to safely pass through high-temperature and severe summer seasons. And fourthly, the natural bait is insufficient, aquatic plants and plankton are not cultivated in the fish chute and the fish ditch, and the requirement of fish growth cannot be met. Fifthly, the feed is not fed in place. Sixthly, the water level and the water quality are not managed properly, the water level is too deep or too shallow, and when the water quality is eutrophicated, water is not changed and the water body is disinfected in time, so that diseases are easy to occur. The problems restrict the popularization and the application of the ecological planting and breeding technology of the rice and the fish.
Therefore, a scientific, practical, simple and easy rice and fish ecological planting and breeding technology needs to be researched to solve the problems, and the purposes of large-scale popularization and application of the rice and fish ecological planting and breeding technology, product quality improvement, planting and breeding benefit improvement, ecological environment optimization, comprehensive improvement of villages and ecological cycle agricultural development promotion are achieved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an ecological planting and breeding method for rice and fish, and aims to solve the technical problems.
The invention is realized in such a way that a rice fish ecological planting and breeding method comprises the following steps:
(1) selection of production base
The production base is required to have a flat and wide terrain, is convenient for large-scale production, has perfect irrigation and drainage facilities, has strong drought and waterlogging resistance, can keep the drought and waterlogging, has sufficient water source and good water quality in the production place, and has a pH value of 6.5-7.5.
The soil requires low heavy metal content, mercury content is less than or equal to 0.30mg/kg, arsenic content is less than or equal to 20mg/kg, lead content is less than or equal to 50mg/kg, cadmium content is less than or equal to 0.30mg/kg, organic matter content is high, the organic matter content in the soil is 20-25 g/kg, air quality is good, and daily average total suspended particulate matter content in the air is less than or equal to 0.30mg/m3The content of carbon dioxide is less than or equal to 0.15mg/m3The content of nitrogen dioxide is less than or equal to 0.08mg/m3The fluoride content is less than or equal to 0.007mg/m3The environment is beautiful, the traffic is convenient, the main traffic roads, towns and industrial and mining areas are far away, and the pollution of three industrial wastes is avoided.
(2) Infrastructure construction
(21) Place of birth planning
The base construction needs to be from long thought, consideration is passed through, the whole planning is carried out, the foundation facilities such as ditches, roads, greening, irrigation and drainage and irrigation are planned and constructed well, a large-scale and standardized production base with high and stable yield and drought and flood conservation is built, the base construction is carried out according to local conditions from small to large, and the area reaches 20hm gradually2Thus, gridding and scale production are formed.
The method comprises the steps of constructing roads with proper width at certain intervals, excavating drainage and irrigation ditches at two sides of the roads, planting road trees and greening seedlings, installing drainage and irrigation facilities at proper positions, establishing a base with complete functions, enhancing the capability of resisting natural disasters, operating on a proper scale, improving comprehensive benefits, meeting the requirements of modern ecological agriculture development, constructing an industrial development base integrating production, viewing, entertainment, fishing, shopping and food, lengthening an industrial chain, and realizing organic combination of planting, breeding and tourism.
(22) New fish roll
The fish slips are deeper than the water level of the fish grooves and large in volume, the fish slips can be used for fostering the small fishes in the early stage, the fish slips are used for cultivating adult fishes in the middle and later stages, the fishes are collected into the fish slips for catching conveniently during harvesting, a plurality of rice and fish seed fostering districts are arranged, the rice and fish seed fostering districts comprise rice fields, and the area of each rice and fish seed fostering district is 0.5-1 hm2Preferably, every 350m2Newly-built fish slips are 1, and the fish slips account for 6% of the total area of the rice field.
The method comprises the steps of newly building a rectangular fish slide at a proper position, building the fish slide with the length of 7.0m, the width of 3.0m and the depth of 1.2-1.5 m, building a wall on the inner wall of the fish slide by stones or bricks for preventing collapse, building a shading shed with the diameter of 1.8-2 m above the fish slide, covering the shed by a nylon net with the aperture of 10cm, planting vegetables such as towel gourd, balsam pear and hyacinth bean on a pool ridge, climbing the shed for shading and cooling, and enabling the fish to safely pass summer and autumn high-temperature summer season.
(23) Digging fish ditch
The fish ditches are dug into a cross shape or a field shape, the width of each fish ditch is 60-70 cm, the depth of each fish ditch is 60cm, the inner walls of the fish ditches are reinforced by building walls with stones or bricks to prevent collapse, the area of each fish ditch accounts for 6-7% of the total area of the rice field, the fish ditches are dug 1.5m away from the ridges of the field, the ditches are dug straight and are uniformly distributed, the fish ditches are communicated with the fish ditches, and the fish ditches are communicated with. The fish blocking fence is arranged at the joint of the fish chute and the fish ditch.
(24) Mounting fish grid
A water inlet and a water outlet are arranged in each rice and fish breeding district, fish blocking grids are arranged in the water inlet and the water outlet, a water inlet is arranged at the upstream of the drainage and irrigation channel, a water outlet is arranged at the downstream of the drainage and irrigation channel, the water inlet and the water outlet are dug in a diagonal mode, the width of the water inlet and the width of the water outlet are 30-50 cm, and the water inlet and the water outlet are built by stones or bricks.
The fish blocking fence is made of materials such as iron wires, bamboo splits or nylon nets and the like, is made into an arc shape and is 3 times longer than a water inlet and a water outlet, the bottom of the fish blocking fence is inserted into mud by 30cm, the upper part of the fish blocking fence is 20cm higher than a ridge, and the fish blocking fence is installed to prevent fish from escaping and harmful organisms from entering the field to damage the fish.
In order to prevent water from overflowing, a nylon net with 50 meshes is covered by a PVC pipe at a proper position of the ridge to install an overflow port.
(25) Ridge-building block net
The ridge is 70cm high and 50cm wide, and soil of the ridge is compacted and firmly built to prevent water leakage and fish leakage.
In order to prevent fishes from stealing fishes and fishes harmed by harmful organisms such as rats, snakes and the like, the periphery of a ridge of a rice and fish breeding community is blocked by a nylon net, the aperture of the nylon net is 0.5-0.7 cm, the height of the purse net is 80cm, wood piles are planted every 1.5m, and then the nylon net is fixed on the wood piles by nylon ropes.
(3) Rice fish breeding technology
(31) Variety selection
The rice is suitable for selecting medium-quality rice varieties with upright leaves, thick and strong stems, flooding resistance, falling resistance, high quality and high yield, and the main varieties comprise Huiguanyouyou No. 6, Megaouyou 5431, Megaouyou 5455, Guangliangyou 815, Xiang late indica No. 13, nongxiang 32 and the like.
The fish is selected from high temperature resistant, shallow water resistant, fast growing and high quality variety, and the used variety is grass carp, bream, carp, crucian carp, silver carp, bighead carp and the like.
(32) Sterilizing and fertilizing and aquatic bait cultivating
And (3) draining dry water after harvesting the fish from the fish slips and the fish ditches which have already been bred to remove silt and protect slope for disinfection, draining dry water in early spring for disinfection of newly excavated fish slips and fish ditches, spreading 750kg of quicklime for disinfection per hectare, watering after 7 days, applying 10-12 t of thoroughly decomposed human and animal manure per hectare to be mixed with water for fertilization, and putting fish fries after 8-10 days.
Before fish feeding, waterweeds such as waterweeds, hornworts and potamogeton malabaricum are transplanted in the fish chute and the fish ditch, the area of the waterweeds accounts for about 25 percent of the area of the fish chute and the fish ditch, and certain plankton, river snails and the like can be fed to serve as auxiliary bait for the fish.
(33) Fry delivery
And (3) putting the fry into the fish slips in the month 2, opening the fish blocking fence after the rice leaves the roots alive (namely after the middle rice is 6 in the middle ten days), and allowing the fish to enter a fish ditch and the field surface for stocking.
Selecting a fry which is complete in scale, strong in growth, disease-free and injury-free, soaking in 2% -3% saline solution for 3-5 min for disinfection before putting, simultaneously adding field water into the fish container, and putting the fry in the field water for about 10min so as to enhance the adaptability of the fry.
The fry type, the fry feeding mode, the proportion and the fry feeding amount are selected according to the market demand conditions of various regions, and two common fry feeding modes are introduced as follows:
(331) the method is mainly implemented by herbivorous fishes and assisted by omnivorous and filter-feeding fishes
The feed amount of grass carp and bream (calculated by the number of fish feed tails, the same below) is about 65%, the feed amount of carp, crucian carp, silver carp and bighead carp is about 35%, about 50g of grass carp 3750, 30-50 g of bream 750, 30-50 g of carp and crucian carp 1500 and about 250g of silver carp and bighead carp 750 are fed in each hectare.
(332) The method is mainly used for omnivorous fishes and assisted by herbivorous and filter-feeding fishes
The carp and crucian carp feeding amount is about 75%, the bream, silver carp and bighead carp feeding amount is about 25%, about 50g of 3000 fish of carp, 30-50 g of 2000 fish of crucian carp and bream, and about 250g of 1600 fish of silver carp and bighead carp are fed in each hectare.
(34) Transplanting of seedlings
(341) Strong seedling cultivation
Fertilizing a seedbed, ploughing and leveling, sterilizing seeds by using 25% of miamide emulsion, moisturizing and accelerating germination, sowing in the late 5 th ten days to the early 6 th ten days after germination, applying paclobutrazol for 1 time when 2 leaves are in 1 heart, and applying a fertilizer and a medicine to be grafted for 1 time before transplanting.
(342) Fertilizing and field-finishing
Applying enough base fertilizer before field preparation and applying decomposed farmyard manure for 30t/hm245 percent of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer 600kg/hm2Ploughing the field after applying fertilizer, mixing soil and fertilizer, leveling the field surface and leveling the horizontal height differenceThe soil is controlled within 3cm, and the soil is required to be crushed, melted and compacted.
(343) Timely transplanting
The water depth is kept 1.5cm during transplanting, which is convenient for fish to move freely, and the rice is slightly larger than single-crop rice in row spacing and density, the row spacing is 18cm, the row spacing is 28cm, and the density is 18 kilo-stump/hm2About 20 million stumps/hm2And preferably, transplanting 5-6 seedlings per stump by using a machine and a hand.
(35) Bait throwing
According to the feeding principle, baits are fed according to the principle of fixed point, timing, quantification and quality determination, and the fixed point is to select relatively fixed fish slips, fish ditches and other places for feeding; feeding at regular time, namely 8-9 am and 3-4 pm; the fish is fed quantitatively, namely according to the weight of 3-5 percent of the fish body; and (4) feeding high-quality bait after the quality is determined, and preferably eating the bait within about 4 hours after the feed is fed.
In the feeding method, natural baits in an edible field are taken as main materials in the early stage of the fry, organic fertilizers are applied to fertilize water, and aquatic plants and plankton are cultivated to provide sufficient natural baits for the fry.
The middle and later stages mainly feed artificial feed, mainly feed complete puffed feed, compound feed, wheat bran, rice bran, bean dregs, tender grass, vegetable leaves, leftovers and the like, and can also feed insects caught by moth-luring lamps as auxiliary materials.
The bait is thrown slowly in the fry stage, more in the fast growth stage, less in winter, and normally in good weather, and less in rainy and stuffy days.
(36) Moisture management
(361) Water level regulation
The method comprises the steps of keeping 4-5 cm deep water layer stump survival of rice, promoting tillering by 1.8cm deep water layer, draining water to expose the surface of a field when seedlings are sufficient, drying the field until the rice is not sunk into mud by feet, then rehydrating, and keeping sufficient water during heading and alternate drying and wetting during strong seeds.
The water level management of the fish slips and the fish ditch changes along with the change of seasons, and the water depth of the fish slips is kept 1.2-1.3 m from 2 months to 6 months; the water level gradually deepens from the middle ten days of 6 months to 10 months, and the fish slide water depth is 1.3-1.5 m; the fish ditch is 0.6-0.8 m in water depth; after the rice is harvested, the water level continues to deepen, the water depth of the fish chute is 1.4-1.6 m, and the water depth of the fish ditch is 0.8-1.0 m.
(362) Water quality control
Water is changed frequently to avoid eutrophication.
The water temperature is low from 2 months to 5 months, water is changed for 1 time every 15-25 days, and water is changed for 1/5-1/4 each time; the water temperature is higher from 6 months to 10 months, water is changed for 1 time every 8-10 days, and water is changed for 1/4-1/3 each time; the water is changed for about 1 time every 25 days from 11 months to 1 month in the next year, and the water is changed for about 1/5 each time.
The water body disinfection is carried out for 1 time in each half month in high-temperature seasons and each month in low-temperature seasons, 750kg of quicklime is added with water or 4500 times of solution of 0.45 percent of povidone iodine for each hectare, so that the water quality is kept good, the dissolved oxygen is sufficient, and the transparency is high.
(37) Disease and pest control
The diseases and pests of rice are controlled by agricultural, biological and physical methods, and the diseases and pests are locally controlled by high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides when occurring.
The fish disease is difficult to prevent and treat after the fish disease occurs, the key is to grab and prevent, the preventive measures are to make a water body and sterilize a fish container, feed high-quality feed and forbid feeding of rotten and deteriorated feed, the fish needs to properly control feeding in a busy season, increase the dissolved oxygen of the water body, maintain the micro-ecological balance of the water body, keep the water body fresh, apply special fertilizer water to optimize the water quality, degrade toxic substances such as ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrite, hydrogen sulfide and the like in the water, regularly use fish drugs to prevent the disease, and if feed containing 1.8 percent of terramycin, have good preventive effect on the fish disease.
(38) Enhanced patrol
The fish fence is inspected for 1 time in the morning, noon and evening every day, the fish fence is damaged and repaired in time, the field ridge leaks water and blocks up a leak in time, the field ridge overflows and is heightened in time to reinforce the field ridge, the fish is prevented from escaping, sick fish are picked up outside the field in time to prevent disease from spreading, the water quality is deteriorated, when the fish floats, the water is changed, the oxygen is increased and disinfected in time, and enemy organisms are found and removed in time.
(39) Harvesting at the right time
The rice is harvested when more than 95% of grains turn yellow and are fully full, the rice is harvested when fish grows to reach the specification of a commodity, the rice can be harvested all the year round in old rice and fish fields, the new rice and fish fields are harvested in 8 months, the rice and fish fields are harvested by using a fishing tool at ordinary times, large and small fishes are caught and left, the rice and fish fields are listed in batches, the rice and fish fields are harvested in dry fields before spring festival, field water is slowly discharged in the evening, the fishes are concentrated in fish slips and fish ditches, the fishes are caught by a fishing net, the fishes are timely placed in clear water for temporary feeding, the large fishes are listed, and the small fishes are continuously fed.
After fishing, the ridge is reinforced in time, facilities are maintained, sludge in the fish slips and the fish ditches is removed, lime water is used for disinfection, high-quality organic fertilizer is applied, water plants and plankton are cultivated after rehydration, and the next round of rice and fish culture is started.
In the ecological planting and breeding method for the rice fish, the rice provides food such as inhabitation activities, sun-shading and cooling places, aquatic organisms and the like for the fish, and excrement and sinking feed discharged by the fish provide high-quality fertilizer for the rice, so that the using amount of the fertilizer is reduced; the fish can eat part of weeds, so that the application of herbicides can be reduced; the movement of the fish can activate soil and fertilizer, so that the soil structure is improved, the fertilizer is easy to absorb, and the growth of rice can be promoted; the rice quality is improved, the market competitiveness is enhanced, the production benefit is obviously improved, and the income of farmers and the rural joy can be promoted; the dosage of pesticide, herbicide and fertilizer is reduced, the pollution of the field surface is reduced, and the agricultural ecological environment is optimized; the advantages of rice and fish are complementary, the symbiosis is mutually beneficial, the dual-purpose double harvest of the field and the water is realized, the development of the two types of society is met, and the organic combination of the planting and breeding and the development of the ecological cycle agriculture are promoted.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The embodiment of the invention provides a method for ecologically breeding rice and fish, which comprises the following steps:
(1) selection of production base
The production base is required to have a flat and wide terrain, is convenient for large-scale production, has perfect irrigation and drainage facilities, has strong drought and waterlogging resistance, can keep the drought and waterlogging, has sufficient water source and good water quality in the production place, and has a pH value of 6.5-7.5.
The mercury content of the soil is less than or equal to 0.30mg/kg, the arsenic content is less than or equal to 20mg/kg, the lead content is less than or equal to 50mg/kg, the cadmium content is less than or equal to 0.30mg/kg, the organic matter content of the soil is 20-25 g/kg, and the daily average total suspended particulate matter content in the air is less than or equal to 0.30mg/m3The content of carbon dioxide is less than or equal to 0.15mg/m3The content of nitrogen dioxide is less than or equal to 0.08mg/m3The fluoride content is less than or equal to 0.007mg/m3And the method is far away from main traffic roads, towns and industrial and mining areas, and has no industrial three-waste pollution.
(2) Infrastructure construction
(21) Place of birth planning
Roads with proper width are built at certain intervals, irrigation and drainage ditches are dug at two sides of the roads, street trees and green seedlings are planted, and irrigation and drainage facilities are installed at proper positions.
(22) New fish roll
A plurality of rice and fish breeding districts are arranged, the rice and fish breeding districts comprise rice fields, and the area of each rice and fish breeding district is 1hm2Every 350m2Newly-built fish slips are 1, and the fish slips account for 6% of the total area of the rice field.
Newly building a rectangular fish roll with the length of 7.0m, the width of 3.0m and the depth of 1.5m, building walls on the inner wall of the fish roll by stone, building a shed with the diameter of 2m above the fish roll, covering the shed by a nylon net with the aperture of 10cm, and planting loofahs on the ridges of the pond to climb onto the shed.
(23) Digging fish ditch
The fish ditches are dug into a cross shape, the width of each fish ditch is 70cm, the depth of each fish ditch is 60cm, the inner walls of the fish ditches are reinforced by building walls with stones, the area of each fish ditch accounts for 7% of the total area of the rice field, the fish ditches are dug 1.5m away from the ridges, the fish ditches are dug straight and are uniformly distributed, the fish ditches are communicated with the fish ditches, and the fish ditches are communicated with the fish. The fish blocking fence is arranged at the joint of the fish chute and the fish ditch.
(24) Mounting fish grid
Each rice and fish breeding district is provided with a water inlet and a water outlet, then fish barriers are arranged on the water inlet and the water outlet, the water inlet is arranged at the upstream of the drainage and irrigation channel, the water outlet is arranged at the downstream, the water inlet and the water outlet are dug in a diagonal manner, the width of the water inlet and the water outlet is 50cm, and the water inlet and the water outlet are built by stones.
The fish blocking fence is made of iron wires, is made into an arc shape and is 3 times longer than the water inlet and the water outlet, the bottom of the fish blocking fence is inserted into the mud by 30cm, and the upper part of the fish blocking fence is 20cm higher than the ridge.
And covering a 50-mesh nylon net on the ridge by using a PVC pipe to install an overflow port.
(25) Ridge-building block net
The ridge is 70cm high and 50cm wide, and soil of the ridge is compacted and firmly built.
The periphery of a ridge in a small rice and fish breeding area is blocked by a nylon net, the aperture of the nylon net is 0.7cm, the height of the purse net is 80cm, timber piles are planted every 1.5m, and then the nylon net is fixed on the timber piles by nylon ropes.
(3) Rice fish breeding technology
(31) Variety selection
The rice is selected from Huiyangyou No. 6 which has upright leaves, thick and strong stems, flooding resistance, falling resistance, high quality and high yield.
The fish is selected from grass carp, bream, carp, crucian carp, silver carp and bighead carp which have high temperature resistance, shallow water resistance, fast growth and excellent quality.
(32) Sterilizing and fertilizing and aquatic bait cultivating
The fish slips and the fish ditches are disinfected after being drained in early spring, 750kg of quicklime is spread and disinfected in each hectare, water is poured after 7 days, 12t of decomposed human and animal manure is applied in each hectare to be mixed with water body for fertilizing, and fish fries are put in after 10 days.
Before fish feeding, the fish slips and the fish ditch are transplanted with waterweeds, the area of the waterweeds accounts for 25 percent of the area of the fish slips and the fish ditch, and plankton and river snails are fed in.
(33) Fry delivery
And (3) putting the fry into the fish slips in the month 2, opening the fish blocking fence after the rice leaves the roots alive (namely after the middle rice is 6 in the middle ten days), and allowing the fish to enter a fish ditch and the field surface for stocking.
Selecting fish fry with complete scales, strong growth, no disease and no injury, soaking in 3% salt solution for 5min before throwing, adding water into the fish container, and putting the fish fry in the container for 10 min.
(331) The method is mainly implemented by herbivorous fishes and assisted by omnivorous and filter-feeding fishes
The feed amount of grass carp and bream (counted by feed amount of fish tails) is 65%, the feed amount of carp, crucian carp, silver carp and bighead carp is 35%, 50g of 3750 g of grass carp and 3750 g of bream are fed per hectare, 30-50 g of carp and crucian carp are 1500 tails, and 250g of silver carp and bighead carp are 750 tails.
(34) Transplanting of seedlings
(341) Strong seedling cultivation
Fertilizing a seedbed, ploughing and leveling, sterilizing seeds by using 25% of miamide emulsion, moisturizing and accelerating germination, sowing in the late 5 th ten days to the early 6 th ten days after germination, applying paclobutrazol for 1 time when 2 leaves are in 1 heart, and applying a fertilizer and a medicine to be grafted for 1 time before transplanting.
(342) Fertilizing and field-finishing
Applying enough base fertilizer before field preparation and applying decomposed farmyard manure for 30t/hm245 percent of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer 600kg/hm2After fertilizing, turning over the field soil, uniformly mixing the soil and the fertilizer, leveling the field surface, controlling the horizontal height difference within 3cm, and finishing and melting the soil.
(343) Timely transplanting
The water depth is kept 1.5cm, the plant spacing is 18cm, the row spacing is 28cm, and the density is 20 thousands of stumps/hm during transplanting2The mechanical transplanting and the manual transplanting are suitable, and 6 seedlings are transplanted per stump.
(35) Bait throwing
Selecting relatively fixed fish slips and fish ditch places for feeding, and feeding at 8-9 am and 3-4 pm; feeding 5% of the fish body weight, feeding high-quality baits, and eating the baits within 4 hours after feeding.
The feeding method is characterized in that natural baits in an edible field are taken as main materials in the early stage of the fry, organic fertilizers are applied to fertilize water, and aquatic plants and plankton are cultivated.
The middle and later stages mainly feed artificial feed, mainly feed complete puffed feed, compound feed, wheat bran, rice bran, bean dregs, tender grass, vegetable leaves, leftovers and leftovers, and also feed insects caught by moth-luring lamps as auxiliary materials.
The bait is thrown slowly in the fry stage, more in the fast growth stage, less in winter, and normally in good weather, and less in rainy and stuffy days.
(36) Moisture management
(361) Water level regulation
The rice keeps a water layer with the depth of 5cm alive stump, a water layer with the depth of 1.8cm promotes tillering, when seedlings are sufficient, the water is drained to expose the surface of the field and is dried until the feet do not sink mud, then the water is rehydrated, and the period of ear sprouting is kept to be full of water and the period of seed strengthening is alternated between dry and wet.
Keeping the water depth of the fish in the last ten days from month 2 to month 6 to be 1.3 m; the water level gradually deepens from the middle ten days of 6 months to 10 months, and the fish running water depth is 1.5 m; the depth of the fish ditch is 0.8 m; after the rice is harvested, the water level continues to deepen, the water depth of the fish chute is 1.6m, and the water depth of the fish ditch is 1.0 m.
(362) Water quality control
The water temperature is lower from 2 months to 5 months, water is changed for 1 time every 25 days, and water is changed for 1/4 each time; the water temperature is higher from 6 months to 10 months, water is changed for 1 time every 10 days, and water is changed for 1/3 each time; water was changed 1 time every 25 days from month 11 to month 1 next year, each time with water 1/5.
The water body disinfection is carried out for 1 time in each half month in high-temperature seasons and each month in low-temperature seasons, 750kg of quicklime is added into water for per hectare to carry out the water body disinfection, so that the water quality is kept to be good, the dissolved oxygen is sufficient, and the transparency is high.
(37) Disease and pest control
When the plant diseases and insect pests occur, high-efficiency low-toxicity pesticide is used for local prevention and control.
The water body is well made, the fish container is disinfected, and high-quality feed is fed, so that the fish can properly control feeding in the busy ingestion season, the dissolved oxygen amount of the water body is increased, the micro-ecological balance of the water body is maintained, the freshness of the water body is kept, the water quality is optimized by applying special fertilizer water, the toxic substances such as ammonia nitrogen, nitrite and hydrogen sulfide in the water are degraded, and the feed containing 1.8% of oxytetracycline is fed regularly.
(38) Enhanced patrol
The fish fence is inspected for 1 time in the morning, noon and evening every day, the damaged fish fence is found and repaired in time, the field ridge leaks water and blocks up a leak in time, the field ridge overflows and is heightened in time to reinforce the field ridge, sick fish are picked up outside the field in time, the water quality is deteriorated, when the fish floats, the water is changed, the oxygen is increased and disinfected in time, and enemy organisms are found and removed in time.
(39) Harvesting at the right time
Harvesting rice when more than 95% of grains turn yellow and are fully full, harvesting fish when the fish grows to reach the specification of a commodity, harvesting the fish by using a fishing tool at ordinary times, catching the large and small fish, putting the large and small fish into the market in batches, harvesting the dry field before the spring festival, slowly discharging field water in the evening to enable the fish to be concentrated into a fish chute and a fish ditch, catching the fish by using a fishing net, putting the fish into clear water in time for temporary feeding, putting the large fish into the market, and continuously feeding the small fish.
After fishing, the ridge is reinforced in time, facilities are maintained, sludge in the fish slips and the fish ditches is removed, lime water is used for disinfection, high-quality organic fertilizer is applied, water plants and plankton are cultivated after rehydration, and the next round of rice and fish culture is started.
In the ecological planting and breeding method for the rice fish provided by the embodiment of the invention, the rice provides food such as inhabitation activities, sun-shading and cooling places, aquatic organisms and the like for the fish, and excrement and sinking feed discharged by the fish provide high-quality fertilizer for the rice, so that the using amount of the fertilizer is reduced; the fish can eat part of weeds, so that the application of herbicides can be reduced; the movement of the fish can activate soil and fertilizer, so that the soil structure is improved, the fertilizer is easy to absorb, and the growth of rice can be promoted; the rice quality is improved, the market competitiveness is enhanced, the production benefit is obviously improved, and the income of farmers and the rural joy can be promoted; the dosage of pesticide, herbicide and fertilizer is reduced, the pollution of the field surface is reduced, and the agricultural ecological environment is optimized; the advantages of rice and fish are complementary, the symbiosis is mutually beneficial, the dual-purpose double harvest of the field and the water is realized, the development of the two types of society is met, and the organic combination of the planting and breeding and the development of the ecological cycle agriculture are promoted.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A rice fish ecological planting and breeding method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) the production base is selected, the terrain of the production base is flat and wide, drainage and irrigation facilities are complete, the production base has drought and waterlogging resistance, the production base has sufficient water source, the pH value of water is 6.5-7.5, the transportation is convenient, the production base is far away from main transportation main roads, towns and industrial and mining areas, and no industrial three-waste pollution exists;
(2) infrastructure construction:
(21) planning a production place, building a road in a production base, excavating irrigation and drainage channels at two sides of the road, planting road trees and greening seedlings, and installing irrigation and drainage facilities;
(22) newly building a fish slip, arranging a plurality of rice fish breeding districts, wherein the rice fish breeding districts comprise a rice field, and the area of each rice fish breeding district is 0.5-1 hm2Every 350m2Newly building 1 fish slip, wherein the fish slip accounts for 6% of the total area of the rice field, newly building a rectangular fish slip, the length of the fish slip is 7.0m, the width of the fish slip is 3.0m, the depth of the fish slip is 1.2-1.5 m, and building walls on the inner wall of the fish slip by using stones or bricks;
(23) excavating fish ditches, wherein the fish ditches are dug into a cross shape or a field shape, the width of each fish ditch is 60-70 cm, the depth of each fish ditch is 60cm, the inner walls of the fish ditches are built with stones or bricks, the area of each fish ditch accounts for 6% -7% of the total area of the rice field, the fish ditches are excavated 1.5m away from ridges, the ditches are straight and uniformly distributed, the fish ditches are communicated with the fish ditches, the fish ditches are communicated with fish runners, and fish blocking fences are arranged at the joints of the fish runners and the fish ditc;
(24) installing fish fences, installing a water inlet and a water outlet in each breeding community of the rice and fish, installing fish barriers at the water inlet and the water outlet, installing a water inlet at the upstream of an irrigation and drainage channel, installing a water outlet at the downstream of the irrigation and drainage channel, excavating the water inlet and the water outlet diagonally, building the water inlet and the water outlet with the width of 30-50 cm by stones or bricks, manufacturing the fish barriers by using iron wires, bamboo strips or nylon nets, making the fish barriers into arc shapes, enabling the fish barriers to be 3 times longer than the water inlet and outlet, inserting the bottoms of the fish barriers into mud for 30cm, enabling the upper parts of the fish barriers to be higher than ridges of the fields by about 20cm, and covering 50-mesh nylon nets on the ridges by using PVC pipes to install overflow ports;
(25) building ridges and blocking nets, wherein the ridges are 70cm high and 50cm wide, compacting and firmly building ridge soil, surrounding the ridges of the small rice and fish breeding area by nylon nets, the aperture of each nylon net is 0.5-0.7 cm, the height of each surrounding net is 80cm, planting timber piles at intervals of 1.5m, and fixing the nylon nets on the timber piles by nylon ropes;
(3) breeding rice and fish:
(31) selecting varieties, namely selecting medium-grade rice varieties with upright leaves, thick and strong stems, flooding resistance, falling resistance, high quality and high yield for the rice, and selecting varieties with high temperature resistance, shallow water resistance, fast growth and high quality for the fish;
(32) sterilizing, fertilizing and cultivating aquatic baits, namely putting dry water into fish slips and fish ditches which have already been bred, removing silt, protecting slope and sterilizing after the fishes are harvested, sterilizing the newly excavated fish slips and fish ditches after the dry water is put in early spring, spreading 750kg of quicklime for sterilization per hectare, irrigating after 7 days, then applying 10-12 t of rotten human and animal manure per hectare, and putting fish fries and cultivating aquatic organisms after 8-10 days;
(33) putting the fish fries, namely putting the fish fries into the fish slips in 2 months, opening a fish blocking fence after the roots of the rice live, allowing the fish to enter a fish ditch and a field surface for stocking, selecting the fish fries which are complete in scales, strong in growth, disease-free and injury-free, soaking the fish fries in 2-3% of salt solution for 3-5 min for disinfection before putting, simultaneously adding water into a fish container, and putting the fish fries into the fish container for about 10 min;
(34) seedling raising and transplanting, (341) strong seedling raising, seedbed fertilizing, plowing and leveling, seed disinfection by using 25% miamide emulsion, moisturizing and accelerating germination, sowing in the last ten days of 5 months to the last ten days of 6 months after germination, applying paclobutrazol for 1 time when 2 leaves are in 1 heart, applying fertilizer and medicine before transplanting for 1 time; (342) fertilizing and field-finishing, wherein enough base fertilizer and decomposed farmyard manure are applied before field-finishing245 percent of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer 600kg/hm2Ploughing the field after fertilizing, uniformly mixing soil and fertilizer, leveling the field surface, controlling the horizontal height difference within 3cm, and finishing and melting the soil; (343) transplanting at proper time, wherein the water depth is kept at 1.5cm, the plant spacing is 18cm, the row spacing is 28cm, and the density is 18 thousands of roots/hm2About 20 million stumps/hm25-6 seedlings are transplanted in each stump;
(35) bait is thrown, natural bait in an edible field is taken as the main material in the early stage of the fry, organic fertilizer is applied to fertilize water, and aquatic plants and plankton are cultivated; in the middle and later periods, artificial feed is mainly fed, complete expanded feed, compound feed, wheat bran, rice bran, bean dregs, tender grass, vegetable leaves, leftovers and/or leftovers are fed as main materials, insects caught by moth-luring lamps are fed as auxiliary materials, less bait is fed in the fry period, more bait is fed in the fast growth period, less bait is fed in winter, normal feeding is carried out in good weather, and feeding is reduced in rainy and hot days;
(36) water management, (361) water level adjustment, wherein the rice keeps 4-5 cm deep water layer living roots, 1.8cm deep water layer promotes tillering, when enough seedlings are obtained, the water is drained to expose the field surface and is dried until the feet do not sink mud, then rehydration is carried out, enough water is kept during heading, and dry and wet alternation is carried out during strong seeds; (362) the water quality is regulated and controlled, and water is changed frequently, so that eutrophication is avoided;
(37) disease and pest control, local control is carried out by using high-efficiency low-toxicity pesticide when diseases and pests occur, a fish container is disinfected, high-quality feed is fed, fish is controlled to feed in a busy season, the dissolved oxygen amount of a water body is increased, special fertilizer water is applied to optimize water quality, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite and hydrogen sulfide in water are degraded, and the fish drug is used for preventing diseases at regular intervals;
(38) the inspection is enhanced, the inspection is carried out for 1 time in the morning, the noon and the evening every day, the damage of the fish grid is found, the leak is timely repaired, the water leakage of the ridge is timely blocked, the ridge overflow is timely heightened to reinforce the ridge, the sick fish are timely picked up outside the field, the water quality is deteriorated, the water is timely changed, the oxygen is increased and disinfected when the fish float, and the harmful organisms are found to be timely removed in the field;
(39) harvesting in good time, harvesting rice when more than 95% of grains turn yellow and are fully full, harvesting when fish grows to reach the specification of a commodity, harvesting old rice and fish fields all the year round, harvesting new rice and fish fields in 8 months, harvesting by using a fishing tool at ordinary times, harvesting the new rice and fish fields in batches, selling the new rice and fish fields, drying the fields before spring festival, slowly discharging field water in the evening to enable the fish to be concentrated in a fish chute and a fish ditch, fishing the fish by using a fishing net, temporarily feeding the new rice and fish in clear water in time, selling the big fish and continuing feeding the small fish, reinforcing a ridge in time after fishing, maintaining facilities, removing sludge in the fish chute and the fish ditch, disinfecting by using lime water, applying high-quality organic fertilizer, cultivating aquatic plants and plankton after rehydration, and starting the next round of rice and fish culture.
2. The ecological planting and breeding method of rice fish as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step (22) further comprises: when the fish roll is newly built, a shed of 1.8-2 m is built above the fish roll, the shed is covered by a nylon net with the aperture of 10cm, and then loofah, bitter gourd and/or hyacinth beans are planted on the ridge and climb onto the shed.
3. The ecological planting and breeding method of rice fish as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step (32) further comprises: when aquatic bait is cultivated, before throwing fish, the waterweed, the goldfish algae and/or the malayan eyeweed are transplanted in the fish slips and the fish ditches, the area of the waterweed accounts for 25 percent of the area of the fish slips and the fish ditches, and plankton and vivipara are thrown.
4. The ecological rice and fish farming method according to claim 1, wherein in step (35), when baits are thrown, the baits are thrown at 8-9 am and 3-4 pm, and high-quality baits are thrown according to 3% -5% of the weight of the fish.
5. The ecological planting and breeding method for rice fishes as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (361), the water depth of the fish is kept between 1.2 m and 1.3m from 2 months to 6 months; the water level gradually deepens from the middle ten days of 6 months to 10 months, the water depth of the fish slide is 1.3-1.5 m, and the water depth of the fish ditch is 0.6-0.8 m; after the rice is harvested, the water level continues to deepen, the water depth of the fish chute is 1.4-1.6 m, and the water depth of the fish ditch is 0.8-1.0 m.
6. The ecological planting and breeding method for rice and fish as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (362), water is changed every 15-25 days for 1 time in 2 months to 5 months, and each time the water is changed is 1/5-1/4; changing water for 1 time every 8-10 days in 6-10 months, wherein the water is changed for 1/4-1/3 each time; changing water for 1 time every 25 days from 11 months to 1 month in the next year, changing water for 1/5 every time, and performing water disinfection for 1 time every half month or every month, wherein 750kg of quicklime is added with water or 4500 times of solution of 0.45% povidone iodine for water disinfection for each hectare.
7. The ecological planting and breeding method for rice and fish as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (31), the rice variety selected is Hui liangyou No. 6, Megan Youyou No. 5431, Megan Youyou No. 5455, Guang liangyou 815, Xiang late indica No. 13 or nongxiang No. 32.
8. The ecological rice fish breeding method of claim 1, wherein in the step (31), the selected fish species are grass carp, bream, carp, crucian carp, silver carp or bighead carp.
9. The ecological planting and breeding method of rice fish as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step (33) further comprises: (331) grass-feeding fishes are taken as main materials, omnivorous and filter-feeding fishes are taken as auxiliary materials, and the feed amount of grass carp and bream is 65%, the feed amount of carp, crucian carp, silver carp and bighead carp is 35%, 50g of grass carp and 3750 g of bighead carp, 30-50 g of bream and 750 g of carp and crucian carp, 30-50 g of carp and 1500 tail, and 250g of silver carp and bighead carp are fed in each hectare; (332) the method is characterized in that the method mainly comprises omnivorous fishes, the herbivorous fishes and filter-feeding fishes are supplemented, the feeding amount of carps and crucian carps is 75%, the feeding amount of bream, silver carp and bighead carp is 25%, 50g of 3000 fish of carps, 30-50 g of 2000 fish of crucian carps and bream, and 250g of chub and bighead carp are 1600 fish per hectare.
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| CN114097553A (en) * | 2021-09-14 | 2022-03-01 | 李先斌 | Comprehensive planting and breeding method for interplanting rice and acorus gramineus soland and breeding fish |
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