CN112110733B - 一种陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN112110733B
CN112110733B CN202011307413.6A CN202011307413A CN112110733B CN 112110733 B CN112110733 B CN 112110733B CN 202011307413 A CN202011307413 A CN 202011307413A CN 112110733 B CN112110733 B CN 112110733B
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高龙飞
李松
彭喆
柴笑笑
张雪梅
安楠
肖沅谕
路秋勉
武元娥
刘红影
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Beijing Composite Material Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明提供一种陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法,陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的增强材料为石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的混编织物,基体材料为氮化硼陶瓷或硅氮硼陶瓷。石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的混编织物中,石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的质量比为1:(0.2‑5)。该陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法将石英纤维和氮化硅纤维编织成混编织物,作为复合材料的增强材料,混编织物保留着单种纤维的优点,从而可通过提高氮化物陶瓷基复合材料的烧结温度,充分发挥氮化物陶瓷基体材料特性,制备的复合材料在力学性能、耐温性、介电性能能等方面展示出优异性能。

Description

一种陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于高温透波材料技术领域,具体涉及一种陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着高超声速导弹和再入飞行器研制需求的提出,天线罩的耐高温性能和抗冲击性能面临极大挑战,氮化硅、氮化硼等氮化物陶瓷基复合材料逐渐在高温透波材料领域展现出其优势。氮化物陶瓷基体是一类强共价键化合物,具有优良的耐高温、抗氧化、耐烧蚀、抗热震、耐化学腐蚀以及良好的高温介电和透波性能。在高温透波材料领域,与目前成熟使用的二氧化硅陶瓷基复合材料相比,氮化物陶瓷基复合材料的力学性能、耐高温性能、耐烧蚀性能更佳,已成为国内外新一代高温透波材料的研究热点。
氮化物陶瓷基复合材料的密度、热导率、线膨胀、比热容、拉伸、弯曲、压缩、介电、烧蚀等性能都与氮化物基体材料息息相关,但是氮化物陶瓷基复合材料的耐温性能主要由增强纤维决定。石英纤维作为一种技术成熟、性能优异的高温透波纤维已成熟应用,由于石英纤维在烧结温度达到600℃时强度保留率约为20%,烧结温度达到1200℃时强度保留率为0%,因此石英纤维增强氮化物陶瓷基复合材料的烧结温度一般不超过600℃,在此温度下烧结得到的氮化物基体未充分陶瓷化,无法发挥其最佳性能。氮化硅纤维是近年来一种属于国防高科技重要战略材料领域快速发展的高性能耐高温透波增强纤维,其使用温度可以达到1400℃以上,具有良好的耐高温性能以及优良的介电性能,通过陶瓷基体致密化后,可应用于高温透波材料领域。但是氮化硅纤维脆性大、编织性差,且市售价格大约是石英纤维的40倍,若全部采用氮化硅纤维增强氮化物陶瓷基复合材料显然成本太高。
发明内容
本发明解决的技术问题是提供一种陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法,将石英纤维和氮化硅纤维编织成混编织物,作为复合材料的增强材料,混编织物保留着单种纤维的优点,从而可通过提高氮化物陶瓷基复合材料的烧结温度,充分发挥氮化物陶瓷基体材料特性,制备的复合材料在力学性能、耐温性、介电性能能等方面展示出优异性能。
为了解决上述问题,本发明的一个方面提供一种陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料,所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的增强材料为石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的混编织物,基体材料为氮化硼陶瓷或硅氮硼陶瓷。
其中,石英纤维具有韧性好、编织性好的优点,但其在高温下强度保留率低;而氮化硅纤维的耐高温性能好,拉伸强度、模量和介电常数高,但脆性大、编织性差,且价格昂贵,将两种纤维混编后,混编织物可同时具有石英纤维和氮化硅纤维各自的优点,从而可通过提高氮化物陶瓷基复合材料的烧结温度,充分发挥氮化物陶瓷基体材料特性,得到在力学性能、耐温性、介电性能能等方面均具有优异性能的复合材料。
优选地,所述石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的混编织物中,石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的质量比为1:(0.2-5)。由于石英纤维重量比越高,混编纤维耐高温性能越差,拉伸强度、模量、介电常数越低;而氮化硅纤维重量比越高,混编纤维的韧性越差、编织性越差,且成本显著增加。经前期对多种石英纤维与氮化硅纤维比例的尝试,发现当石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的质量比为1:(0.2-5)时,混编纤维可同时获得较好的耐高温性能,较高的拉伸强度、模量、介电常数,且成本合理。
本发明的另一个方面提供一种制备上述的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1. 按照选定的质量比,取石英纤维、氮化硅纤维织造陶瓷纤维混编织物;
S2. 采用液态环硼氮烷或硅氮硼烷对步骤S1中所述陶瓷纤维混编织物进行浸渍;
S3. 对步骤S2中浸渍后的陶瓷纤维混编织物进行固化,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体;
S4. 对步骤S3中所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体进行烧结,得到所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料。
优选地,还包括在步骤S4之后进行步骤S5:
S5. 将步骤S4得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料重复步骤S2至步骤S4 3-8次,进行复合材料循环致密化,得到高致密化度的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料。
优选地,步骤S1中,采用三向正交编织工艺对石英纤维、氮化硅纤维进行混编织造,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物。
优选地,步骤S2之前,还包括步骤S1a:
S1a. 将步骤S1得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物于0.2~10MPa、40~120℃的条件下浸没于乙醇、丙酮中的一种或者两种混合溶剂中处理3-24小时,然后于50~120℃下烘干3-24小时。
优选地,步骤S2中,采用真空灌注的方法对步骤S1中所述陶瓷纤维混编织物进行液态环硼氮烷或硅氮硼烷的浸渍。
优选地,步骤S3中,固化条件为:将浸渍后的陶瓷纤维混编织物先在20-40℃、0.5~10MPa的条件下固化1~10h,然后再在60~150℃、1~15MPa的条件下固化48~240h。
优选地,步骤S4中,烧结条件为:将所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体置于真空中,于1300~1600℃温度下烧结1-5h。由于上述混编织物具有较好的耐高温性能,作为复合材料的增强材料后,复合材料中间体可在更高的温度下烧结,而提高氮化物陶瓷基复合材料的烧结温度,可充分发挥氮化物陶瓷基体材料特性,获得的复合材料具有优异的力学性能、耐温性、介电性能。
本发明的再一方面提供一种采用上述的制备陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的方法制备得到的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料。
本发明与现有技术相比,具有以下有益效果:
1. 本发明的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法,采用石英纤维与氮化硅纤维混编织物作为增强材料,其中,石英纤维具有韧性好、编织性好的优点,但其在高温下强度保留率低;而氮化硅纤维的耐高温性能好,拉伸强度、模量和介电常数高,但脆性大、编织性差,且价格昂贵,将两种纤维混编后,混编织物可同时具有石英纤维和氮化硅纤维各自的优点,从而可通过提高氮化物陶瓷基复合材料的烧结温度,充分发挥氮化物陶瓷基体材料特性,得到在力学性能、耐温性、介电性能能等方面均具有优异性能的复合材料;
2.由于石英纤维重量比越高,混编纤维耐高温性能越差,拉伸强度、模量、介电常数越低;而氮化硅纤维重量比越高,混编纤维的韧性越差、编织性越差,且成本显著增加。本发明前期进行了大量工作,对多种石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的各种比例进行了尝试,发现当石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的质量比为1:(0.2-5)时,混编纤维可同时获得较好的耐高温性能,较高的拉伸强度、模量、介电常数,且成本合理;
3.本发明的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料及其制备方法,由于上述混编织物具有较好的耐高温性能,作为复合材料的增强材料后,复合材料中间体可在更高的温度下烧结,而提高氮化物陶瓷基复合材料的烧结温度,可充分发挥氮化物陶瓷基体材料特性,获得的复合材料具有优异的力学性能、耐温性、介电性能。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明的实施例,对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
本实施例的制备陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1. 按照石英纤维:氮化硅纤维质量比为1:0.2合股,采用三向正交编织工艺对石英纤维、氮化硅纤维进行混编织造,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物;
S1a. 将步骤S1得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物于5MPa、70℃的条件下浸没于无水乙醇溶剂中处理10小时,然后于80℃下烘干8小时;
S2. 采用真空灌注的方法对所述陶瓷纤维混编织物进行液态环硼氮烷的浸渍,具体为,将步骤S1a得到的处理后的陶瓷纤维混编织物置于密闭容器内,对容器进行抽真空处理,使得织物的内的空气排净,然后将液态环硼氮烷吸入密闭容器内;
S3. 将步骤S2得到的浸渍后的陶瓷纤维混编织物转移到压力容器内进行固化,固化条件为:先在常温25℃、4MPa的条件下固化6h,然后再在70℃、10MPa的条件下固化60h,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体;
S4. 对步骤S3中所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体进行烧结,烧结条件为:将所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体置于真空中,于1400℃温度下烧结1h,得到所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料;
S5. 将步骤S4得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料重复步骤S2至步骤S4 4次,进行复合材料循环致密化,得到高致密化度的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料。
实施例2
本实施例的制备陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1. 按照石英纤维:氮化硅纤维质量比为1:1合股,采用三向正交编织工艺对石英纤维、氮化硅纤维进行混编织造,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物;
S1a. 将步骤S1得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物于3MPa、90℃的条件下浸没于无水乙醇溶剂中处理6小时,然后于100℃下烘干5小时;
S2. 采用真空灌注的方法对所述陶瓷纤维混编织物进行液态环硼氮烷的浸渍,具体为,将步骤S1a得到的处理后的陶瓷纤维混编织物置于密闭容器内,对容器进行抽真空处理,使得织物的内的空气排净,然后将液态环硼氮烷吸入密闭容器内;
S3. 将步骤S2得到的浸渍后的陶瓷纤维混编织物转移到压力容器内进行固化,固化条件为:先在常温、2MPa的条件下固化10h,然后再在100℃、12MPa的条件下固化48h,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体;
S4. 对步骤S3中所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体进行烧结,烧结条件为:将所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体置于真空中,于1350℃温度下烧结2h,得到所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料;
S5. 将步骤S4得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料重复步骤S2至步骤S4 5次,进行复合材料循环致密化,得到高致密化度的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料。
实施例3
本实施例的制备陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1. 按照石英纤维:氮化硅纤维质量比为1:0.6合股,采用三向正交编织工艺对石英纤维、氮化硅纤维进行混编织造,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物;
S1a. 将步骤S1得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物于10MPa、80℃的条件下浸没于无水乙醇和丙酮的混合溶剂中处理3小时,然后于120℃下烘干10小时;
S2. 采用真空灌注的方法对所述陶瓷纤维混编织物进行液态环硼氮烷的浸渍,具体为,将步骤S1a得到的处理后的陶瓷纤维混编织物置于密闭容器内,对容器进行抽真空处理,使得织物的内的空气排净,然后将液态硅氮硼烷先驱体吸入密闭容器内;
S3. 将步骤S2得到的浸渍后的陶瓷纤维混编织物转移到压力容器内进行固化,固化条件为:先在常温、10MPa的条件下固化10h,然后再在120℃、10MPa的条件下固化24h,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体;
S4. 对步骤S3中所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体进行烧结,烧结条件为:将所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体置于真空中,于1500℃温度下烧结1h,得到所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料;
S5. 将步骤S4得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料重复步骤S2至步骤S4 6次,进行复合材料循环致密化,得到高致密化度的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料。
实施例4
本实施例的制备陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的方法,包括以下步骤:
S1. 按照石英纤维:氮化硅纤维质量比为1:5合股,采用三向正交编织工艺对石英纤维、氮化硅纤维进行混编织造,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物;
S1a. 将步骤S1得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物于1MPa、120℃的条件下浸没于无水乙醇和丙酮的混合溶剂中处理20小时,然后于50℃下烘干20小时;
S2. 采用真空灌注的方法对所述陶瓷纤维混编织物进行液态环硼氮烷的浸渍,具体为,将步骤S1a得到的处理后的陶瓷纤维混编织物置于密闭容器内,对容器进行抽真空处理,使得织物的内的空气排净,然后将液态环硼氮烷吸入密闭容器内;
S3. 将步骤S2得到的浸渍后的陶瓷纤维混编织物转移到压力容器内进行固化,固化条件为:先在常温、1MPa的条件下固化2h,然后再在80℃、5MPa的条件下固化72h,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体;
S4. 对步骤S3中所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体进行烧结,烧结条件为:将所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体置于真空中,于1600℃温度下烧结1h,得到所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料;
S5. 将步骤S4得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料重复步骤S2至步骤S4 8次,进行复合材料循环致密化,得到高致密化度的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料。
实施例5
本实施例的制备陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的方法,石英纤维:氮化硅纤维质量比为1:0.1,其余步骤与实施例1相同。
实施例6
本实施例的制备陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的方法,石英纤维:氮化硅纤维质量比为1:8,其余步骤与实施例1相同。
对比例
本对比例的制备陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的方法,陶瓷纤维混编织物采用质量比为1:0.2的石英纤维与氮化硼纤维混编,其余步骤与实施例1相同。
陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料性能测试
对上述各实施例、对比例得到的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的弯曲性能、高温力学性能、介电性能进行测试,弯曲性能测试依据标准GB/T1447;高温力学性能依据标准DqES398-2002;介电性能测试的方法为短路波导法。
上述各实施例与对比例的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的弯曲性能、高温力学性能、介电性能测试结果如下表1。Si3N4纤维和BN 纤维在高温下均具有优异透波性能,但在空气中900℃以上BN 纤维会发生明显的氧化现象且氧化产物易挥发难以在纤维表面形成氧化膜,严重影响了 BN 纤维在高温空气中的使用,而本申请的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料具有优异的弯曲性能、高温力学性能、介电性能。其中,实施例1-4为优选实施方案,其弯曲性能、高温力学性能、介电性能相比于实施例5、6更加优异。
表1
Figure 879086DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
显然,上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明所作的举例,而并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而由此所引伸出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明创造的保护范围之中。

Claims (4)

1.一种陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料,其特征在于:
所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的增强材料为石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的混编织物,基体材料为氮化硼陶瓷或硅氮硼陶瓷;所述石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的混编织物中,石英纤维与氮化硅纤维的质量比为1:(0.2-5);
所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:
S1. 按照选定的质量比,取石英纤维、氮化硅纤维织造陶瓷纤维混编织物,采用三向正交编织工艺对石英纤维、氮化硅纤维进行混编织造,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物;
S1a. 将步骤S1得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物于0.2~10MPa、40~120℃的条件下浸没于乙醇、丙酮中的一种或者两种混合溶剂中处理3-24小时,然后于50~120℃下烘干3-24小时;
S2. 采用液态环硼氮烷或硅氮硼烷对步骤S1a得到的处理后的陶瓷纤维混编织物进行浸渍;
S3. 对步骤S2中浸渍后的陶瓷纤维混编织物进行固化,得到陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体;
S4. 对步骤S3中所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体进行烧结,得到所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料;
S5. 将步骤S4得到的所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料重复步骤S2至步骤S4 3-8次,进行复合材料循环致密化,得到高致密化度的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料,其特征在于:
步骤S2中,采用真空灌注的方法对步骤S1a得到的处理后的陶瓷纤维混编织物进行液态环硼氮烷或硅氮硼烷的浸渍。
3.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料,其特征在于:
步骤S3中,固化条件为:将浸渍后的陶瓷纤维混编织物先在常温、0.5~10MPa的条件下固化1~10h,然后再在60~150℃、1~15MPa的条件下固化48~240h。
4.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料,其特征在于:
步骤S4中,烧结条件为:将所述陶瓷纤维混编织物增强陶瓷基复合材料中间体置于真空中,于1300~1600℃温度下烧结1-5h。
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