CN112007691A - 一种铂-钯双金属催化剂及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种铂-钯双金属催化剂及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 97
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- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
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- YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Pd+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O YJVFFLUZDVXJQI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
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- NWAHZABTSDUXMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Pt+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O NWAHZABTSDUXMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种铂‑钯双金属催化剂的制备方法,该方法包括:将含钯前驱体溶液浸渍到催化剂载体上,浸渍后载体在空气气氛中于80~150℃下干燥6~18h;在空气气氛中于250~550℃下焙烧3~6h,降至室温后切换为氢气气氛升温还原,并在氢气或惰性气氛中降至室温制得催化剂前体‑1;将含铂前驱体溶液浸渍到催化剂前体‑1上,浸渍后催化剂前体‑1在空气气氛中于80~150℃下干燥6~36h制得催化剂前体‑2,然后于氢气气氛中升温还原,制得铂‑钯双金属催化剂。本发明方法制得的催化剂是由具有核‑壳结构的铂‑钯双金属纳米颗粒和多孔复合载体组成,化剂活性中心的核‑壳结构组成可控、尺寸可调,具有优良的长周期运转稳定性和抗烧结性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化剂材料领域,具体涉及一种铂-钯双金属催化剂及其制备方法,以及该铂-钯双金属催化剂在重芳烃轻质化中的应用。
背景技术
催化重整、乙烯裂解、芳烃歧化及异构化和煤高温炼焦等装置副产的C10 +重芳烃虽富含潜在经济价值较高的多环芳烃,但现有技术难以清洁高效利用,目前C10 +重芳烃主要是通过简单精馏分离提取价值较高的均四甲苯、偏三甲苯和萘等化学品提高其附加值,剩余大部分用作低价燃料。以增产高附加值三苯等轻质芳烃的重芳烃轻质化技术是实现劣质重芳烃清洁高效利用的重要途径之一。
重芳烃轻质化催化剂是典型的双功能催化剂,其加氢活性中心类型可分为:①镍、钼等非贵金属加氢中心,②铂、钯等贵金属加氢中心。镍、钼等非贵金属的加氢活性较低、需在较苛刻的反应条件下进行,导致非贵金属重芳烃轻质化催化剂普遍存在处理能力差、液收低和轻质芳烃收率低等问题。纳米铂颗粒具有优良的低压加氢活性,可在缓和条件下实现重芳烃的高效转化;但负载型铂纳米颗粒在高温下易发生热聚反应导致铂颗粒长大,影响催化剂长周期稳定性,研究表明,引入第二金属特别是贵金属钯形成铂-钯双金属合金,催化剂的稳定性显著提升。
专利CN104338530B公开了一种负载型铂基多金属催化剂制备方法,该方法通过精确调控不同金属含量制备出具有均一稳定的铂钯合金纳米颗粒,提高负载型铂基多金属催化剂的抗烧结性能,但合金的颗粒尺寸较大(≤10nm),且合金颗粒中各金属的分布难以精准控制。
专利CN107790123A公开了一种液相还原法制备铂-钯双金属催化剂方法,该方法所制备催化剂的活性中心粒径适宜和分布均匀,但难以控制所制备活性中心的合金组成和结构,且制备工艺复杂难以大规模工业生产。
专利CN104174392B公开了一种担载型铂基多金属催化剂一步制备方法,该方法是在液相中还原铂钯前驱体,利用多孔载体与铂钯纳米颗粒间的静电吸附作用制得担载型Pt基多金属催化剂,由于活性组分在载体上作用力较小,因此所制备催化剂加氢中心的热稳定性较差。
专利CN1081223C、USP5308814及USP5346612分别公开了采用分步法、共浸法及分浸法制备铂-钯双金属催化剂的方法,由于贵金属负载量通常较低,采用专利中公开的制备方法在催化剂中引入铂和钯,活性组分分散度通常较高,但所制备催化剂上铂钯合金程度较低,不能充分发挥铂-钯双金属的协同效应。
综上所述目前用于制备铂-钯双金属催化剂的方法中,传统浸渍法制备铂-钯催化剂上活性中心的合金程度低,且形成的合金中多以铂为核、钯为壳,具有高芳烃加氢活性的铂只有少量分布在钯壳层表面,导致铂的整体原子利用率低,严重影响催化剂的加氢活性;部分方法可以用于制备具有合金结构的铂-钯双金属纳米颗粒,但其结构难以精准控制。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种铂-钯双金属催化剂及其制备方法,解决现有技术制备的铂-钯双金属催化剂上活性中心合金程度低、结构组成不合理等问题,该方法可精准控制所制备铂-钯双金属催化剂上活性中心的结构和组成,提高催化剂的长周期稳定性。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提供了一种铂-钯双金属催化剂及其制备方法,该制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)将含钯前驱体溶液浸渍到催化剂载体上,浸渍后载体在空气气氛中于80~150℃下干燥6~18h;在空气气氛中于250~550℃下焙烧3~6h,降至室温后切换为氢气气氛升温还原,并在氢气或惰性气氛中降至室温制得催化剂前体-1;
2)将含铂前驱体溶液浸渍到催化剂前体-1上,浸渍后催化剂前体-1在空气气氛中于80~150℃下干燥6~36h制得催化剂前体-2;
3)将2)中制得催化剂前体-2于氢气气氛中升温还原,制得铂-钯双金属催化剂;
所述钯前驱体用量使得单质钯含量为基于所述复合载体质量的0.05~0.5%,所述铂前驱体用量使得单质铂含量为基于所述复合载体质量的0.05~0.5%,所述的铂钯单质质量比为0.2~5.0:1。
根据本发明上述技术方案,所述催化剂载体为催化重整催化剂、加氢裂化催化剂或重芳烃轻质化催化剂等多相催化剂中常用的各种载体,优选氧化铝、USY分子筛、β分子筛、ZSM-5分子筛及ZSM-22分子筛中的一种或几种混合物与粘结剂混捏成型。
所述钯前驱体优选选自氯钯酸、醋酸钯、硝酸钯、二氯四氨合钯及二硝基四氨合钯中任意一种或任意比例的几种混合物。
所述铂前驱体优选选自氯铂酸、硝酸铂、二氯四氨合铂、二硝基四氨合铂、四氯六氨合铂及四硝基六氨合铂中任意一种或任意比例的几种混合物。
所述的浸渍采用等体积浸渍法或过饱和浸渍法中的任意一种,浸渍条件优选温度为10~100℃,时间为6~24h。
所述的还原条件优选包括还原温度为150~500℃,升温速率为0.2~5.0℃/min,还原时间为1~6h,氢气流量为基于复合载体质量的2~5%g/h。
本发明还提供了上述制备方法制备得到的铂-钯双金属催化剂。所述催化剂优选为核-壳结构的铂-钯双金属纳米颗粒和多孔复合载体组成,其中铂-钯双金属纳米颗粒尺寸在1~3nm。
本发明进一步提供了上述铂-钯双金属催化剂在重芳烃轻质化中的应用,其中,所述的反应条件为:反应温度为320~460℃,反应压力:1.5~5.0MPa,重时空速:0.5~2.5h-1,氢烃体积比:500~1000。
与现有技术制备的相同贵金属含量催化剂相比,采用本发明制备的铂-钯双金属催化剂是由具有核-壳结构的铂-钯双金属纳米颗粒和多孔复合载体组成,金属颗粒尺寸在1~3nm之间,催化剂活性中心的核-壳结构组成可控、尺寸可调,具有更优的长周期运转稳定性和抗烧结性能,解决传统负载型铂-钯双属催化剂活性中心结构难以有效控制的问题。具体地,以某炼厂C10 +重芳烃为原料,评价结果表明,根据本发明方法制得的催化剂处理C10 +重芳烃的运转周期明显优于共浸渍法制备的参比催化剂。究其原因,是因为本发明提供的催化剂制备方法首先是制备出还原态单钯催化剂,利用还原条件下可移动的铂前驱体被钯纳米颗粒捕获,在钯颗粒的催化作用下还原,形成钯核铂壳的核壳结构,大幅提升铂钯双金属的合金化程度和铂的整体原子利用率;通过调控钯核颗粒尺寸、分布与铂前驱体的匹配关系,可使本发明所制备催化剂的活性中心组成可调、尺寸可控。
附图说明
图1为采用TEM-EDS Mapping能谱分析本发明实施例1制备得到的Pt@Pd/BZ-1催化剂中贵金属的分布状态图。
图2是本发明实施例1与参比例催化剂的评价结果图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实例说明该发明过程,应当理解的是,此处所描述的具体实施方式仅用于说明和解释本发明,但并不用于限制本发明。
实施例1
1)将80g Beta分子筛(干基)与80g ZSM-5分子筛(干基)及40g拟薄水铝石(干基)与10g田菁粉混合均匀,加入120g 9%醋酸溶液,混合后捏成泥状,将产品在挤条机挤出为条形催化剂,室温下空气氛围干燥12h,120℃下空气氛围干燥8h,在空气气氛下550℃焙烧6h,制得复合载体。
2)将含0.2g单质钯的硝酸四氨合钯固体溶解在100ml去离子水中,用浓氨水将溶液调至pH至9~10,将溶液定容至120ml制得浸渍液。
3)将2)中制备的浸渍液于30℃下逐滴加入到200g复合载体中,等体积浸渍6h后置于120℃的烘箱中烘干6h,将上述催化剂置于管式炉中在空气气氛下450℃焙烧4h;在空气气氛中冷却至室温后,切换为氢气气氛,并按0.5℃/min程序升温至400℃恒温2h,在氢气气氛中冷却至室温制得催化剂前体-1,编号为:Pd/BZ;
4)将含0.1g单质铂的硝酸四氨合铂固体溶解在100ml去离子水中,用浓氨水将溶液调至pH至9~10,将溶液定容至120ml制得浸渍液;
5)将4)中制备的浸渍液于30℃下逐滴加入到催化剂前体-1中,等体积浸渍6h后置于120℃的烘箱中烘干24h制得催化剂前体-2;
6)将5)中制得的催化剂前体-2于管式炉中在流量为3g/h的氢气气氛下,按0.5℃/min程序升温至400℃恒温2h,制得铂-钯双金属重芳烃轻质化催化剂,编号为:Pt@Pd/BZ-1。
实施例2
1)将80g Beta分子筛(干基)与80g ZSM-5分子筛(干基)及40g拟薄水铝石(干基)与10g田菁粉混合均匀,加入120g 9%醋酸溶液,混合后捏成泥状,将产品在挤条机挤出为条形催化剂,室温下空气氛围干燥12h,120℃下空气氛围干燥8h,在空气气氛下550℃焙烧6h,制得复合载体。
2)将含0.2g单质钯的硝酸四氨合钯固体溶解在100ml去离子水中,用浓氨水将溶液调至PH至9~10,将溶液定容至120ml制得浸渍液。
3)将2)中制备的浸渍液于30℃下逐滴加入到200g复合载体中,等体积浸渍6h后置于120℃的烘箱中烘干6h,将上述催化剂置于管式炉中在空气气氛中下450℃焙烧4h;在空气气氛中冷却至室温后,切换为氢气气氛,并按0.5℃/min程序升温至400℃恒温2h,在氢气气氛中冷却至室温制得催化剂前体-1;
4)将含0.1g单质铂的硝酸四氨合铂固体溶解在100ml去离子水中,用浓硝酸将溶液调至PH至2~3,将溶液定容至120ml制得浸渍液;
5)将4)中制备的浸渍液于30℃下逐滴加入到催化剂前体-1中,等体积浸渍6h后置于120℃的烘箱中烘干24h制得催化剂前体-2;
6)将5)中制得的催化剂前体-2于管式炉中在流量为3g/h的氢气气氛下,按0.5℃/min程序升温至400℃恒温2h,制得铂-钯双金属重芳烃轻质化催化剂,编号为:Pt@Pd/BZ-2。
参比例1
1)将80g Beta分子筛(干基)与80g ZSM-5分子筛(干基)及40g拟薄水铝石(干基)与10g田菁粉混合均匀,加入120g 9%醋酸溶液,混合后捏成泥状,将产品在挤条机挤出为条形催化剂,室温下空气氛围干燥12h,120℃下空气氛围干燥8h,在空气气氛下550℃焙烧6h,制得复合载体。
2)将含0.2g单质钯的硝酸四氨合钯固体和含0.2g单质铂的硝酸四氨合铂固体溶解在100ml去离子水中,用浓氨水将溶液调至PH至9~10,将溶液定容至120ml制得浸渍液。
3)将2)中制备的浸渍液于30℃下逐滴加入到200g复合载体中,等体积浸渍6h后置于120℃的烘箱中烘干6h,将上述催化剂置于管式炉中在空气气氛中下450℃焙烧4h制得铂-钯双金属参比催化剂,编号为:Pt-Pd/BZ。
参比例2
1)将80g Beta分子筛(干基)与80g ZSM-5分子筛(干基)及40g拟薄水铝石(干基)与10g田菁粉混合均匀,加入120g含9%醋酸的浸渍液,混合后捏成泥状,将产品在挤条机挤出为条形催化剂,室温下空气氛围干燥12h,120℃下空气氛围干燥8h,在空气气氛下550℃焙烧6h,制得复合载体。
2)将含0.2g单质铂的硝酸四氨合铂固体溶解在100ml去离子水中,用浓氨水将溶液调至PH至9~10,将溶液定容至120ml制得浸渍液。
3)将2)中制备的浸渍液于30℃下逐滴加入到200g复合载体中,等体积浸渍6h后置于120℃的烘箱中烘干6h,取其中100g上述催化剂置于管式炉中在空气气氛中下450℃焙烧4h制得负载型铂催化剂,编号为:Pt/BZ-1;另外的100g催化剂用于在参比例3中制备催化剂。
参比例3
参比例中2未焙烧的催化剂于管式炉中在流量为3g/h的氢气气氛下,按0.5℃/min程序升温至400℃恒温2h制得负载型铂催化剂,编号为:Pt/BZ-2。
采用氢氧化学滴定的方法分析上述实施例与参比例催化剂中的贵金属粒径大小,对比下表中催化剂活性中心的粒径大小结果,说明采用原子捕获所制备的Pt-Pd双金属并非各自成核,Pt是以Pd为核心继续长大。
催化剂编号 | 贵金属含量 | 粒径/nm |
Pd/BZ | 0.2%Pd | 2.078 |
Pt/BZ-1 | 0.1%Pt | 1.100 |
Pt/BZ-2 | 0.1%Pt | 1.656 |
Pt-Pd/BZ | 0.2Pd+0.1Pt | 1.845 |
Pt@Pd/BZ-1 | 0.2Pd+0.1Pt | 2.633 |
Pt@Pd/BZ-2 | 0.2Pd+0.1Pt | 2.854 |
图1为采用TEM-EDS Mapping能谱分析实施例1中编号为Pt@Pd/BZ-1催化剂中贵金属的分布状态,表征结果表明,实施例1中编号为Pt@Pd/BZ-1催化剂上Pt和Pd均分散均匀,且Pd、Pt出现区域具有较大的重叠性,可从微观角度确认本发明所制备催化剂的活性中心为Pt壳Pd核的核-壳结构。
上述实施例催化剂用于劣质C10 +重芳烃轻质化多产轻质BTX芳烃时,其主要评价条件为:反应温度:320~460℃,反应压力:1.5~5.0MPa,重时空速:0.5~2.5h-1,氢烃体积比:500~1000。
C10 +重芳烃原料性质如表1所示。
表1C10 +重芳烃原料性质
实施例与参比例催化剂的评价结果如图2所示,从评价结果可以看出,(1)参比催化剂Pt/BZ-2的活性较差,催化剂迅速失活无显著活性平台期;(2)实施例1中Pt@Pd/BZ-1催化剂的稳定性显著优于参比例Pt-Pd/BZ的稳定性;上述评价结果从反应角度确认本发明所制备催化剂的活性中心为Pt壳Pd核的核-壳结构。
Claims (7)
1.一种铂-钯双金属催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
1)将含钯前驱体溶液浸渍到催化剂载体上,浸渍后载体在空气气氛中于80~150℃下干燥6~18h;在空气气氛中于250~550℃下焙烧3~6h,降至室温后切换为氢气气氛升温还原,并在氢气或惰性气氛中降至室温制得催化剂前体-1;
2)将含铂前驱体溶液浸渍到催化剂前体-1上,浸渍后催化剂前体-1在空气气氛中于80~150℃下干燥6~36h制得催化剂前体-2;
3)将2)中制得催化剂前体-2于氢气气氛中升温还原,制得铂-钯双金属催化剂;
所述钯前驱体用量使得单质钯含量为基于所述复合载体质量的0.05~0.5%,所述铂前驱体用量使得单质铂含量为基于所述复合载体质量的0.05~0.5%,所述的铂钯单质质量比为0.2~5.0:1。
2.根据权利要求1所述制备方法,其特征在于,
所述催化剂载体为氧化铝、USY分子筛、β分子筛、ZSM-5分子筛及ZSM-22分子筛中的一种或几种混合物与粘结剂混捏成型。
3.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述钯前驱体选自氯钯酸、醋酸钯、硝酸钯、二氯四氨合钯及二硝基四氨合钯中任意一种或任意比例的几种混合物;
所述铂前驱体选自氯铂酸、硝酸铂、二氯四氨合铂、二硝基四氨合铂、四氯六氨合铂及四硝基六氨合铂中任意一种或任意比例的几种混合物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,
步骤1)和步骤2)所述的浸渍为等体积浸渍或过饱和浸渍的任意一种,浸渍温度为10~100℃,浸渍时间为6~24;
步骤1)和步骤3)所述的还原条件包括还原温度为150~500℃,升温速率为0.2~5.0℃/min,还原时间为1~6h,氢气流量为基于复合载体质量的2~5%g/h。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一所述的制备方法制备得到的铂-钯双金属催化剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的铂-钯双金属催化剂,其特征在于,所述催化剂为核-壳结构的铂-钯双金属纳米颗粒和多孔复合载体组成,其中铂-钯双金属纳米颗粒尺寸在1~3nm。
7.一种权利要求6所述的铂-钯双金属催化剂在重芳烃轻质化中的应用,其特征在于,所述的反应条件为:反应温度为320~460℃,反应压力:1.5~5.0MPa,重时空速:0.5~2.5h-1,氢烃体积比:500~1000。
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