CN111937732A

CN111937732A - Floating-plate seedling raising method for leaf lettuce and lettuce

Info

Publication number: CN111937732A
Application number: CN202010849247.6A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 吴俨; 旦艺豪; 刘燕; 蒋梓烨; 杨文佳
Original assignee: Guiyang University
Current assignee: Guiyang University
Priority date: 2020-08-21
Filing date: 2020-08-21
Publication date: 2020-11-17

Abstract

The invention discloses a floating plate seedling raising method for leaf lettuce and lettuce. The method can solve the problem that overwintering seedlings, early spring seedlings (meeting low temperature, overcast and rainy days, poor illumination and high humidity) and overwintering seedlings (meeting high temperature, high heat and drought) are difficult to produce in production, and because the seedling culture method of the invention firstly carries out seed germination and seedling emergence in a flat disc and then transfers the seedlings to a floating disc, the difficulty that lettuce and leaf lettuce seeds are small, uneven sowing is caused in the sowing process, or manual sowing is carried out in a hole and a grain is avoided. Generally, the time and labor are saved in operation, the seed germination rate is high, seedlings grown in a floating mode are neat and strong, the survival rate of the seedlings transplanted to a field is high, and the seedlings are quickly revived.

Description

Floating-plate seedling raising method for leaf lettuce and lettuce

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, in particular to a floating plate seedling method for leaf lettuce and lettuce.

Background

The leaf of Chinese lettuce is called as Indian lettuce and Hedysari lettuce. Lactuca sativa L.of the genus Lactuca of the family Compositae, the stock is produced on the coast of the Mediterranean sea. Annual or biennial herbs. The leaf lettuce is rich in a large amount of vitamin A, vitamin B1 and vitamin B2, and also contains various essential trace elements of calcium, iron, selenium and the like. The leaf lettuce is rich in nutrition, fresh and tender in taste, can be eaten both raw and cooked, is the top grade of raw vegetables, and is plain with the reputation of the name of phoenix tail. The leaf lettuce is also rich in ascorbic acid and folic acid, and the ascorbic acid can stimulate the hematopoietic function of a human body, promote the conversion of cholesterol in blood and reduce blood fat; folic acid can protect heart and blood vessels. Lettuce contains nearly one time more calcium than lettuce.

Lettuce (var. ramosa Hort.) is commonly known as leaf lettuce, also called goose lettuce, marker lettuce and lettuce, and belongs to Lactuca of Compositae. Is an annual or biennial herb crop, has long and inverted egg-shaped leaves, is densely packed into cabbage-shaped leaf balls, can be eaten raw, is crisp, tender and tasty, and is slightly sweet. Lettuce is native in Europe, Mediterranean coast, and is domesticated by wild species. The lettuce contains interferon inducer, and can stimulate normal cells of human body to produce interferon, resist virus, and improve immunity. Lettuce contains a substance called protocatechuic acid, has obvious inhibition effect on cancer cells, and particularly has obvious effect on resisting digestive system cancers such as gastric cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer and the like. Vitamin E, carotene and the like in the lettuce can protect eyes, maintain normal vision and relieve eye dryness and fatigue. Lettuce contains abundant vitamin C, and has whitening effect. The lettuce has high content of dietary fiber and other nutrients, and has the function of eliminating excessive fat after being eaten frequently, so the lettuce has the reputation of losing weight. The lettuce planting density is 667m²About 5000 strains are generally transplanted after seedling culture, so the lettuce seedlings have huge demand. The lettuce seeds are small, the heat dormancy degree is high, and the specification is smallThe modeling seedling raising field generally adopts a plug seedling raising method or a floating seedling raising method.

During the seedling raising and emergence of the vegetables, the seedlings are fragile and are easy to be infected or wilted due to factors such as environment, nutritional conditions and the like, so that the water and fertilizer management and the pest control during the seedling raising are extremely important. The traditional seedling raising mode has the advantages of large occupied area, high labor consumption, difficult water and fertilizer management, easy generation of large-area soil-borne diseases and insect pests, easy initiation of greenhouse microclimate with much field water accumulation and high temperature, and more seedling damages. The floating tray seedling culture not only can carry out standard even seedling culture, simultaneously because do not adopt soil as the medium, has also avoided a series of soil-borne plant diseases and insect pests, and the seedling cave of floating tray has guaranteed the ventilation gas permeability between the seedling owing to the interval is fixed and even, has also alleviateed the harmfulness of disease and insect to a certain extent.

Float seedling culture belongs to the soilless culture technique of protected area, utilize fashioned expanded polystyrene check dish as the carrier in greenhouse or plastic canopy, load up and fill with artificially prepared suitable matrix, then float seedling dish in the pond, accomplish sprouting, growth and the seedling process of becoming seedling, call float seedling culture. The seedling-raising plate floats in a water bed containing nutrition, and absorbs water and nutrients required by seedling growth through the capillary action of the matrix, thereby achieving the purposes of strong and neat seedlings, no diseases and pests, low seedling-raising cost and high efficiency. The floating disc technology has the following characteristics: one hole is grown into seedlings, the water and fertilizer are sufficient, the problems of water and nutrient competition are not involved, the seedlings are mutually independent, the seedling pre-growing time is short, the seedlings are fast to grow, the root system is complete, no virus is spread, the survival rate is high, the method is also suitable for long-distance transportation, the defects of serious soil-borne diseases, more insect pests and weeds, difficult prevention and removal and the like existing in soil seedling culture are effectively overcome, and the method also has the outstanding advantages of field saving, seed saving, simple method, technical specification, robust and consistent seedlings, developed root systems, high transplanting survival rate and the like.

In recent years, the floating tray seedling raising technology is applied to vegetable seedling raising, and through years of improvement and innovation, substantial breakthrough is achieved in aspects of cost control, seedling shed facility construction, plug specification, seeding tools, substrate and nutrient solution formula, pest control and the like, the effect is obvious, and the problems of difficult production of overwintering seedlings, early spring seedlings (meeting low temperature, overcast and rainy days, little illumination and high humidity) and overwintering seedlings (meeting high temperature, high heat and drought) in vegetable production are solved. This technique is specifically analyzed below.

Lettuce and lettuce have huge demand and economic benefit at present in China, and the difficulty of adopting other seedling culture methods lies in that: at present, most of the existing seedling raising methods are used for seeding and raising seedlings, the seeding spacing is controlled to be uniform and appropriate, the seeding and earthing thickness is about 1cm, the thickness is uniform, and the earthing thickness is thinner after germination acceleration; in the seedling raising process, direct sunlight is avoided, sufficient water needs to be kept, soil is kept moist, and water cannot be too much to accumulate soil; more easily transmit various difficulties such as soil-borne diseases and insect pests and the like, and has troublesome operation.

The main difficulties of the seedling culture of lettuce and leaf lettuce are as follows: (1) the seeds are small, the precision rate of sowing is directly influenced, and the seeds are seriously wasted; (2) the dormancy degree of the seeds is high, particularly the heat dormancy, and the germination rate and the uniformity are seriously influenced; (3) the labor amount for transplanting seedlings is large and centralized in the conventional sowing management period, and the seedling raising cost is increased.

The floating plate seedling raising has the advantages that: the seedling spacing is standard and fixed, the seeding is uniform, and the seedlings are convenient to ask; during seedling raising, the water content required by the sprouts can be reasonably controlled, in the floating tray seedling raising process, the seedling raising matrix has the water absorption and retention capacity, nutrient elements are accumulated in water in the water pool, nutrient substances are also absorbed by the matrix in the water absorption process, and the problem that the water and fertilizer are difficult to control in the seedling raising process is well solved.

Secondly, the floating tray seedling culture is easy to realize standardized production, and is convenient for large-scale seedling culture and industrialized three-dimensional seedling culture; meanwhile, the seedlings grow rapidly and vigorously, the vegetable seedlings have good quality and developed root systems, the seedling raising time can be shortened by 5-7 days, and the seeds can be saved by more than 50%; the root is not damaged during the planting, and the seedlings are quickly revived and well grown after the planting.

The floating plate floating technology is a green, environment-friendly and pollution-free technical product. It belongs to soilless seedling culture, and reduces soil-borne diseases; the growth environment condition is cleaner and more sanitary, and the plant diseases and insect pests are reduced. In addition, the roots of the seedlings fully absorb water and nutrients, the roots grow well and are uniform, and the strong seedling rate of the seedlings and the survival rate after transplanting are higher than those of the traditional seedlings. The fertilizer consumption can be reduced, the seedling raising cost is saved, the resources and the land are saved, and the transportation is convenient.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides a floating tray seedling method for leaf lettuce and lettuce, which has the advantages of reducing the labor for transplanting, saving the seedling land, facilitating the management, being beneficial to culturing strong seedlings, improving the seedling rate and the like. The floating plate seedling raising of the leaf lettuce and the lettuce can solve the problem that overwintering seedlings, early spring seedlings (meeting low temperature, overcast and rainy days, little sunshine and high humidity) and overwintering seedlings (meeting high temperature, high heat and drought) are difficult to produce in vegetable production.

The method is realized by the following technical scheme: a floating-plate seedling raising method for leaf lettuce and lettuce is characterized by comprising the following steps:

1) preparing a seedling culture substrate: comprises a flat-plate seedling raising substrate and floating-plate seedling raising soil; wherein the flat-plate seedling raising substrate comprisesPearlite, decomposed plant straw, peat, vermiculite powder and mushroom leftover bits and piecesOrganic fertilizer, then composting, fermenting and decomposing, and sieving for later use; the composition of the floating tray seedling raising soil comprises, by mass, 4-6 parts of seedling raising matrix, 2-3 parts of vegetable garden soil and 3-4 parts of organic fertilizer, the seedling raising matrix, the vegetable garden soil and the organic fertilizer are fully and uniformly mixed to obtain the floating tray seedling raising soil, and water is added to uniformly moisten the floating tray seedling raising soil.

2) Flat-plate seedling culture: arranging a three-dimensional hollow net at the bottom of the flat plate to isolate redundant moisture, and laying a layer of seedling culture medium with the thickness of 2-5cm on the three-dimensional hollow net; soaking the seeds in warm water for accelerating germination for 1-2 hours, uniformly scattering the seeds on a substrate in a broadcasting mode, then covering a flat-plate seedling substrate with the thickness of 1-2cm, softly covering the seeds with the flat-plate seedling substrate, and slightly scraping and covering soil; spraying water on the flat plate once a day to keep the substrate wet; culturing until the length of the seedling is 4-5 cm;

3) water injection: injecting water 2-6 days before floating plate seedling culture, wherein the water injection depth is 8-20 cm;

4) filling seedling soil into a floating tray: putting the moist floating tray seedling raising soil prepared in the step 2) into a floating tray, wherein the floating tray seedling raising soil is not compacted, spraying water, stirring the moist soil until the soil is slightly kneaded by hands, and then agglomerating the soil and loosening the soil; holes are formed below each groove of the floating plate, so that the seedling raising soil can be kept in contact with the water surface;

5) transferring the seedlings from the seedling flat tray to a floating tray: transferring when the seedling grows 1-2 true leaves; the roots of the seedlings are ensured to completely enter the seedling raising soil, and no overlarge gap is formed between the floating tray seedling raising soil and the seedlings;

6) the floating disc is transferred into water: placing the floating tray in a clean water pool, wherein the seedlings in the floating tray are not watered in the whole process, the water pool is not changed, and the floating seedlings are grown for 10-15 days; soaking each floating disc in water for 20-30h, taking out, and placing in a greenhouse for ventilating for 10-15 h; the temperature of the floating seedling culture in the daytime is 22-28 ℃, the temperature at night is 14-18 ℃, and the humidity is 50-60%.

7) Transplanting: transplanting the seedlings growing to 2-3 true leaves into field soil after floating seedling raising, transferring the seedlings together with a matrix during transplanting, keeping the temperature of the seedlings to be more than 25 ℃ in the daytime and more than 15 ℃ at night, and completing seedling revival after 5-8 days.

In the flat-plate seedling raising substrate, the mass ratio of perlite, decomposed plant straw, peat, vermiculite powder, mushroom leftovers to organic fertilizer is 1-2: 1-2; the organic fertilizer comprises cow dung and wormcast.

The seedling raising environment for the flat-plate seedling raising in the step 2) is as follows: the temperature of 22-28 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature of 14-18 ℃ at night and the humidity of 50-60 percent, the seedlings begin to germinate within 2-3 days and grow to be 4-5cm high seedlings within 6-8 days; the warm water in the step 2) is 35-42 ℃.

After water is injected in the step 3), 10-20 g of carbendazim or bleaching powder is scattered into 1000 kg of water for disinfection, then the water temperature of the pool is increased by strictly covering the film, and the film is removed and stirred after 1-2 days, so that chlorine in the water escapes.

The grooves in the floating tray are filled to 4/5 full and are 1cm away from the opening of the hole, so that a gap is reserved for the insertion of the seedlings.

Has the advantages that: compared with the traditional seedling culture method, the floating tray seedling culture method can solve the problem that overwintering seedlings, early spring seedlings (meeting low temperature, overcast and rainy days, poor illumination and high humidity) and overwintering seedlings (meeting high temperature, high heat and drought) are difficult to produce in production, and because the seedling culture method of the invention firstly carries out seed germination and seedling emergence in a flat tray and then transfers the seeds to the floating tray, the difficulty that lettuce seeds and leaf lettuce seeds are small, the seeding process is uneven or one hole is difficult to artificially seed is avoided. Generally, the time and labor are saved in operation, the seed germination rate is high, seedlings grown in a floating mode are neat and strong, the survival rate of the seedlings transplanted to a field is high, and the seedlings are quickly revived.

Detailed Description

The embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps: the floating-plate seedling raising method for the leaf lettuce and the lettuce comprises the following steps:

the length and width of the specification of the nutrition pool for the establishment of the seedling shed facility are 2cm more than the integral multiple of the length and width of the seedling culture plate, so that the seedling culture plate can be placed and taken conveniently. Insect-proof nets with the specification of 40 meshes are installed on two sides of the greenhouse, meanwhile, the two sides of the greenhouse are provided with surrounding films, the height of each surrounding film is 1 meter, and the small greenhouse is provided with an air-proof port for facilitating ventilation and moisture removal.

1) Preparing a seedling culture substrate: 1. seedling substrate of flat plate: the seedling substrate is produced by Huaian Zhonghe agricultural science and technology development Limited company, the main raw materials are perlite, decomposed plant straws, high-quality peat, vermiculite powder and mushroom leftovers, and the execution standard is as follows: q/320801BCM 001-2015. Mix it into organic fertilizer, sieve for subsequent use after composting fermentation and rotten, the organic fertilizer adopts the organic fertilizer of Guizhou Jilong ecological technology limited company production, and the main material is cow dung and wormcast, and the execution standard is: DB 52/T921-2014. 2. Seedling raising substrate of floating tray: the cultivation method comprises the following steps of calculating by mass parts of 5 parts of seedling raising matrix, 2 parts of vegetable garden soil (in the embodiment, the vegetable garden soil is local soil in Qing Town of Guizhou province), and 3 parts of organic fertilizer, fully and uniformly mixing the seedling raising matrix, the vegetable garden soil and the organic fertilizer to obtain a planting matrix, and adding water to uniformly moisten the planting matrix (water is a red maple lake water source). Lettuce has strict requirements on seedling culture medium, is a substrate which is moist, soft, good in drainage and rich in organic matters, and is suitable for the pH value of 6.0-6.5.

2) Flat-plate seedling culture: the seedling substrate is contained by a seedling flat tray (58cm x 23cm x 6cm), and the organic fertilizer and the seedling substrate are mixed and then are flatly laid in the seedling flat tray to be 3cm in thickness. The dormancy degree of the lettuce seeds is high, particularly the heat dormancy, and the germination rate of the conventional lettuce seeds is obviously reduced under the condition of 30 ℃. In order to avoid that the heat dormancy of the seeds affects the germination and emergence, a seed priming treatment is required. After seeds are put into warm water at 40 ℃ for pregermination for 1-2 hours, the initiated seeds are uniformly scattered on a seedling substrate mixed with organic fertilizer in a seedling flat tray (the organic fertilizer is 2/3 and the seedling substrate 1/3 is mixed according to the mass ratio), and then the seeds are covered by a screened fine ground substrate, wherein the thickness is to cover the seeds tightly, and the seeds cannot be covered too thickly, otherwise, the seedling emergence is influenced. Adding water into the seedling flat tray to keep the seedling substrate moist, and waiting for 2-3 days to grow seedlings. Note that: the seeds of the leaf lettuce and the lettuce have small shapes, the diameter is within about 1mm, and the sowing needs to be carried out uniformly.

3) Water injection: the floating tray seedling raising and water injection are generally carried out 2-3 days before the floating tray seedling raising, and if the temperature is low before sowing, the water injection time is properly advanced. The water injection depth is 10cm, 10-20 g of carbendazim or bleaching powder is scattered into 1000 kg of water after water injection for disinfection, then the water temperature of the pool is increased by strictly laminating the film, and the film is removed and stirred after 1-2 days, so that chlorine in the water escapes.

4) Filling the seedling substrate into a floating tray: putting the wet seedling raising substrate prepared in the step 2) into a floating tray, and filling all the grooves in the floating tray until the grooves are 4/5 full, wherein the distance from each groove to each hole is preferably 1 cm; small holes are formed below each groove of the floating plate, so that the seedling culture substrate can be kept in contact with the water surface; the floating disc is a cuboid with the specification of 660mm multiplied by 340mm multiplied by 50mm, the aperture is 30mm multiplied by 45mm, and each disc has 136 holes. (note: the medium can not be over-dried or over-wet, the medium soil is easy to have large density when being filled due to over-loss, the medium soil is easy to have large gaps when being over-dried, the bottom is easy to have empty spaces and can not contact with nutrient solution, the medium is not pressed by force when being filled into the holes, the filling is over-solid, the air permeability is poor, the root system development of seedlings is influenced, the filling quantity is not over-large, the seedling holes are filled and can be scraped flat, the seedling plates are prevented from floating, the seedling plates are placed in water too deeply, the seedling plates are over-wet, and green algae are bred.)

5) Transferring the seedlings from the seedling flat tray to a floating tray: transferring when the seedling grows 1-2 true leaves (generally about 7 days in summer and about 10 days in winter). The 1cm position on the ground near the seedling is held between the forefinger and the thumb, the wrist is quickly and upwards lifted by slight force (the action is required to be stable, accurate and quick), the small seedling lifted from the flat plate matrix is placed on the concave surface of a semi-arc-shaped shifting sheet with the width of 5cm and the length of 10cm (the function of the shifting sheet is to protect the root system of the seedling from being broken when the seedling is inserted into the seedling raising soil in the floating plate), then the shifting sheet is inserted into the middle of the groove of the floating plate, the root of the seedling is ensured to completely enter the seedling raising soil, then the shifting sheet is quickly pulled out, and the outer wall of the shifting sheet is lightly pressed on the seedling planting soil around the seedling to ensure that no overlarge gap exists.

6) The floating disc is transferred into water: the floating tray is placed in the water pool, seedlings in the floating tray are not watered in the whole process, water in the water pool is not changed (nutrition is kept in the water after matrix precipitation is carried out), and nutrient substances in the water pool can be accumulated after multiple utilization. Floating seedling for 10-15 days; after the floating plate is soaked in water for 24 hours, the floating plate is taken out and placed in a greenhouse for ventilation for 12 hours.

7) Loading the substrate into a tray and sterilizing the old tray, namely soaking the seedling tray for more than 4 hours by using 0.1 to 0.5 percent potassium permanganate solution; or spraying 1-2% formalin solution on the seedling tray, and then covering and fumigating the seedling tray for 24 hours by using a plastic film; and soaking the fabric in 10% bleaching powder for 10-20 minutes.

8) Managing after broadcasting: 1. and (3) temperature. If the temperature in the greenhouse exceeds 30 ℃, ventilation cooling is needed to avoid high-temperature seedling burning. 2. Humidity. And (3) the moisture preservation is mainly performed when the seedlings are sowed to the full-term seedling stage, the substrate in the tray is kept moist, the relative humidity in the shed is about 85 percent, and water is sprayed to remedy the shortage of moisture in time. The ventilation times are increased after seedling alignment, and the ventilation time is prolonged. Before transplanting, the two ends of the film are rolled up, and the ventilation quantity is increased, so that the seedlings gradually adapt to the external natural environment. 3. And (5) illumination. The special plant seedling growing lamp is used for increasing illumination in rainy days.

7) Transplanting: transplanting is carried out after the floating seedling raising is finished, and the transplanting is carried out together with the matrix. The method is carried out at a base station of the applicant in Qing town of Guizhou, and the survival rate of transplanting according to the method is extremely high and is kept above 95%. Note that: transferring together with the matrix during transplanting.

The invention is not limited to the embodiments described in the specific embodiments, and those skilled in the art can derive other embodiments according to the technical solutions of the invention, and the embodiments also belong to the technical innovation scope of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A floating tray seedling raising method for leaf lettuce and lettuce is characterized by comprising the following steps:

1) preparing a seedling culture substrate: comprises a flat-plate seedling raising substrate and floating-plate seedling raising soil; the flat-plate seedling raising substrate comprises perlite, decomposed plant straws, peat, vermiculite powder, mushroom leftovers and organic fertilizer, and is stacked, retted, fermented and decomposed and then screened for later use; the composition of the floating tray seedling raising soil comprises, by mass, 4-6 parts of seedling raising matrix, 2-3 parts of vegetable garden soil and 3-4 parts of organic fertilizer, the seedling raising matrix, the vegetable garden soil and the organic fertilizer are fully and uniformly mixed to obtain the floating tray seedling raising soil, and water is added to uniformly moisten the floating tray seedling raising soil.

2. The floating-tray seedling raising method for leaf lettuce and lettuce according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the flat-plate seedling raising substrate, the mass ratio of perlite, decomposed plant straw, peat, vermiculite powder, mushroom leftovers to organic fertilizer is 1-2: 1-2; the organic fertilizer comprises cow dung and wormcast.

3. The floating-tray seedling raising method for leaf lettuce and lettuce according to claim 1, characterized in that: the seedling raising environment for the flat-plate seedling raising in the step 2) is as follows: the temperature of 22-28 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature of 14-18 ℃ at night and the humidity of 50-60 percent, the seedlings begin to germinate within 2-3 days and grow to be 4-5cm high seedlings within 6-8 days; the warm water in the step 2) is 35-42 ℃.

4. The floating-tray seedling raising method for leaf lettuce and lettuce according to claim 1, characterized in that: after water is injected in the step 3), 10-20 g of carbendazim or bleaching powder is scattered into 1000 kg of water for disinfection, then the water temperature of the pool is increased by strictly covering the film, and the film is removed and stirred after 1-2 days, so that chlorine in the water escapes.

5. The floating-tray seedling raising method for leaf lettuce and lettuce according to claim 1, characterized in that: the grooves in the floating tray are filled to 4/5 full and are 1cm away from the opening of the hole, so that a gap is reserved for the insertion of the seedlings.