CN111886960A - Rice straw returning method - Google Patents
Rice straw returning method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111886960A CN111886960A CN202010865446.6A CN202010865446A CN111886960A CN 111886960 A CN111886960 A CN 111886960A CN 202010865446 A CN202010865446 A CN 202010865446A CN 111886960 A CN111886960 A CN 111886960A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for returning rice straws to a field, relates to the field of agriculture, and aims to solve the problems of slow decomposition and less nutrient release of the rice straws returned to the field. In the composting process, the rice field soil and the straws are mixed for composting, areas with different straw smashing lengths are arranged in the compost body, and the problems of poor growth state and low yield of rice caused by slow decomposition of rice straws in field returning and little nutrient release are solved by a staged straw returning mode. Under the condition of not adding a straw decomposition agent, the invention can effectively improve the decomposition rate of the straw and fully release the nutrients of the straw. The invention is applied to the field of straw returning.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to a method for returning rice straws to fields.
Background
Currently, the method for preventing straw burning and encouraging straw returning to fields, protects the environment and develops ecological agriculture becomes a main development direction. The straw returning field has the effects of increasing soil organic matters, humic acid, mineral substances and the like, can promote the propagation of soil microorganisms and the formation of soil granular structures, improves the soil fertility, improves the crop nutrition conditions, promotes the crop growth and provides the soil utilization rate. However, the direct returning of the straws to the field causes the problems of imbalance of carbon-nitrogen ratio of soil, accumulation of organic acid, difficulty in farming and sowing, insufficient growth of new seedlings and the like. The straw compost is prepared by changing crop straws into high-quality organic fertilizers, so that the problem of agricultural waste straws is solved, the high-quality organic fertilizers can be produced, the soil is improved, the soil fertility is improved, and the ecological environment is protected. However, the rice straw compost has the following problems: straws such as rice and the like have wax layers, so that the straws are difficult to absorb water, the water absorption of the compost is not uniform, the fermentation is not thorough, and the composting effect is poor. And a large amount of organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer and the like are also needed to be added. The workload is large due to frequent pile turning and the like. The straw composting technology is complex to operate, large in labor amount and poor in composting effect, and is difficult to popularize in a large area in rural areas.
And different from the condition that the straw returning of the dry field crops is aerobic and the temperature is suitable for fermentation, the rice straw returning is usually carried out when the rice is harvested in autumn, the temperature is lower and the rice is not easy to ferment and become thoroughly decomposed when the rice enters the tillering stage in the next year after the rice is ploughed in autumn, and the temperature is increased until the underground straw can be fermented when the rice enters the tillering stage. It can be known that the rice straw needs a decomposition process after returning to the field, the temperature is low in winter and early spring, the water retention time is long, a closed environment is formed, and the straw decomposition speed is slow. During the rice planting period, the temperature gradually rises, the straws also start to ferment rapidly, and when the rice straw returning amount is large, the growth and development of rice can be seriously influenced, such as root damage, red seedling, short seedling shrinkage and the like of the rice are caused, so that the rice yield is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems of slow decomposition and less nutrient release of rice straw returning. Thereby providing a method for returning rice straws to the field.
The invention relates to a rice straw returning method, which is carried out according to the following steps:
1) crushing field rice straws, placing the crushed rice straws in a composting pool, mixing soil in the rice field with the crushed straws, and gathering the mixture into a pile; the top of the pile body is inwards sunken, water is added into the sunken part to soak the straws, and after the straw is placed for 1-3 days, the humidity of the straws in the pile body is kept at 20-30%; after the placement is finished, adding livestock manure, mixing and stirring, then adding water to enable the water content of the straw pile to reach 60-70%, carrying out composting fermentation, turning the straw pile when the temperature in the straw pile reaches 55-70 ℃, returning part of the straw pile to the field after 10-20% of the straw pile is thoroughly decomposed, wherein the part of the straw pile contains thoroughly decomposed straw;
the adding amount of the soil in the rice field is 5-10% of the weight of the compost;
2) adding animal manure into the rest compost in the composting pool in the step 1), and continuing composting and fermenting until the compost is thoroughly decomposed;
3) returning the thoroughly decomposed straws in the step 2) to the field, and carrying out rotary tillage and soil penetration by adopting a rotary cultivator to finish returning the rice straws to the field; the total application amount of the livestock manure added in the steps 1) and 2) is 5-8% of the dry weight of the straws in the compost.
After the rice field is placed for 1-3 days in the step 1), the aim is to provide a buffer period for the probiotics in the rice field soil, so that a part of the probiotics is proliferated, and a foundation is provided for subsequent mass proliferation.
Further, rice-corn or rice-soybean is adopted for rotation after straw is returned to the field.
Furthermore, after the rice is harvested in the current year, returning the rice straws to the field, applying urea and a compound fertilizer to the field after the corn is sowed in the second year, planting the rice in the third and fourth years, and then planting the rice in the sequence of planting the corn for one year and planting the rice for two years; wherein other straws in the paddy field are returned to the field by the method of claim 1 in the paddy field before the paddy rice is planted, and organic fertilizer is applied during the paddy rice planting.
Further, after the rice in the current year is harvested, returning the rice straws to the field, sowing soybeans in the second year, applying a compound fertilizer to the field, planting the rice in the third year, and then planting the soybeans in the order of one year and two years; wherein, before planting the paddy rice, returning the straws in other paddy fields to the field by adopting the method of claim 1, and applying organic fertilizer during the planting of the paddy rice.
Furthermore, a plurality of triangular structural areas are arranged in the stack body, the size of the straw fragments in the triangular structural areas is 2-4 cm, and the size of the straw fragments outside the triangular structural areas is 6-10 cm; the triangular structure areas are uniformly distributed from the upper part to the bottom of the stack body, and the area of each triangular structure area is the same and is 10-30% of the area of the stack body.
Further, the soil of the paddy field is taken from the four corners of the paddy field and the soil of the area in the paddy field where the growth of rice is relatively vigorous in the current year.
Further, after 10-20% of the compost is thoroughly decomposed, returning part of the compost to the field, and placing the compost in the rice field in the water injection opening area of the next year or in the central area of the rice field.
Further, the stack body is in a pyramid shape, a trapezoid shape or a cylinder shape.
Further, taking the pile body with the weight of 10-30% of the weight of the pile body in the step 1) and returning the pile body to the field.
Further, the amount of the decomposed straw in step 2) applied to the straw which has been returned to the field in step 1) is the same as that applied to other areas in the paddy field.
Furthermore, the rice straw returning field is suitable for the first temperature zone to the fourth temperature zone in Heilongjiang province, and is particularly suitable for rice planting areas in Dongning county.
As the Dongning county of Black Dragon Jiang province is in the impact plain of the right bank of the Sublin Fenghe in the Dongning basin region, the Honeyongshu is influenced by the marine climate, is mild and moist, has the annual average temperature of 5.8 ℃, belongs to the first temperature accumulating zone, has the effective temperature of 2900-3000 ℃, has the frost-free period of 150 days, and has abundant water quantity in the same rainy and hot season. Because the area is different from other areas of Heilongjiang province in the characteristics of long low-temperature period, the area has relatively short time of low-temperature area, particularly the temperature below zero, short high-temperature period and relatively long suitable temperature period (about 25 ℃). Therefore, microorganisms in the area are different from microorganisms in other areas of Heilongjiang province, the growth and the reproduction of the microorganisms in the area are better, in view of the characteristics, a mode that after 10-20% of piles are decomposed, part of piles are returned to the field, and the rest of piles are returned to the field is designed, and the mode is obtained after long-term experiments in the area. Moreover, the triangular structural area heap body structure designed by the invention can keep the strains in the area at a relatively proper temperature, and the strain is easier to grow by the microorganisms in the area compared with the microorganisms in the compost in other areas.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention mixes rice straws and rice field soil to carry out composting and early-stage fermentation for a period of time, bacteria (such as sulfate reducing bacteria, pseudomonas alcaligenes, heavy metal elements such as cadmium and the like can be removed, the growth of harmful bacteria can be inhibited by an acidic environment and the like) which are beneficial to the growth of rice in a rice field are expanded and cultured in the mode and then returned to the rice field, and when the bacteria are returned, a returning area is selected, wherein the returning area is mainly at a water filling port, four corners or a central area of the rice field, or an area which is easy to disperse beneficial bacteria to the whole rice field. The method aims at northern areas, and can further propagate in rice fields under the conditions of relatively proper temperature and rice harvesting period. Adding animal manure (pig manure or cow manure) organic fertilizer for composting fermentation and providing nutrient elements required by fermentation. The invention adopts the rice and corn rotation mode on crop rotation, adopts two types of common crops in the north for rotation, can improve the rice yield and reduce the attack of diseases and insect pests of the corn. The corn rotation is carried out for one year, the rice is planted for two years, the straw is effectively returned to the field to provide necessary nutrients, and the condition that the nutrient loss of the cultivated land is large and the crop yield in the later period is influenced is prevented. Meanwhile, rice-soybean rotation can be adopted, so that heavy metal pollution in the rice field can be effectively repaired.
The invention innovatively arranges a plurality of triangular areas in the stack body, and the length of the straws in the triangular areas is less than that of other areas, because the length is small, the mixture of the straw and the soil in the area is relatively denser, the design can enable the microorganisms in the triangular area in the stack body to form a relatively dense and closed space, anaerobic or facultative anaerobic microorganism proliferation is facilitated, the length of the straw of the stack body at the periphery of the triangular area is relatively long, the gap after stacking is large, and is not in the central area of the pile body, has good ventilation effect, is beneficial to the proliferation of aerobic microorganisms, realizes the proliferation of different types of microorganisms through the design, therefore, after 10-20% of the compost is thoroughly decomposed, breeding of different types of microorganisms in the rice field is realized after returning part of the compost, and breeding of various types of microorganisms cannot be obtained due to excessive oxygen deficiency or excessive oxygen of the compost is prevented. Affecting the effect of returning beneficial microbes in the rice field to the rice field. Under the condition of not adding a straw decomposition agent, the invention can effectively improve the decomposition rate of the straw and fully release the nutrients of the straw.
In the composting process, the rice field soil and the straws are mixed for composting, areas with different straw smashing lengths are arranged in the compost body, and the problems of poor growth state and low yield of rice caused by slow decomposition of rice straws in field returning and little nutrient release are solved by a staged straw returning mode.
Detailed Description
It will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the foregoing embodiments are specific examples for carrying out the invention, and that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention in practice.
To make the objects, aspects and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the following detailed description clearly illustrates the spirit of the disclosure, and any person skilled in the art, after understanding the embodiments of the disclosure, may make changes and modifications to the technology taught by the disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
The exemplary embodiments of the present invention and the description thereof are provided to explain the present invention and not to limit the present invention.
Example 1
The rice straw returning method of the embodiment is carried out according to the following steps:
1) after harvesting rice in rice planting fields in Dongning county, crushing rice straws, placing the crushed rice straws in a composting pool, mixing soil in the rice fields with the crushed straws, and gathering the mixture into a heap; the top of the pile body is sunken inwards, water is added into the sunken part to soak the straws, the straw is placed for 2 days, the humidity of the straws in the pile body is kept at 20-30%, and then the animal manure is added; mixing, adding water to make the water content of the straw pile reach 65%, performing composting fermentation, turning the pile when the temperature in the pile body reaches 60 ℃, returning part of the pile body to the central area of the rice field after the pile body is decomposed by 15%, wherein the returned pile body contains decomposed straw;
the adding amount of the soil in the rice field is 8 percent of the weight of the compost;
2) adding animal manure into the rest compost in the composting pool in the step 1), and continuing composting and fermenting until the compost is thoroughly decomposed;
3) returning the thoroughly decomposed straws in the step 2) to the field, and carrying out rotary tillage and soil penetration by adopting a rotary cultivator to finish returning the rice straws to the field; the total application amount of the livestock manure added in the steps 1) and 2) is 6 percent of the dry weight of the straws in the compost.
The stack body is pyramid-shaped. A plurality of triangular structural areas are arranged in the stack body, the size of a straw fragment in each triangular structural area is 2cm, and the size of a straw fragment outside each triangular structural area is 7 cm; the triangular structure areas are uniformly distributed from the upper part to the bottom of the stack body, and the area of each triangular structure area is the same and is 20% of the area of the stack body. The soil of the paddy field is taken from the soil in the area where the paddy rice grows relatively vigorously in the paddy field.
Example 2
In the embodiment, rice-corn rotation is performed after straw is returned to the field. The rotation mode is as follows: after harvesting rice in the current year, returning rice straws to the field in the manner of example 1, after sowing corns in the second year, applying urea (11 kg/mu) and special corn fertilizer to the field, planting rice in the third and fourth years, and applying organic fertilizer (30 kg/mu) after transplanting rice for one week.
Example 3
In the embodiment, rice-soybean rotation is carried out after straw is returned to the field.
After the rice in the current year is harvested, returning the rice straws to the field, applying a special soybean pesticide fertilizer (applied according to the description) to the field in the second year before soybean sowing, planting the rice in the third year, and then planting the rice in the sequence of one year of soybean planting and two years of rice planting; before planting rice, returning other straws in the rice field to the field by adopting the method of claim 1 in the rice field, and applying urea and a compound fertilizer, wherein the amount of the applied urea and the compound fertilizer is larger than that of the applied urea and the compound fertilizer before sowing the corn.
After the rice straw in example 1 is returned to the field 11 months in the year, the returned straw is taken out every 20 days for 3 times, cleaned and dried, and the weight loss rate of the straw is measured. And measuring the contents of all carbon, all nitrogen, all phosphorus and all potassium in the original sample and each sampling, and calculating the release rate of the straw nutrient (the release rate of the nutrient is equal to the residual straw nutrient (kg)/the original straw nutrient (kg) × 100%).
The results show that the weight loss ratio: example 1 weight loss ratio (%) of rice straw sampled at 20 th day after returning the rice straw to the field was 15.8; the weight loss ratio (%) of the rice straw sampled at the 40 th day is 21.9; the weight loss ratio (%) of the rice straw sampled at the 60 th day is 28.1;
total carbon release rate: the total carbon release rate (%) of the rice straw sampled on the 20 th day is 25.7; the total carbon release rate (%) of the rice straw sampled on the 40 th day is 37.2; the total carbon release rate (%) of the rice straw sampled on the 60 th day is 45.3;
total nitrogen release rate: the total nitrogen release rate (%) of the rice straw sampled on the 20 th day is 20.6; the total nitrogen release rate (%) of the rice straw sampled on the 40 th day is 25.5; the total nitrogen release rate (%) of the rice straw sampled on the 60 th day is 30.9;
total phosphorus release rate: the total phosphorus release rate (%) of the rice straw sampled on the 20 th day is 19.1; the total phosphorus release rate (%) of the rice straw sampled at the 40 th day is 23.5; the total phosphorus release rate (%) of the rice straw sampled on the 60 th day is 29.0;
total potassium release rate: the release rate (%) of the total potassium in the rice straw sampled on the 20 th day is 27.6; the release rate (%) of the total potassium in the rice straw sampled at the 40 th day is 32.4; the release rate (%) of the total potassium in the rice straw sampled at the 60 th day was 38.7.
Therefore, the method of example 1 can significantly improve the decomposition effect of the straw in a short time and fully release the nutrients of the straw.
The crop rotation tests of examples 2 and 3 were carried out using oryza sativa 21, and example 1 was used as a control. The rice yields are as follows:
note: the values for the different letters in the table differed significantly at the 0.05 level.
It can be seen that the yield of rice can be significantly improved by crop rotation, but the yield of the rice returned to the field is still significantly improved by the method of example 1 compared with the conventional method.
Claims (10)
1. A method for returning rice straws to fields is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) crushing field rice straws, placing the crushed rice straws in a composting pool, mixing soil in the rice field with the crushed straws, and gathering the mixture into a pile; the top of the pile body is inwards sunken, water is added into the sunken part to soak the straws, and after the straw is placed for 1-3 days, the humidity of the straws in the pile body is kept at 20-30%; after the placement, adding livestock manure, mixing and stirring, then adding water to enable the water content of the straw pile to reach 60-70%, carrying out composting fermentation, turning the pile when the temperature in the pile body reaches 55-70 ℃, returning part of the pile body to the field after 10-20% of the pile body is thoroughly decomposed, wherein the part of the pile body contains thoroughly decomposed straw;
the adding amount of the soil in the rice field is 5-10% of the weight of the compost;
2) adding animal manure into the rest compost in the composting pool in the step 1), and continuing composting and fermenting until the compost is thoroughly decomposed;
3) returning the thoroughly decomposed straws in the step 2) to the field, and carrying out rotary tillage and soil penetration by adopting a rotary cultivator to finish returning the rice straws to the field; the total application amount of the livestock manure added in the steps 1) and 2) is 5-8% of the dry weight of the straws in the compost.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein rice straw is returned to field by rice-corn or rice-soybean rotation.
3. The rice straw returning method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the rice-corn rotation is specifically as follows: after the rice in the current year is harvested, returning the rice straws to the field, applying urea and a compound fertilizer to the field after the corn is sowed in the second year, planting the rice in the third and fourth years, and then planting the rice in the sequence of planting the corn for one year and planting the rice for two years; wherein other straws in the paddy field are returned to the field by the method of claim 1 in the paddy field before the paddy rice is planted, and organic fertilizer is applied during the paddy rice planting.
4. The rice straw returning method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the rice-soybean rotation is specifically as follows: after the rice in the current year is harvested, returning the rice straws to the field, applying a compound fertilizer to the field after the soybeans are sowed in the second year, planting the rice in the third year, and then planting the rice in the sequence of one year of soybean planting and two years of rice planting; wherein, before planting the paddy rice, returning the straws in other paddy fields to the field by adopting the method of claim 1, and applying organic fertilizer during the planting of the paddy rice.
5. The rice straw returning method as claimed in claim 1, wherein a plurality of triangular structural areas are arranged inside the stack body, the size of the straw fragments in the triangular structural areas is 2-4 cm, and the size of the straw fragments outside the triangular structural areas is 6-10 cm; the triangular structure areas are uniformly distributed from the upper part to the bottom of the stack body, and the area of each triangular structure area is the same and is 10-30% of the area of the stack body.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the rice straw returning is suitable for the first to the fourth temperature zone of Heilongjiang province, especially for rice planting areas in Dongning county.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein after 10-20% of the compost is thoroughly decomposed, returning a part of the compost to the field, and placing the compost in the paddy field in the water injection port area of the second year or in the central area of the paddy field.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the shape of the stack is pyramid, trapezoid or cylinder.
9. The method for returning rice straws to field as claimed in claim 1, wherein 10-30% of the weight of the stack is taken from step 1) and returned to field.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of the decomposed straw in step 2) applied to the straw returned to field in step 1) is the same as the amount of the straw applied to other areas in the field.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113080120A (en) * | 2021-05-25 | 2021-07-09 | 苏州市农业科学院 | Method for breeding crayfish after composting, fermenting and returning rice straw to field |
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| CN111886960B (en) | 2022-06-03 |
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