CN111874988A - 基于多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的有机废水处理方法 - Google Patents
基于多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的有机废水处理方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的有机废水处理方法,包括:制取硫‑二氧化钛混合物,以所述硫‑二氧化钛混合物与氯化铜、氨、强碱、过渡金属盐等进行水热反应,再将反应产物与氢氟酸反应,之后在空气中进行程序升温热处理,获得多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料,之后在可见光照射下,以所述多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料处理有机废水。本发明提供的有机废水处理方法高效快捷、安全环保,能彻底降解多种类型的有机污染物和氨氮等,不会造成二次污染,且所采用的多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料只需简单煅烧即可再生并循环使用,成本低廉。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及催化材料技术领域,特别是涉及一种基于多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的有机废水处理方法。
背景技术
环境污染问题日益严重及能源危机的爆发,已引起世界各国的重视。光催化技术有望在解决环境污染和能源危机中发挥关键作用,目前以吸引越来越多的科研工作者投入到相关研究之中。
TiO2作为一种高效、无毒的光催化剂,在废水处理、空气净化、抗菌等环保领域的应用备受关注,TiO2光催化剂现已被誉为“环境催化剂”。然而,TiO2的一些缺陷限制它的实用化进程,如禁带宽度较宽,只能吸收紫外光才能产生活性,不能有效地利用太阳光;另外,光生电子和空穴的复合导致低的光量子效率。因此,通过改性提高TiO2的可见光催化效率,成为人们研究的热点。近年来,人们尝试用非金属离子掺杂、金属掺杂、贵金属沉积、染料敏化、半导体复合等方式对TiO2进行改性,提高TiO2对可见光的吸收以及在可见光下的光催化效率。但是,采用传统的方法制得的掺杂型二氧化钛催化材料中,催化剂易聚集成大颗粒,比表面积减小,光催化活性降低,且传统制备方法操作复杂,周期长,能耗较高。同时,目前以此类掺杂型二氧化钛催化材料对有机废水进行处理时,不仅效率低、有机污染物降解不彻底,容易造成二次污染,而且催化剂容易失活。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种基于多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的有机废水处理方法,以克服现有技术中的不足。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:
本发明实施例提供了一种基于多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的有机废水处理方法,其包括:
(1)将钛酸丁酯和二硫化钛依次加入无水乙醇中,并不停搅拌直至滴加完毕,再滴加硝酸溶液,于30~60℃水浴条件下搅拌1~2h,得到硫-二氧化钛混合物;
(2)将所述硫-二氧化钛混合物加入氯化铜溶液,并依次加入碱性水溶液、过渡金属盐水溶液,再转移到水热反应釜中,于150~160℃条件下持续反应10~20h;
(3)对步骤(2)所得反应混合物进行抽滤,以去离子水将所得滤饼洗涤至中性,于60~80℃真空干燥1~2h,再与氢氟酸溶液均匀混合成膏体状,并置入密封反应容器内,之后以3~5℃/min的速度升温至120~140℃,并保温0.5~1h;
(4)将步骤(3)所获产物在空气中先以1~2℃/min的速度缓慢升温至200~250℃并保温0.5~1h,再以8~12℃/min的速率迅速升温至300~400℃并保持2~3h,得到多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料;
(5)将所述多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料均匀分散于有机废水内,并以太阳光持续照射该有机废水,使其中的有机污染物被光催化降解为二氧化碳和水。
进一步的,所述步骤(1)中钛酸丁酯、无水乙醇、硝酸溶液的体积之比为3~5:12~15:1。
进一步的,所述步骤(1)中硝酸溶液的浓度为1mol/L~2mol/L。
进一步的,所述步骤(1)中钛酸丁酯与二硫化钛的体积质量为1mL:1~5g。
进一步的,所述步骤(1)中搅拌的速度为300~500r/min。
进一步的,所述步骤(2)中氯化铜溶液的浓度为1~4mol/L,所述碱性水溶液含有3~5mol/LNH3和1~2mol/LNaOH,所述过渡金属盐水溶液含有0.1~0.5mol/LZnCl2和0.2~0.3mol/LFeCl3。
进一步的,所述步骤(2)中氯化铜溶液、碱性水溶液、过渡金属盐水溶液的体积比为10~20:5~8:1~2。
进一步的,所述步骤(3)中氢氟酸溶液的浓度为0.1~0.5mol/L。
进一步的,所述步骤(5)中若有机废水内还含有氨氮类污染物,则当将所述多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料均匀分散于有机废水内,并以太阳光持续照射该有机废水时,还能使其中的氨氮类污染物被光催化降解为氮气而脱除。
在一些实施方式中,所述的有机废水处理方法还包括:在步骤(5)完成后,将多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料从有机废水中分离出并自然风干,再在空气中煅烧,煅烧温度为350~450℃,时间为0.5~2h,实现所述多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的再生。
进一步的,所述的有机废水处理方法具体包括:将从有机废水中分离出的多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料自然风干后,在空气中以20~30℃/min的速率迅速升温至350~450℃进行煅烧,煅烧时间为0.5~1h。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点至少在于:
(1)提供的多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料为粒径在40nm~150nm的空心球状,比表面积大(约195.463~212.168m2/g),密度小,易于在水相体系中均匀分散,且对太阳光能全光谱吸收,能将水体中的有机染料、氨氮等彻底降解为二氧化碳、氮气和水,而且在循环使用后只需简单煅烧即可再生,再生后的光催化性能可达初始光催化性能的90%以上;
(2)提供的有机废水处理方法高效快捷、安全环保,能彻底降解有机废水中的多种有机污染物和氨氮,且不会造成二次污染,成本低廉。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例1所制备的一种多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的SEM图。
具体实施方式
本发明通过下列实施例作进一步说明:根据下述实施例,可以更好地理解本发明。然而,本领域的技术人员容易理解,实施例所描述的具体的物料比、工艺条件及其结果仅用于说明本发明,而不应当也不会限制权利要求书中所详细描述的本发明。
实施例1一种基于多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的有机废水处理方法,包括:
(1)将钛酸丁酯和二硫化钛依次加入无水乙醇中,并不停搅拌直至滴加完毕,再滴加浓度为1mol/L的硝酸溶液,于30℃水浴条件下以300r/min的速度搅拌1h,得到硫-二氧化钛混合物,其中钛酸丁酯、无水乙醇、硝酸溶液的体积之比为3:12:1,钛酸丁酯与二硫化钛的体积质量为1mL:1g;
(2)将所述硫-二氧化钛混合物加入浓度为1mol/L的氯化铜溶液,并依次加入含有3mol/LNH3和1mol/LNaOH的碱性水溶液、含有0.1mol/LZnCl2和0.2mol/LFeCl3的过渡金属盐水溶液,其中氯化铜溶液、碱性水溶液、过渡金属盐水溶液的体积比为10:5:1,再转移到水热反应釜中,于150℃条件下持续反应10h;
(3)对步骤(2)所得反应混合物进行抽滤,以去离子水将所得滤饼洗涤至中性,于80℃真空干燥1h,再与浓度为0.1mol/L的氢氟酸溶液均匀混合成膏体状,并置入密封反应容器内,之后以3℃/min的速度升温至120℃,并保温0.5h;
(4)将步骤(3)所获产物在空气中先以1℃/min的速度缓慢升温至200℃并保温0.5h,再以8℃/min的速率迅速升温至300℃并保持2h,得到多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料,该纳米光催化材料的形貌可以参阅图1,其为粒径在40nm~150nm的空心球状,比表面积约203.257m2/g,其EDS能谱测试结果显示,其中Cu含量约9.23wt%、Fe含量约4.63wt%、Zn含量约2.06wt%、S含量约6.28wt%、F含量约7.24wt%、O含量约13.78wt%、余量为Ti,其XRD测试结果显示,其中TiO2主要为锐钛矿型。
(5)将所述多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料直接的均匀分散于浓度为0.1wt%的罗丹明B溶液内,且使该纳米光催化材料与罗丹明B溶液的质量体积比1g:100mL,并以太阳光持续照射该有机废水,经7h后该罗丹明B溶液被转变为无色,再对该无色溶液进行增强拉曼光谱检测,结果显示,其中无罗丹明B和其它有机物余留,采用滴定法测量该无色溶液中的二氧化碳浓度,其有明显升高。
实施例2一种基于多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的有机废水处理方法,包括:
(1)将钛酸丁酯和二硫化钛依次加入无水乙醇中,并不停搅拌直至滴加完毕,再滴加浓度为2mol/L的硝酸溶液,于60℃水浴条件下以500r/min的速度搅拌2h,得到硫-二氧化钛混合物,其中钛酸丁酯、无水乙醇、硝酸溶液的体积之比为5:15:1,钛酸丁酯与二硫化钛的体积质量为1mL:5g;
(2)将所述硫-二氧化钛混合物加入浓度为4mol/L的氯化铜溶液,并依次加入含有5mol/LNH3和2mol/LNaOH的碱性水溶液、含有0.5mol/LZnCl2和0.3mol/LFeCl3的过渡金属盐水溶液,其中氯化铜溶液、碱性水溶液、过渡金属盐水溶液的体积比为20:8:2,再转移到水热反应釜中,于160℃条件下持续反应20h;
(3)对步骤(2)所得反应混合物进行抽滤,以去离子水将所得滤饼洗涤至中性,于60℃真空干燥2h,再与浓度为0.5mol/L的氢氟酸溶液均匀混合成膏体状,并置入密封反应容器内,之后以5℃/min的速度升温至140℃,并保温1h;
(4)将步骤(3)所获产物在空气中先以2℃/min的速度缓慢升温至250℃并保温1h,再以12℃/min的速率迅速升温至400℃并保持2h,得到多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料;
(5)将所述多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料均匀分散于含20mg/mL甲基蓝的水溶液内,且使该纳米光催化材料与甲基蓝水溶液的质量体积比1g:100mL,并以太阳光持续照射该甲基蓝水溶液。经5h后该甲基蓝水溶液被转变为无色,再对该无色溶液进行增强拉曼光谱检测,结果显示,其中无甲基蓝和其它有机物余留,采用滴定法测量该无色溶液中的二氧化碳浓度,其有明显升高。
实施例3一种基于多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的有机废水处理方法,包括:
(1)将钛酸丁酯和二硫化钛依次加入无水乙醇中,并不停搅拌直至滴加完毕,再滴加浓度为2mol/L的硝酸溶液,于40℃水浴条件下以400r/min的速度搅拌2h,得到硫-二氧化钛混合物,其中钛酸丁酯、无水乙醇、硝酸溶液的体积之比为4:14:1,钛酸丁酯与二硫化钛的体积质量为1mL:3g;
(2)将所述硫-二氧化钛混合物加入浓度为2mol/L的氯化铜溶液,并依次加入含有4mol/LNH3和2mol/LNaOH的碱性水溶液、含有0.4mol/LZnCl2和0.3mol/LFeCl3的过渡金属盐水溶液,其中氯化铜溶液、碱性水溶液、过渡金属盐水溶液的体积比为15:6:2,再转移到水热反应釜中,于160℃条件下持续反应15h;
(3)对步骤(2)所得反应混合物进行抽滤,以去离子水将所得滤饼洗涤至中性,于70℃真空干燥2h,再与浓度为0.3mol/L的氢氟酸溶液均匀混合成膏体状,并置入密封反应容器内,之后以4℃/min的速度升温至140℃,并保温1h;
(4)将步骤(3)所获产物在空气中先以2℃/min的速度缓慢升温至220℃并保温1h,再以10℃/min的速率迅速升温至350℃并保持2h,得到多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料;
(5)将所述多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料均匀分散于含20mg/mL中性红的水溶液内,且使该纳米光催化材料与中性红水溶液的质量体积比1g:100mL,并以太阳光持续照射该中性红水溶液,经8h后该中性红水溶液被转变为无色,再对该无色溶液进行增强拉曼光谱检测,结果显示,其中无中性红和其它有机物余留,采用滴定法测量该无色溶液中的二氧化碳浓度,其有明显升高。
实施例4一种基于多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的有机废水处理方法,包括:
步骤(1)-(4)与实施例1相同。
步骤(5):将所述多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料直接的均匀分散于含0.1wt%罗丹明B和150mg/LNH3-N的桃红色水溶液内,且使该纳米光催化材料与该桃红色水溶液的质量体积比1g:100mL,并以太阳光持续照射该有机废水,经4h后该桃红色水溶液即被转变为无色,再对该无色溶液进行增强拉曼光谱检测,结果显示,其中无罗丹明B或其它有机物及氨氮或亚硝酸根离子等余留。
实施例5:
步骤(1)-(5)与实施例1相同。
步骤(6):在步骤(5)完成后,采用高速离心方式(离心机转速20000r/min,时间5min)分离出水溶液中的多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料,并重新以该多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料进行步骤(5)的操作,重复50次后,部分多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料失活。
步骤(7):在步骤(6)完成后,再采用高速离心方式将多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料分离出并自然风干,之后在空气中以30℃/min的速率迅速升温至450℃进行煅烧,煅烧时间为0.5h,使该多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料再生。
采用步骤(5)的操作对再生后的多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的性能进行测试,结果显示,其催化效率保持为新鲜制备的多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的92%左右。
实施例6:
步骤(1)-(6)与实施例1相同。
区别之处在于,步骤(7)中,是在空气中以20℃/min的速率迅速升温至350℃进行煅烧,煅烧时间为1h,实现多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的再生。
最后,还需要说明的是,术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含,从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备不仅包括那些要素,而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素,或者是还包括为这种过程、方法、物品或者设备所固有的要素。
Claims (10)
1.一种基于多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的有机废水处理方法,其特征在于包括:
(1)将钛酸丁酯和二硫化钛依次加入无水乙醇中,并不停搅拌直至滴加完毕,再滴加硝酸溶液,于30~60℃水浴条件下搅拌1~2h,得到硫-二氧化钛混合物;
(2)将所述硫-二氧化钛混合物加入氯化铜溶液,并依次加入碱性水溶液、过渡金属盐水溶液,再转移到水热反应釜中,于150~160℃条件下持续反应10~20h;
(3)对步骤(2)所得反应混合物进行抽滤,以去离子水将所得滤饼洗涤至中性,于60~80℃真空干燥1~2h,再与氢氟酸溶液均匀混合成膏体状,并置入密封反应容器内,之后以3~5℃/min的速度升温至120~140℃,并保温0.5~1h;
(4)将步骤(3)所获产物在空气中先以1~2℃/min的速度缓慢升温至200~250℃并保温0.5~1h,再以8~12℃/min的速率迅速升温至300~400℃并保持2~3h,得到多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料;
(5)将所述多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料均匀分散于有机废水内,并以太阳光持续照射该有机废水,使其中的有机污染物被光催化降解为二氧化碳和水。
2.根据权利要求1所述的有机废水处理方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中钛酸丁酯、无水乙醇、硝酸溶液的体积之比为3~5:12~15:1。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的有机废水处理方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中硝酸溶液的浓度为1mol/L~2mol/L。
4.根据权利要求1所述的有机废水处理方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中钛酸丁酯与二硫化钛的体积质量为1mL:1~5g。
5.根据权利要求1所述的有机废水处理方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)中搅拌的速度为300~500r/min。
6.根据权利要求1所述的有机废水处理方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中氯化铜溶液的浓度为1~4mol/L,所述碱性水溶液含有3~5mol/LNH3和1~2mol/LNaOH,所述过渡金属盐水溶液含有0.1~0.5mol/LZnCl2和0.2~0.3mol/LFeCl3。
7.根据权利要求1或6所述的有机废水处理方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中氯化铜溶液、碱性水溶液、过渡金属盐水溶液的体积比为10~20:5~8:1~2。
8.根据权利要求1所述的有机废水处理方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中氢氟酸溶液的浓度为0.1~0.5mol/L。
9.根据权利要求1所述的有机废水处理方法,其特征在于还包括:在步骤(5)完成后,将多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料从有机废水中分离出并自然风干,再在空气中煅烧,煅烧温度为350~450℃,时间为0.5~2h,实现所述多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料的再生。
10.根据权利要求9所述的有机废水处理方法,其特征在于具体包括:将从有机废水中分离出的多元素共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化材料自然风干后,在空气中以20~30℃/min的速率迅速升温至350~450℃进行煅烧,煅烧时间为0.5~1h。
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