CN111771647A - Method applied to breeding of cassava amphoteric flowers - Google Patents
Method applied to breeding of cassava amphoteric flowers Download PDFInfo
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- CN111771647A CN111771647A CN202010722656.XA CN202010722656A CN111771647A CN 111771647 A CN111771647 A CN 111771647A CN 202010722656 A CN202010722656 A CN 202010722656A CN 111771647 A CN111771647 A CN 111771647A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method applied to cassava amphoteric flower breeding, which relates to the technical field of cassava planting, and S1, sandy loam with sufficient sunlight, thick and loose soil layer and rich organic matters is selected, and soil preparation is carried out; s2, fertilizing the finished ground, improving ecological conditions of a soil plough layer, and coordinating the relationship among water, heat, gas, fertilizer and soil microorganisms; s3, selecting male parents and female parents of the cassava amphoteric flowers, and planting the cassava when the temperature rises to 16 ℃ or above. According to the method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding, the breeding mode of cassava is optimized, and targeted fertilization and weeding are performed at each stage of the cassava, so that the problems that the number of pollinable female flowers is small in cassava crossbreeding and the crossbreeding efficiency is low are solved, localized crossbreeding of the cassava is facilitated, the breeding efficiency is improved, more seeds can be obtained, a crossbreed with different female flowers can be generated, and the breeding efficiency can be greatly improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of cassava planting, in particular to a method applied to cassava amphoteric flower breeding.
Background
Cassava is a hybrid plant of cassava of Euphorbiaceae, which is a cross-pollinated crop, and only produces two flowers, namely a female flower and a male flower, in a natural state, the female flower and the male flower are in the same sequence, the male flower grows at the top, and the female flower is at the lower part of a flower stalk. The pistil is in a shape of a nearly elliptical lantern, is long and sharp, is longer and wider than a male flower, has no crack, has 5 calyces, has three chambers in an ovary, has three cracks in a stigma, has green ovary, is similar to a cockscomb, has dense juice at the base part, and attracts insects to mediate pollen. The stamen is nearly round lantern-shaped, without corolla, 10 stamens.
Crossbreeding is a method of crossing individuals of different populations and different genotypes and selecting a desired variety (line) from the hybrid progeny. Hybridization can recombine the genes of parents, combine the good genes of parents controlling different characters into a whole, or accumulate different micro-effect genes of parents controlling the same characters to generate types exceeding the parents in the characters or form various types, thereby providing abundant materials for selecting good varieties (lines). The cassava tool 36 is used for dyeing, gene high heterozygosis and cassava crossbreeding, namely gametes of female flowers and male flowers of different varieties are used for crossbreeding, excellent individuals with required characters are bred according to individuals with different character expressions of the F1 generation, and because cassava seed stems are used as production and breeding objects, character separation does not occur in bred offspring, the crossbreeding is a breeding method which is very suitable for cassava.
In the existing Chinese patent application, the method for artificially breaking the buds of cassava and cross pollinating (application number: 201310362445.X) is that the buds of female flowers are manually broken 2-3 days before the female flowers of cassava are opened, so that the stigma of the female flowers is exposed, then prepared pollen of male flowers or stamens of newly opened male flowers are swept back and forth by aiming at the stigma of the female flowers, so that the pollen is adhered to the stigma, and then the pollinated female cassava flowers are sleeved by a bag; avoid the pollination of other media such as wind and insects, and the bag can be removed 3-4 days after pollination. The technology still does not change the number of female flowers, the number of the female flowers is reduced by 2-4, the genotype is reduced, the fruiting rate is slightly improved, the number of the female flowers is still 2-4, and the overall breeding efficiency is not high.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method applied to breeding of cassava amphoteric flowers, and the method is used for solving the problem of low fruiting rate in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a method applied to cassava amphoteric flower breeding comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting sandy loam which has sufficient sunlight and contains organic matters, and preparing soil;
s2, fertilizing;
s3, selecting male parents and female parents of the cassava amphoteric flowers, and planting the cassava when the temperature rises to 16 ℃ or above;
s4, planting male parents and female parents of the cassava amphoteric flowers by a flat placement method, wherein the planting density is 600-800 plants/mu, and the plant line spacing is 1 m/1 m;
s5, starting 20 days after planting and performing within 30 days, and finding out seedling shortage and timely supplementing seedlings;
s6, carrying out first intertillage weeding on the planting land 30-40 days after planting and when the seedling is 15-20 cm high, and carrying out second intertillage weeding 60-70 days after planting;
s7, applying covering soil to the planted cassava furrows for topdressing;
s8, when the seedlings are 20-30 cm high, 8-10kg of urea and 6-8kg of potash fertilizer are applied per mu, when the seedlings are 60-90 cm high, 10kg of urea and 15kg of potash fertilizer are applied per mu to promote potato bearing, and when the seedlings are 100-130 cm high, 6kg of potassium sulfate is applied per mu;
s9, in the cassava flowering process, a mode of artificial pollination is adopted, and pollen of male parent male flowers is pollinated after female flowers bloom;
s10, using the hybrid seeds obtained after successful pollination as seed selection materials of the cassava amphoteric flowers.
Further optimizing the technical scheme, in the step S1, when soil is prepared, deep ploughing, harrowing and smashing are carried out, the deep ploughing and harrowing are carried out in a mechanical ploughing mode, and meanwhile, a soil layer is thickened by a ploughing method.
Further optimizing the technical scheme, in the S2, the application proportion of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements for fertilization is 2:1:2.5 in terms of N: P: K, and 25kg of phosphate fertilizer, 600kg of farmyard manure and 20kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu in a fertilization mode.
Further optimizing the technical scheme, in the step S3, cassava varieties with more potatoes, less toxicity and high yield are selected, meanwhile, the middle and lower stems with dense stem knots, no diseases and pests and no damage are selected as seed stems, the medulla part of the seed stems is full and rich in moisture, the bud points are complete, and the skin buds are not damaged.
Further optimizing the technical scheme, in the step S3, a horizontal method or an oblique insertion method is adopted.
Further optimizing the technical scheme, in the S5, the additional fertilizer is applied to all the replanted seedlings immediately after the seedlings survive.
Further optimizing the technical scheme, in the step S6, after two times of intertillage weeding is carried out on the planting soil, if necessary, the third time of intertillage loosening can be carried out 90-100 days after the planting.
Further optimizing the technical scheme, in S9, after the female stigma is exposed, the male pollen is stuck on the female stigma, and after pollination, a sand mesh bag is adopted for bagging protection.
Compared with the prior art, the method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding, the breeding mode of cassava is optimized, and targeted fertilization and weeding are performed at each stage of the cassava, so that the survival rate of cassava mother flowers is greatly improved, the number of planted mother flowers is increased, the problems that the number of pollinable mother flowers is small in cassava cross breeding, the cross breeding efficiency is low are solved, localized cross breeding of the cassava is facilitated, and the breeding efficiency is improved. Under the same conditions, more seeds can be obtained, hybrid seeds of different female flowers can be produced, and the breeding efficiency can be greatly improved.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention.
The first embodiment is as follows:
a method applied to cassava amphoteric flower breeding comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting sandy loam which is sunny, deep and loose in soil layer and rich in organic matters, and preparing soil;
when soil is prepared, deep ploughing, harrowing and smashing are carried out, wherein the deep ploughing, harrowing and smashing are carried out in a mechanical ploughing mode, and meanwhile, a soil layer is thickened by a sailing method.
S2, fertilizing, improving ecological conditions of a soil plough layer, and coordinating the relationship among water, heat, gas, fertilizer and soil microorganisms;
the application ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for fertilization is 2:1:2.5, and 25kg of phosphate fertilizer, 600kg of farmyard manure and 20kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu in a fertilization mode.
S3, selecting male parents and female parents of the cassava amphoteric flowers, and planting the cassava when the temperature rises to 16 ℃ or above;
the cassava varieties with more potatoes, less toxicity and high yield are selected, meanwhile, the middle and lower stems with thick stem knots, no diseases and pests and no damage are selected as seed stems, the medulla part of the seed stems is full and rich in water, the bud points are complete, and the skin buds are not damaged.
S4, planting male parents and female parents of cassava amphoteric flowers by a flat method, wherein the planting density can be 600 plus 800 plants/mu, and the plant row spacing is 1 m/1 m;
the method is suitable for soil with shallow and thin surface soil and sticky bottom soil by adopting a flat placement method, and the planting mode of the cassava can also adopt an oblique insertion method, so that the emergence of the cassava is fast, the emergence rate is high, the potatoes are spread towards one direction, and the harvest is convenient.
S5, in order to guarantee the whole seedlings, timely supplementing the seedlings when the seedlings are found to be lack, wherein the supplementing is completed within 30 days from 20 days after the planting;
and (4) immediately fertilizing after the replanting seedlings survive so as to catch up with the growth of the initially planted cassava.
S6, carrying out primary intertillage weeding on the planting land 30-40 days after planting when the seedlings are 15-20 cm high, promoting the growth of the seedlings, and carrying out secondary intertillage weeding 60-70 days after planting;
after the cultivation and weeding are carried out on the planting soil twice, if needed, the cultivation and loosening of the soil can be carried out for the third time 90-100 days after the planting.
S7, applying covering soil to the planted cassava furrows for topdressing, and properly adding fertilizers according to the growth condition of cassava seedlings;
s8, when the height of the seedlings is 20-30 cm, 8-10kg of urea and 6-8kg of potash fertilizer are applied per mu, positive growth of cassava seedlings is promoted, when the height of the seedlings is 60-90 cm, 10kg of urea and 15kg of potash fertilizer are applied per mu, potato bearing is promoted, and when the height of the seedlings is 100-130 cm, 6kg of potassium sulfate is applied per mu, flowering of cassava is promoted;
s9, in the cassava flowering process, a mode of artificial pollination is adopted, and pollen of male parent male flowers is pollinated after female flowers bloom;
after the female flower stigmas are exposed, the male flower pollen is stuck on the female flower stigmas, and the female flower stigmas are bagged and protected by a sand mesh bag after pollination.
S10, using the hybrid seeds obtained after successful pollination as seed selection materials of the cassava amphoteric flowers.
Example two:
a method applied to cassava amphoteric flower breeding comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting sandy loam which is sunny, deep and loose in soil layer and rich in organic matters, and preparing soil;
when soil is prepared, deep ploughing, harrowing and smashing are carried out, wherein the deep ploughing, harrowing and smashing are carried out in a mechanical ploughing mode, and meanwhile, a soil layer is thickened by a sailing method.
S2, fertilizing the finished ground, improving ecological conditions of a soil plough layer, and coordinating the relationship among water, heat, gas, fertilizer and soil microorganisms;
the application ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for fertilization is 2:1:2.5, and 25kg of phosphate fertilizer, 600kg of farmyard manure and 20kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu in a fertilization mode.
S3, selecting male parents and female parents of the cassava amphoteric flowers, and planting the cassava when the temperature rises to 16 ℃ or above;
the cassava varieties with more potatoes, less toxicity and high yield are selected, meanwhile, the middle and lower stems with thick stem knots, no diseases and pests and no damage are selected as seed stems, the medulla part of the seed stems is full and rich in water, the bud points are complete, and the skin buds are not damaged.
S4, planting male parents and female parents of cassava amphoteric flowers by a flat method, wherein the planting density can be 700 plants/mu, and the row spacing of the plants is 1 m/1 m;
the method is suitable for soil with shallow and thin surface soil and sticky bottom soil by adopting a flat placement method, and the planting mode of the cassava also adopts an oblique insertion method, so that the emergence of the cassava is fast, the emergence rate is high, the potatoes are spread towards one direction, and the harvest is convenient.
S5, in order to guarantee the whole seedlings, timely supplementing the seedlings when the seedlings are found to be lack, wherein the supplementing is completed within 30 days from 20 days after the planting;
and (4) immediately fertilizing after the replanting seedlings survive so as to catch up with the growth of the initially planted cassava.
S6, carrying out primary intertillage weeding on the planting land 35 days after planting when the seedlings are 15-20 cm high, promoting the growth of the seedlings, and carrying out secondary intertillage weeding 65 days after planting;
after the cultivation and weeding are carried out on the planting soil twice, if needed, the cultivation and loosening of the soil can be carried out for the third time 90-100 days after the planting.
S7, applying covering soil to the planted cassava furrows for topdressing, and properly adding fertilizers according to the growth condition of cassava seedlings;
s8, when the height of the seedlings is 20-30 cm, applying 9kg of urea and 7kg of potash fertilizer per mu to promote the positive growth of cassava seedlings, when the height of the seedlings is 60-90 cm, applying 10kg of urea and 15kg of potash fertilizer per mu to promote the potato bearing, and when the height of the seedlings is 100-130 cm, applying 6kg of potassium sulfate per mu to promote the flowering of cassava;
s9, in the cassava flowering process, a mode of artificial pollination is adopted, and pollen of male parent male flowers is pollinated after female flowers bloom;
after the female flower stigmas are exposed, the male flower pollen is stuck on the female flower stigmas, and the female flower stigmas are bagged and protected by a sand mesh bag after pollination.
S10, using the hybrid seeds obtained after successful pollination as seed selection materials of the cassava amphoteric flowers.
The effect of the two examples shows: according to the method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding, the breeding mode of cassava is optimized, and targeted fertilization and weeding are performed at each stage of the cassava, so that the survival rate of cassava mother flowers is greatly improved, the survival rate of the mother flowers exceeds more than 90%, the number of the planted mother flowers is increased, and the number of the mother flowers is increased by about 30%, and therefore the problems that the number of pollinable mother flowers is small in cassava cross breeding and the cross breeding efficiency is low are solved, localized cross breeding of the cassava is facilitated, and the breeding efficiency is improved. Under the same conditions, the number of the planted female flowers is increased, so that the genotypes are increased, the fruiting rate is improved, more seeds can be obtained, a hybrid seed of different female flowers can be produced, and the breeding efficiency can be greatly improved.
Claims (8)
1. The method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, selecting sandy loam which has sufficient sunlight and contains organic matters, and preparing soil;
s2, fertilizing;
s3, selecting male parents and female parents of the cassava amphoteric flowers, and planting the cassava when the temperature rises to 16 ℃ or above;
s4, planting male parents and female parents of the cassava amphoteric flowers by a flat placement method, wherein the planting density is 600-800 plants/mu, and the plant line spacing is 1 m/1 m;
s5, starting 20 days after planting and performing within 30 days, and finding out seedling shortage and timely supplementing seedlings;
s6, carrying out first intertillage weeding on the planting land 30-40 days after planting and when the seedling is 15-20 cm high, and carrying out second intertillage weeding 60-70 days after planting;
s7, applying covering soil to the planted cassava furrows for topdressing;
s8, when the height of the seedlings is 20-30 cm, 8-10kg of urea and 6-8kg of potash fertilizer are applied per mu, when the height of the seedlings is 60-90 cm, 10kg of urea and 15kg of potash fertilizer are applied per mu, and when the height of the seedlings is 100-130 cm, 6kg of potassium sulfate is applied per mu;
s9, in the cassava flowering process, after the female flowers bloom, pollinating by pollen of male parent male flowers in an artificial pollination mode;
s10, using the hybrid seeds obtained after successful pollination as seed selection materials of the cassava amphoteric flowers.
2. The method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding according to claim 1, wherein in S1, when soil is prepared, deep ploughing and harrowing are carried out, wherein the deep ploughing and harrowing is carried out by means of machine ploughing, and the soil layer is thickened by means of a wave-lifting method, wherein the soil is ploughed by 25-30 cm.
3. The method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding according to claim 1, wherein in S2, the specific fertilization is as follows: the application ratio of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2:1:2.5, and 25kg of phosphate fertilizer, 600kg of farmyard manure and 20kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each mu in a fertilizing mode.
4. The method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding according to claim 1, wherein in S3, cassava varieties with high potato bearing, low toxicity and high yield are selected, meanwhile, thick stems, no diseases and pests and no damage are selected as seed stems from the middle and lower part of the seed stems, the medulla part of the seed stems is full and rich in moisture, the bud points are complete, and the skin buds are not damaged.
5. The method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding according to claim 1, wherein in S3, the cassava is planted in a flat-laying method or an oblique-inserting method.
6. The method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding according to claim 1, wherein in S5, any replanted seedling is topdressed immediately after survival.
7. The method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding according to claim 1, wherein in S6, after two intertillage weeding is performed on the planting soil, a third intertillage loosening is performed 90-100 days after planting.
8. The method for cassava amphoteric flower breeding according to claim 1, wherein in S9, after the female flower stigmas are exposed, male flower pollen is stuck on the female flower stigmas, and after pollination, the male flower pollen is bagged by a sand mesh bag.
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| CN103988660A (en) * | 2014-04-29 | 2014-08-20 | 梁柏初 | Cassava planting method |
| CN104429929A (en) * | 2014-11-26 | 2015-03-25 | 广西壮族自治区亚热带作物研究所 | Bisexual flower breeding method of manihot esculenta grant |
| CN104542254A (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2015-04-29 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院经济作物研究所 | Cross breeding method for facilitating blooming of cassava in subtropical areas |
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2020
- 2020-07-24 CN CN202010722656.XA patent/CN111771647A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103461096A (en) * | 2013-08-20 | 2013-12-25 | 广西南亚热带农业科学研究所 | Artificial-bursting cross pollination method for cassava |
| CN103733859A (en) * | 2014-01-08 | 2014-04-23 | 广西壮族自治区亚热带作物研究所 | Cassava blossoming regulation and control technology |
| CN103988660A (en) * | 2014-04-29 | 2014-08-20 | 梁柏初 | Cassava planting method |
| CN104429929A (en) * | 2014-11-26 | 2015-03-25 | 广西壮族自治区亚热带作物研究所 | Bisexual flower breeding method of manihot esculenta grant |
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