CN1117629C - 羰基化催化剂体系 - Google Patents

羰基化催化剂体系 Download PDF

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CN1117629C
CN1117629C CN98803990A CN98803990A CN1117629C CN 1117629 C CN1117629 C CN 1117629C CN 98803990 A CN98803990 A CN 98803990A CN 98803990 A CN98803990 A CN 98803990A CN 1117629 C CN1117629 C CN 1117629C
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O·E·西尔肯
H·奥韦林
F·P·W·阿特伯格
P·F·A·布伊森
I·托思
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Abstract

催化剂体系包括钯化合物、一种在18℃水中测定pKa>2的酸和一种符合下式的不对称的双齿磷配位体:其中-PR1R2基团与-PR3R4是不相同的基团,并且X是二价的有机桥基团,桥基团X中最短直接连接两个磷原子的链是由2-10个碳原子和任选的一个硫或氧原子组成的。

Description

羰基化催化剂体系
本发明涉及一种新的催化剂体系,它包括一种钯化合物、一种pKa>2的酸化合物和一种不对称的、双齿的磷配位体,酸的pKa是在18℃的水中测定的,配位体符合下式:
Figure C9880399000031
式中-PR1R2基团与-PR3R4基团不相同,R3-R4是有机基团,X是二价的有机桥基团,在桥基团X中,直接与两个磷原子相连的直接链由2-10个碳原子和任选的一个硫或氧原子组成。
在EP-A-273489中,催化剂体系包括钯、位阻的苯甲酸和双齿的膦化合物,即1,4-双(二苯基膦)丁烷,在共轭的二烯和醇生成戊烯酸烷酯的羰基化反应中做为催化剂使用。
这种已知的催化剂组合物的缺点是当它用做羰基化的催化剂时,反应的速率相对地慢。因此,需要一种催化剂体系,它能提高(在给定温度)反应速率。高的反应速率可以使反应在较低的温度下操作。这是一种优点,因为在较低的温度,催化剂体系的降解较少发生。我们已发现,使用本发明的催化剂体系,反应的速度可以明显地改进。
在WO-A-9506027中描述一种催化剂体系,它包括钯、一种酸和一种不对称的、双齿的膦配位体,1-(二异丙基膦)-1′-(苯基异丙基膦)-二茂铁。这一出版物中没有以任何方式讲到使用这种不对称膦配位体可预期获得高的反应速率。况且,只有对称膦被用于实施例中。进一步说,当用在一种羰基化反应中,公开的催化剂体系的稳定性比本发明的催化剂体系的稳定性差。
不对称的膦可用熟知的,如GB-A-2101601中所述的方法制备。
不限于以下的理论,该理论认为反应速率的改进归结于不同的基团与磷原子键合产生了配位体内两个磷原子的不同电子性质。两个磷原子在电子性质上的较大的不同将产生较高的反应速率。因此,优先的选择是一个磷原子上的取代基为一个或两个拉电子基团(R1,R2),同时另一个磷原子的取代基为一个或两个推电子基团(R3,R4)。例如,R1,R2和R3可以是拉电子基团,而R4是供电子基团。这种效应也可能在例如R1和R2为二价有机基团,R3和R4都是一价有机基团时实现。更任选地,一个磷原子的取代基团仅为拉电子基团,另一个磷原子上的取代基团仅为推电子基团。拉电子基团的例子是任选被基团-F、-Cl、-Br、-I、-CF3、-SO3H、-NR3+、-NO2、-ONO2、-CO2H、-CO2R、-C(O)R、-NO和-ONO(R=C1-C28烷基)取代的芳基,或-O-R5,其中R5优选是被上述的取代基团取代的芳基。推电子基团的例子是任选取代的烷基。烷基上的取代基团的例子如-OR6,其中R6是C1-C28烷基。如果环中的碳原子数是等于或大于4,二价的环亚烷基团也是推电子基团的例子。
优选地,任选取代的C1-C10烷基被用做推电子基团并且任选取代的C6-C10芳基被用做拉电子基团。例子如下:甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、环丙基、丁基、异丁基、叔-丁基、环丁基、戊基、新-戊基、环戊基、己基、环己基、庚基、环庚基、辛基、环辛基、壬基、癸基、2-氰基乙基、2-羟基乙基、2-二烷基氨基乙基、2-溴代甲基、乙烯基、烯丙基、丁烯基、苯基、邻-甲苯基、对-甲苯基、1-甲氧基苯基、2-甲氧基苯基、3-甲氧基苯基、1-氟代苯基、2-氟代苯基、3-氟代苯基、五氟代苯基、2,3-二甲基苯基、2,4-二甲基苯基、2,5-二甲基苯基、2,6-二甲基苯基、3,5-二甲基苯基、2,4,6-三甲基苯基、1-氰基苯基、2-氰基苯基、3-氰基苯基、1-α,α,α-三氟甲苯基、2-α,α,α-三氟甲苯基、3-α,α,α-三氟甲苯基、萘基和苄基。这些烷基和芳基是任选地(进一步)例如被甲基、甲氧基、氰基或三氟代甲基取代。
桥基X可能是具有2-20个碳原子的有机基团,条件是磷原子间的最短连接由2至10原子组成。优选地,桥基X中的,两个磷原子间的直接连接链是由3-4个碳原子和任选的,非端的一个硫或氧原子组成。
可能的,不对称的双齿膦配位体的例子是:1-(二异丙基膦基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷、1-(二丁基膦基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷、1-(二环己基膦基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷、1-(二叔-丁基膦基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷、1-(叔-丁基苯基膦基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷、1-(丁基苯基膦基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷、1-(4,8-二甲基-2-磷杂双环〔3.3.1〕壬烷基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷、1-(9-双环磷杂壬基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷、1-(二异丙基膦基)-3-(二苯基膦基)丙烷、1-(二叔-丁基膦基)-3-(二苯基膦基)-丙烷或1-(环己基苯基膦基)-3-(二苯基膦基)-丙烷。
钯可能以多相钯化合物或均相钯化合物的形态存在于催化剂体系。均相体系是优选的。由于钯与膦配位体形成络合物,起始的Pd化合物的选择一般不是很严格。均相钯化合物包括,例如,钯盐,如硝酸、磺酸、不多于12个碳原子的烷羧酸或卤化氢(Cl、Br、I)的钯盐。均相钯化合物的范例包括PdCl2、PdBr2、PdI2、Na2PdI4、K2PdI4、PdCl2(C6H5CN)2和双(氯化烯丙基钯)。另一组合适的不含卤素的钯化合物是钯络合物,例如乙酰丙酮钯(Pd(acac)2)、乙酸钯、硝酸钯Pd(NO3)2、三-(三-邻-甲苯基膦基)钯和三(二亚苄基丙酮)二钯(Pd2(dba)3)。多相钯化合物的范例是离子交换剂类钯化合物,例如一种包含有羧酸基团离子交换剂。包含羧基的离子交换剂是可获得的商品,其商品名是Amberlite IRC 50和Amberlite IRC 84(Rohm &Haas)。另一种多相催化剂是一种在载体催化剂上固定的膦,其中钯与固定的膦形成络合物(膦是催化剂体系的配位体)。载体包括聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯酰胺、硅胶、矾土、硅胶-矾土或沸石载体。
pKa>2的酸化合物一般是质子酸,优选的pKa在18℃水中测量值为2-6。优选的酸是C1-C30的羧酸。这些羧酸可能有取代基羟基、C1-C4烷氧基,例如甲氧基、胺基或卤素基,例如Cl、I和Br。羧酸的范例是苯甲酸、乙酸、戊酸、庚酸、壬酸和丁酸。优选的酸是位阻的、pKa小于4.5的羧酸。位阻的羧酸的范例是位阻的苯甲酸,例如2-氟代苯甲酸和2-(三氟甲基)-苯甲酸,C1-C4烷基取代的苯甲酸,例如2,6-二甲基苯甲酸,2-甲基苯甲酸,2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酸和羟基取代的苯甲酸,例如间-或对-羟基苯甲酸和其它的取代的苯甲酸例如2,6-二氟代苯甲酸或2,4,6-三溴代苯甲酸。最优选的2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酸被采用。
酸对钯的摩尔比优选地为6∶1-50∶1,并且更优选的摩尔比为10∶1-40∶1。已发现最优选的酸对钯摩尔比决定于所用的具体羧酸。
膦配位体对钯的摩尔比一般为1∶1-100∶1,并且优选的摩尔比为2∶1-10∶1。
在反应混合物中钯的浓度应优选尽可能高,因为单位反应容器容量的反应速率将更高。均相催化剂体系的上限一般将决定于钯在反应混合物中的溶解度并且例如将决定于所采用的上述具体的钯化合物。这种上限可以很容易地由熟悉本专业的人员确定。然而,本发明的方法也可以在其他的固态钯化合物存在的条件下以均相催化剂体系进行。
本发明的催化剂体系可以有利地用做烯烃有机化合物、一氧化碳和任选的一种辅助反应剂的反应中的羰基化催化剂。烯烃不饱和化合物可能为C2-C20的有机化合物,例如乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、戊烯、己烯和辛烯。优选一种共轭双烯,例如1,3-戊二烯、1,3-己二烯、并且更优选地采用1,3-丁二烯。辅助反应剂是优选亲核化合物,它具有活动H-原子,例如水和C1-C20羧酸。更优选地,辅助反应剂是一种C1-C20醇。合适的醇的例子是甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、正-丁醇、叔-丁醇、戊醇、异戊醇、环己醇和苯酚。最优选地采用甲醇和乙醇,例如,因为产物可能优先用做为制备尼龙中间体,如己二酸和ε-己内酰胺的前体。
已经发现,本发明的催化剂体系也可以优选应用于转化3-烷氧基-1-丁烯和/或1-烷氧基-2-丁烯成为相应的戊烯酸烷酯。例如EP-A-25240所述,这些化合物可以用丁二烯制备。由烷氧基丁烯转化为戊烯酸烷酯的反应条件一般与丁二烯直接羰基化反应的条件一样,除了不添加醇做为辅助反应剂之外。
该催化剂体系也可以用做为聚合作用催化剂,被用于不饱和化合物和CO一起制备聚酮的过程中。
在反应混合物中,辅助反应剂与丁二烯的摩尔比可能为0.1∶1-10∶1。在连续的过程中,优选保持摩尔比为0.5∶1-3∶1。更优选的摩尔比为小于1.5∶1。
共轭双烯与钯的摩尔比为0.01∶1-1000∶1。优选的摩尔比为10∶1-300∶1并且更优选的摩尔比为高于50∶1。
优选的羰基化反应的温度为25℃-200℃。压力不是特别严格要求并且一般为1兆帕-100兆帕,虽然优选的压力为高于2兆帕。上限是不严格的。很高的压力是不好的,因为设备将变得很贵。因此,实际的和优选的上限大约为10兆帕。
一氧化碳可以用纯的CO或用惰性气体如氮气、稀有气体或CO2稀释后使用。一般氢气的含量不宜高于5%,由于在羰基化条件下,这可能引起烯烃有机化合物的氢化反应。
当催化剂体系用于羰基化反应中时,所有的惰性溶剂基本上适合做为添加的溶剂。也可以适当过量使用一种反应物或(副)产物,其量应适合于形成合适的液相。当反应物为丁二烯时,(副)产物的例子是C9酯类和其它高沸点副产物。惰性溶剂的例子是亚砜和砜,例如二甲基亚砜、二异丙基砜;芳族溶剂,例如苯、甲苯、二甲苯;酯类,例如乙酸甲酯、戊酸甲酯、戊烯酸酯和丁内酯,酮类如丙酮或甲基异丁基酮,醚类如苯甲醚、三噁烷酮、二苯醚和二异丙醚,和这些溶剂的混合物。优选二苯醚做为添加溶剂。
连续过程优先被采用。连续过程反应体系的例子是一种连续搅拌桶反应容器系列(CSTR),其中催化剂体系、可能的溶剂、烯烃有机化合物、任选的辅助反应剂和一氧化碳加入到第一个反应容器中。本发明过程中,各种比值可以通过控制各种反应剂和催化剂成分的加入速率来保持。
本发明将用以下的非限制性实施例来说明。实施例I
向160毫升的高压釜中加入0.133克(0.6毫摩尔)的乙酰丙酮钯,1.982克(1.2毫摩尔)的2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酸和3.0毫摩尔的双齿膦配位体(见表1)。高压釜用氮气吹扫三次。随后注入75毫升水和无氧的二苯醚。在把压力用CO气氛调节至2.0兆帕之前,高压釜用一氧化碳吹扫三次,并且随后把温度提高至140℃。在达到该温度之后立即把由6.5克丁二烯、4.0克甲醇和0.5克壬烷(GC内标物)组成的混合物随着CO注入到高压釜中。注入这些起始化合物之后,用CO把压力调节至5.0兆帕。达到反应时间(见表1)后,反应混合物用气相色谱法(GC)分析。结果列于表1中。
                                     表1
  实施例              配位体   反应时间(小时)   选择性(a)(%)   转化率(%)   相对反应速率(b)
    I    1-(二-异丙基膦基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷   1.5   86.1   87   1.75
    II    1-(二丁基膦基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷   0.5   91.7   45   1.5
    III    1-(丁基苯基膦基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷   1.0   92.9   62   1.25
    IV   1-(4,8-二甲基-2-磷代双环[3.3.1]壬基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷   1.5   89.9   81   1.43
    V   1-(叔-丁基苯基膦基)-4-(二苯基膦基)丁烷     1   95.6   60   1.14
    对比A   1,4-双-(二-异丙基膦基)-丁烷   1.5   88.7   49   0.55
    对比B   1,4-双-(异丙基苯基-膦基)-丁烷   0.75   90.0   32   0.63
    对比C   1,4-双-(二苯基-膦基)丁烷   1.0   92.9   56   1
(a)相对于戊烯酸甲酯的选择性
(b)反应速率相对于双-(二苯基膦基)丁烷的反应速率标准化(对
   比实验C:相对反应速率=1)

Claims (9)

1.一种催化剂体系,包括钯化合物、一种在18℃水中测量的pKa为2-6的质子酸化合物和符合下式的不对称的双齿磷配位体:
Figure C9880399000021
其中-PR1R2基团与-PR3R4基团是不相同的,R1和R2基团中的1个或2个是吸电子基团,且R3和R4基团中的1个或2个是给电子基团,并且X是二价的有机桥基团,并且式中桥基团X中最短的直接连接两个磷原子的链由2-10个碳原子和任选的一个硫或氧原子组成,其中吸电子基团是被取代的或未被取代的C6-C10芳基而给电子基是被取代的或未被取代的C1-C10烷基。
2.按照权利要求1的催化剂组合物,其特征在于R1和R2是吸电子基团和R3和R4是给电子基团。
3.按照权利要求3的催化剂组合物,其特征在于R1和R2是以吸电子基团取代的芳基。
4.按照权利要求1-3的任何一项的催化剂体系,其特征在于直接连接两个磷原子的、桥基团X中的直接链是由3-4个碳原子和任选一个非终端的硫或氧原子组成。
5.按照权利要求1-3的任何一项的催化剂体系,其特征在于酸是被取代的苯甲酸。
6.按照权利要求4的催化剂体系,其特征在于酸是被取代的苯甲酸。
7.权利要求1-6的任何一项的催化剂体系的应用,其中将该体系用作烯烃有机化合物、一氧化碳和任选一种辅助反应剂的羰基化反应的催化剂。
8.按照权利要求7的应用,其特征在于烯烃化合物是1,3-丁二烯而辅助反应剂是一种C1-C20的醇。
9.按照权利要求7所述的应用,其特征在于烯烃化合物是烷氧基丁烯。
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