CN111742803A - Efficient cultivation method based on ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water and fertilizer integration - Google Patents
Efficient cultivation method based on ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water and fertilizer integration Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
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Abstract
The invention discloses a water and fertilizer integrated efficient cultivation method based on ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation, and belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation. The invention provides a high-efficiency, water-saving, fertilizer-saving and yield-increasing cultivation method for ginger according to the change of water and nutrients of soil of ginger farmland and the water and fertilizer requirement rule of crops. The invention has the advantages that: compared with the conventional furrow irrigation cultivation, the water saving rate reaches 4.59-17.27 percent, the fertilizer saving rate is 35.49-38.43 percent, the yield of the fertilizer is improved by 83.13-112.13 percent, the pesticide consumption is saved by 14.82-25.78 percent, the labor cost is reduced by 35.71-41.67 percent, the yield per hectare is increased by 18.12-30.55 percent, and the economic benefit is improved by 31.66-67.29 percent.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation, and particularly relates to a water-fertilizer integrated efficient cultivation method based on ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation.
Background
The ginger is one of the spicy health-care vegetables which are widely eaten in the world, and has the characteristic of being used as both medicine and food. The ginger cultivation history in China is long, the planting area is wide, the annual total output accounts for about 40% of the world total output, the annual export trade volume is more than 50 million tons, and the ginger cultivation method is an important export earning crop in China.
The ginger has long growth period, needs large amount of water and fertilizer, and the water and the fertilizer are main factors influencing the high and low yield of the ginger. At present, in many areas, the ginger is still subjected to flood irrigation and artificial fertilizer spreading in terms of water and fertilizer management, the irrigation water quantity of the ginger in the whole growth period reaches 800m 3-1000 m 3/mu, and the fertilizer dosage reaches 500 kg/mu-550 kg/mu. There are many disadvantages to this traditional management approach: 1. the utilization rate of the water and the fertilizer is low, and the waste of water and fertilizer resources is serious; 2. uneven plots are easy to irrigate unevenly by adopting flood irrigation, so that the phenomenon of short irrigation time is caused; 3. a large amount of chemical fertilizer is put into soil, the physicochemical property of the soil is damaged, soil salinization and continuous cropping obstacles are aggravated, and the soil environment pollution is increasingly deepened; 4. the labor and time are wasted, and the labor cost is high.
In addition, in the current management of ginger cultivation, the phenomena of unreasonable fertilization structure, partial application of nitrogen-potassium fertilizer, heavy macroelements, light macroelements, heavy inorganic fertilizer, light organic fertilizer, neglect of biological bacterial manure and the like exist, so that the soil environment is damaged, the frequent occurrence of soil-borne diseases such as ginger blast and the like is caused, and the further improvement of the yield and benefit of the ginger is severely restricted.
In the modern agricultural development process of China, the micro-sprinkling irrigation technology is developed at the same time. The micro-sprinkling irrigation technology is a water-fertilizer integrated technical method which utilizes equipment such as a micro-sprinkler head or a micro-sprinkling belt and the like to uniformly spray water and fertilizer to the soil around the leaf surfaces or the root systems of crops to realize the unified regulation and control management of water and nutrients. The technology changes the conditions of soil hardening, water and fertilizer loss and the like caused by flood irrigation, realizes the comprehensive improvement of the utilization efficiency of the water and fertilizer, can effectively prevent soil salinization, improves the ecological environment of farmlands, and achieves the good effects of saving water, saving fertilizer, saving labor, increasing yield and increasing income.
At present, the research on the integration of micro-spray irrigation and water and fertilizer in China mostly appears in vegetable crops such as leaf vegetables and the like, and the application and research on ginger are less. The application of the micro-sprinkling irrigation technology in ginger production is reported in Shandong water conservancy, and a small-area test is performed, but the content only specifies the irrigation quantity and the irrigation frequency, a fertilization technical method is not involved, and the composition and the operation technical method of a micro-sprinkling irrigation system are not described. As yet, no perfect report is found in the technical field of ginger microspray irrigation in China, and no mature technical method is formed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: aiming at the defects in the prior art, the ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method is provided.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a water and fertilizer integrated efficient cultivation method based on ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation comprises the following steps:
s1, pretreatment: treating ginger seeds with a seed coating agent;
s2, variable-temperature germination acceleration: accelerating germination of ginger seeds, wherein the initial accelerating germination temperature is 26-28 ℃, when ginger sprouts, the temperature is reduced to 22-24 ℃, and the temperature is reduced to 17-18 ℃ before sowing;
s3, land preparation and fertilization: after base fertilizer is applied, mechanically rotary tillage is carried out, so that the soil is deeply loosened by more than 35 cm; then ditching and ridging are carried out. Finally, uniformly spreading 300kg/hm of ternary compound fertilizer in the ditch2～375kg/hm21200kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2～1800kg/hm2；
S4, sowing and buckling a shed: before sowing, breaking the ginger seeds into 80-120 g ginger blocks, and reserving 1 strong bud on each ginger seed. When sowing, the ginger seeds are arranged in the furrow, and each 667m2Planting 4900-5400 plants; then covering soil, covering an arched shed, and covering a shed film;
s5, field management: after sowing, keeping the temperature, and controlling the temperature to be 15-30 ℃; controlling the temperature of the seedlings to be 18-32 ℃ after the seedlings come out of the soil, timely punching holes to release air when the weather rises, and building a sunshade net to shade; removing the arched shed in the last ten days of the month, and performing small ridging with the ridging thickness of 10 cm; carrying out large ridging in late 7 months, wherein the ridging thickness is 15 cm;
s6, fertilizer and water management: adopting a micro-sprinkling irrigation system to carry out water and fertilizer integrated irrigation;
and (3) sowing time: after sowing, the water is thoroughly poured, and the water filling amount is 675m3/hm2Spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2；
And (3) seedling stage: irrigating for 3 times with 300m of water per time3/hm2～360m3/hm2Spraying 30kg/hm2 of humic acid rooting liquid with water;
and (3) seedling stage: irrigating for 8 times, each time with 300m3/hm2～360m3/hm2(ii) a Spraying the seaweed organic water soluble fertilizer with water for 4 times at the early stage, and 30kg/hm each time2(ii) a Spraying 45kg/hm of macroelement water-soluble fertilizer with water every time2～60kg/hm2. Spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water in the period2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis21 time each;
and (3) a small ridging period: combining with small hilling, applying compound fertilizer 600kg/hm in furrow2～750kg/hm21200kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2～1800kg/hm2And spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2；
And (3) during the stage of growth: irrigating for 5 times, each time with 360m irrigation3/hm2～420m3/hm2And spraying 75kg/hm of macroelement water-soluble fertilizer along with water2～90kg/hm2；
And (3) a large hilling period: combining ridging and furrow application of 1200kg/hm compound fertilizer2～1500kg/hm21200kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2～1800kg/hm2And spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2；
Rhizome expansion period: irrigating for 11 times, with 435m of irrigation water per time3/hm2～495m3/hm2Spraying 105kg/hm of macroelement water-soluble fertilizer along with water2～120kg/hm2。
The micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integrated system is composed of a water source, a head pivot, a water distribution and delivery pipe network and a douche 4, wherein the head pivot comprises a water pump, a fertilizing device, a filter, a control valve, an instrument and the like, and has the functions of pressurization, fertilizer adding, filtration and control.
The water conveying and distributing pipe network consists of main pipe, branch pipes and capillary. And selecting the specification of the net pipe according to the irrigation area and the pressure born by the pipeline. The main pipe is generally made of PVC plastic-coated water tape, and the pipe diameter is 80mm or 100 mm. The branch pipe and the capillary pipe are made of Polyethylene (PE), the pipe diameter of the branch pipe is 25mm, and the pipe diameter of the capillary pipe is 4mm in inner diameter and 7mm in outer diameter.
The irrigator adopts a ground-inserted micro-nozzle. In the field planting period, a bracket with the height of 0.45m is selected, and the bracket with the height of 1.5m is replaced after the shed is removed. The nozzle type is preferably G-type rotary micro-nozzle, the working pressure is 0.15 Mpa-0.25 Mpa, the flow rate is 40L/h-70L/h, and the spraying radius is 1.5 m-2.5 m.
The main pipeline is connected with a water pump, a fertilizing filter, a control valve, a pressure gauge, a water meter and a pressure release valve. The main pipe is changed into a pipe diameter of 25mm through a three-way conversion head and enters the shed. The branch pipes are laid in a straight line, 1 branch pipe is laid in every 4 ridges, holes are punched in the branch pipes at intervals of 1.5m, the branch pipes are connected with capillary pipes, and finally the branch pipes are connected with the ground micro-injection nozzles.
Before fertilization, clear water is irrigated for 10-15 min, then the fertilizer dissolved in advance is added into a fertilization device, the concentration of a fertilizer solution is controlled to be 0.1-0.2%, and the fertilization time is generally controlled to be 20-30 min. And after fertilization is finished, irrigating clear water for 10-15 min.
Further, S1 specifically includes: taking the ginger seeds out of the ginger cellar in the beginning of 3 months, cleaning, spreading the ginger seeds outdoors for airing when the ginger seeds are sunny, and simultaneously uniformly spraying 5 times of 25% of thiacloprid ∙ pyrrol ∙ Shuangling suspending agent on the ginger seeds to prevent the seeds from carrying bacteria.
Furthermore, ginger seeds are selected from ginger varieties with high quality, high yield, disease resistance, strong adaptability and good commodity, such as Ji ginger No. 5, Laiwu ginger, Shannong No. 1 and the like. Selecting the ginger blocks which are fat and full, have bright skin color, fresh meat quality, no drying shrinkage and rot, no plant diseases and insect pests and no mechanical damage as seeds.
Further, S2 specifically includes: keeping the temperature in the ginger pile at 26-28 ℃ in the early stage of germination accelerating, continuing for 7-9 days without covering, turning over once after 3-4 days, and keeping the temperature uniform; when the ginger sprouts, the temperature is reduced to 22-24 ℃, the relative humidity is 75-80%, and the heat preservation quilt is covered; and cooling to 17-18 ℃ until 5-7 days before sowing.
Further, S3 specifically includes: fully decomposed farmyard manure 67500kg/hm is spread before soil preparation21800kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2And 600kg/hm of calcium superphosphate2(ii) a Then ditching and ridging at a distance of 65-68 cm, wherein the furrow width is 15cm, and the furrow depth is 30 cm; finally, uniformly spreading 300kg/hm along the ditch2～375kg/hm2N, P, K compound fertilizer with the mol ratio of 17:34:34 and 1200kg/hm2～1800kg/hm2Commercial bio-organic fertilizer.
Further, the biological organic fertilizer belongs to a microbial fertilizer, and contains more than or equal to 45 percent of organic matters and N + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, the effective viable count is more than or equal to 2.0 hundred million/g, and the standard NY-884-; the pseudomonas fluorescens (the effective viable count is more than or equal to 5.0 hundred million/ml) and the bacillus subtilis (the effective viable count is more than or equal to 1000 hundred million/g) belong to microbial agents and execute the standard GB 20287-plus 2006.
Further, in S4, specifically, the method includes: sowing for 3 months from the bottom to the beginning of 4 months, arranging ginger seeds along the furrow at a plant spacing of 18-20 cm, wherein the direction of the buds is uniformly south; covering soil in time after sowing, wherein the thickness of the covered soil is 4-5 cm; and finally, erecting 1 arched shed by 4m long bamboo chips on every 4 ridges, wherein the height of the shed is 80cm, and covering a blue agricultural film with the thickness of 0.35mm on the shed.
Further, in S5, the initial ventilation is performed when the temperature in the greenhouse reaches 35 ℃ and the ventilation amount is increased when the temperature in the greenhouse again reaches 35 ℃.
Further, the initial air release is realized by forming small holes at the top of the greenhouse film; the specific operation of increasing the ventilation quantity is to punch holes on the side surface of the greenhouse film to discharge air.
Further, when the emergence rate reaches 10% -20% at the bottom of 4 months and at the beginning of 5 months, a vertical frame is built by using wood piles, and a shading net with shading rate of 40% is covered on the vertical frame for shading.
Furthermore, in S6, watering is supplemented according to the water demand of ginger and soil moisture content in different periods. Irrigating once at intervals of 7 d-8 d in the seedling stage, wherein the irrigation quantity is 300m each time3/hm2～360m3/hm2(ii) a Irrigating once at intervals of 6 d-7 d in the growing period, and the irrigation quantity is 360m each time3/hm2～420m3/hm2(ii) a Irrigating once at intervals of 5 d-6 d in the rhizome expansion period, wherein the irrigation quantity is 435m each time3/hm2～495m3/hm2。
Furthermore, if meeting high-temperature arid weather, clear water can be poured at intervals of 1-2 days, and the water filling amount is 150m each time3/hm2～180m3/hm2。
Further, the molar ratio of N, P, K in the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer in the seedling stage in S6 is 20:40: 40; n, P, K molar ratio in the compound fertilizer in the small hilling period is 15:10: 36; n, P, K molar ratio of the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer in the rooting stage is 16:16: 52; n, P, K molar ratio in the compound fertilizer in the large hilling period is 15:10: 50; the N, P, K molar ratio in the macroelement water soluble fertilizer in the rhizome expansion period is 15:20: 76.
Furthermore, the humic acid rooting liquid adopted in S6 is commercially available, and contains humic acid more than or equal to 55g/L, N more than or equal to 70g/L and P2O5Not less than 220 g/L; the seaweed organic water soluble fertilizer is commercially available, contains more than or equal to 3 percent of organic matters and N + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 20 percent, and the medium trace elements are more than or equal to 1 percent.
Further, the field management also comprises pest control, and pests are trapped and killed by placing a pest killing lamp, hanging a blue or thrips special pest sticking board and the like; spraying a stem and surrounding soil with 1000 times of 46% copper hydroxide water dispersible granules or 800 times of 40% zinc thiazole suspending agent for preventing and treating ginger bacterial wilt; the 25 percent azoxystrobin suspending agent and 6.25 percent metalaxyl-M.fludioxonil are used in combination for preventing and treating stem rot and southern blight, and the mixture is diluted by 500 times and irrigated to roots.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention discloses a ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method, which adopts a micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integration system to carry out micro-sprinkling irrigation and combines the application of bio-organic fertilizer and microbial agent, so that the good effects of saving water, fertilizer, medicine and labor, and saving worry and labor are shown, compared with the conventional cultivation method, the yield is increased by 18.12-30.55%, the fertilizer consumption is reduced by 35.49-38.43%, the pesticide consumption is reduced by 14.82-25.78%, the water consumption is reduced by 4.59-17.27%, the labor cost is reduced by 35.71-41.67%, and the economic benefit is improved by 31.66-67.29%. The method provided by the invention provides a set of complete and efficient ginger planting method for farmers, successfully solves the technical problem of irrigation and fertilization in the current ginger production, effectively relieves the damage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to the soil environment, remarkably reduces the occurrence of soil-borne diseases such as stem rot and ginger blast, and plays a positive promoting role in promoting the standardization, scale and efficient development of the ginger industry.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It is noted that relational terms such as "first" and "second," and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising an … …" does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.
The features and properties of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to examples.
Example 1
The invention provides a ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water and fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method, which comprises the following steps:
s1, pretreatment: uniformly spraying 5 times of a 25% thiacloprid ∙ pyrrol ∙ Shuangling suspending agent on ginger seeds for disinfection;
s2, variable-temperature germination acceleration: the temperature of the early stage of germination is 26-28 ℃ and lasts for 7 days; after the ginger sprouts, the temperature is gradually reduced to 22-24 ℃, the relative humidity is kept at 75-80 percent until 5 days before sowing, and then the temperature is reduced to 17-18 ℃. Breaking the bud-accelerated ginger seeds into ginger blocks of 80-120 g, wherein each ginger seed retains 1 strong bud;
s3, land preparation and fertilization: uniformly spreading the thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure 67500kg/hm before land preparation21800kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2And 600kg/hm of calcium superphosphate2Mechanically rotary ploughing for 35 cm; then ditching and ridging at intervals of 68cm, wherein the width of each ditch is 15cm, and the depth of each ditch is 30 cm; spreading compound fertilizer (N: P) along the ditch2O5:K2O＝17:17:17)375kg/hm21200kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2；
S4, sowing and buckling a shed: sowing according to the plant spacing of 20cm, each 667m2Planting 4900 plants; covering soil after sowing and covering an arched shed;
s5, field management: after sowing, keeping the temperature, and controlling the temperature at 15-30 ℃ in the seedling emergence period; the temperature in the seedling stage is controlled to be 18-32 ℃, holes are punched to prevent wind when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, and a sunshade net is built in time to shade after seedling emergence. Removing the arched shed in the last ten days of 6 months, and performing small ridging by combining intertillage weeding, wherein the ridging thickness is 10 cm; and (5) performing large ridging in late 7 months, wherein the thickness of the ridging is 15 cm. During the growth period, the pests and diseases are controlled.
S6, fertilizer and water management: and (5) carrying out water and fertilizer integrated irrigation by adopting a micro-sprinkling irrigation system.
And (3) sowing time: after sowing, the water is thoroughly poured, and the water filling amount is 675m3/hm2Spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2。
And (3) seedling stage:irrigating for 3 times at intervals of 7d, wherein the irrigation amount is 300m3/hm2And 30kg/hm of humic acid rooting liquid is sprayed with water2。
And (3) seedling stage: irrigating for 8 times, each time with 300m3/hm2. Spraying the seaweed organic water soluble fertilizer with water for 4 times at the early stage, and 30kg/hm each time2Spraying macroelement water soluble fertilizer (N: P) with water2O5:K2O20: 20:20)4 times, 45kg/hm each time2. Spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water in the period2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2Each time 1.
And (3) a small ridging period: furrow application compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O＝15:5:18)750kg/hm21200kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2Watering after ridging, the irrigation quantity is 360m3/hm2And spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2。
And (3) during the stage of growth: irrigating for 5 times at intervals of 6d, and the irrigation amount is 360m each time3/hm2Spraying macroelement water soluble fertilizer (N: P) with water2O5:K2O＝16:8:26)75kg/hm2。
And (3) a large hilling period: furrow application compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O＝15:5:25)1500kg/hm21200kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2Watering after earthing up, irrigation quantity 435m3/hm2And spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2。
Rhizome expansion period: irrigating for 11 times at intervals of 5d, wherein the irrigation amount is 435m each time3/hm2Spraying macroelement water soluble fertilizer (N: P) with water2O5:K2O＝15:10:38)105kg/hm2。
Example 2
The invention provides a ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water and fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method, which comprises the following steps:
s1, pretreatment: uniformly spraying 5 times of a 25% thiacloprid ∙ pyrrol ∙ Shuangling suspending agent on ginger seeds for disinfection;
s2, variable-temperature germination acceleration: the temperature of the early stage of germination is 26-28 ℃ and lasts for 8 days; after the ginger sprouts, the temperature is gradually reduced to 22-24 ℃, the relative humidity is kept at 75-80 percent until 6 days before sowing, and then the temperature is reduced to 17-18 ℃. Breaking the bud-accelerated ginger seeds into ginger blocks of 80-120 g, wherein each ginger seed retains 1 strong bud;
s3, land preparation and fertilization: uniformly spreading the thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure 67500kg/hm before land preparation21800kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2And 600kg/hm of calcium superphosphate2Mechanically rotary ploughing for 35 cm; then ditching and ridging at intervals of 65cm, wherein the width of each ditch is 15cm, and the depth of each ditch is 30 cm; spreading compound fertilizer (N: P) along the ditch2O5:K2O＝17:17:17)337.5kg/hm21500kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2；
S4, sowing and buckling a shed: sowing according to the plant spacing of 20cm, each 667m25100 plants were planted; covering soil after sowing and covering an arched shed;
s5, field management: after sowing, keeping the temperature, and controlling the temperature at 15-30 ℃ in the seedling emergence period; the temperature in the seedling stage is controlled to be 18-32 ℃, holes are punched to prevent wind when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, and a sunshade net is built in time to shade after seedling emergence. Removing the arched shed in the last ten days of 6 months, and performing small hilling by combining intertillage weeding, wherein the hilling thickness is 10 cm; and (5) performing large ridging in late 7 months, wherein the thickness of the ridging is 15 cm. During the growth period, the pests and diseases are controlled.
S6, fertilizer and water management: and (5) carrying out water and fertilizer integrated irrigation by adopting a micro-sprinkling irrigation system.
And (3) sowing time: after sowing, the water is thoroughly poured, and the water filling amount is 675m3/hm2Spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2。
And (3) seedling stage: irrigating 3 times with 330m of water per time3/hm2And 30kg/hm of humic acid rooting liquid is sprayed with water every time2。
And (3) seedling stage: irrigating for 8 times at intervals of 7d, and the irrigation amount is 330m each time3/hm2. Spraying the seaweed organic water soluble fertilizer with water for 4 times at the early stage, and 30kg/hm each time2Spraying macroelement water soluble fertilizer (N: P) with water2O5:K2O＝20:20:20)4 times of 52.5kg/hm2. Spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water in the period2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2Each time 1.
And (3) a small ridging period: furrow application compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O＝15:5:18)675kg/hm21500kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2Watering after earthing up, and irrigating with the amount of 390m3/hm2And spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2。
And (3) during the stage of growth: irrigating for 5 times at intervals of 6d, with the irrigation amount of 390m each time3/hm2Spraying macroelement water soluble fertilizer (N: P) with water2O5:K2O＝16:8:26)82.5kg/hm2。
And (3) a large hilling period: furrow application compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O＝15:5:25)1350kg/hm21500kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2Watering after ridging, the irrigation quantity is 465m3/hm2And spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2。
Rhizome expansion period: irrigating for 11 times, and for 5d intervals, with the irrigation amount of 465m each time3/hm2Spraying macroelement water soluble fertilizer (N: P) with water2O5:K2O＝15:10:38)112.5kg/hm2。
Example 3
The invention provides a ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water and fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method, which comprises the following steps:
s1, pretreatment: uniformly spraying 5 times of a 25% thiacloprid ∙ pyrrol ∙ Shuangling suspending agent on ginger seeds for disinfection;
s2, variable-temperature germination acceleration: the temperature of the early stage of germination is 26-28 ℃ and lasts for 9 days; after the ginger sprouts, the temperature is gradually reduced to 22-24 ℃, the relative humidity is kept at 75-80 percent until 7 days before sowing, and then the temperature is reduced to 17-18 ℃. Breaking the bud-accelerated ginger seeds into ginger blocks of 80-120 g, wherein each ginger seed retains 1 strong bud;
s3, land preparation and fertilization: before soil preparationUniformly spreading decomposed farmyard manure 67500kg/hm21800kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2And 600kg/hm of calcium superphosphate2Mechanically rotary ploughing for 35 cm; then ditching and ridging at intervals of 68cm, wherein the width of each ditch is 15cm, and the depth of each ditch is 30 cm; spreading compound fertilizer (N: P) along the ditch2O5:K2O＝17:17:17)300kg/hm2And 1800kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2；
S4, sowing and buckling a shed: sowing according to the plant spacing of 18cm, each 667m2Planting 5400 plants; covering soil after sowing and covering an arched shed;
s5, field management: after sowing, keeping the temperature, and controlling the temperature at 15-30 ℃ in the seedling emergence period; the temperature in the seedling stage is controlled to be 18-32 ℃, holes are punched to prevent wind when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃, and a sunshade net is built in time to shade after seedling emergence. Removing the arched shed in the last ten days of 6 months, and performing small hilling by combining intertillage weeding, wherein the hilling thickness is 10 cm; and (5) performing large ridging in late 7 months, wherein the thickness of the ridging is 15 cm. During the growth period, the pests and diseases are controlled.
S6, fertilizer and water management: and (5) carrying out water and fertilizer integrated irrigation by adopting a micro-sprinkling irrigation system.
And (3) sowing time: after sowing, the water is thoroughly poured, and the water filling amount is 675m3/hm2Spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2。
And (3) seedling stage: irrigating for 3 times at intervals of 7d, and the irrigation amount is 360m each time3/hm2And 30kg/hm of humic acid rooting liquid is sprayed with water every time2。
And (3) seedling stage: irrigating for 8 times, each time with 360m irrigation3/hm2. Spraying the seaweed organic water soluble fertilizer with water for 4 times at the early stage, and 30kg/hm each time2Spraying macroelement water soluble fertilizer (N: P) with water2O5:K2O20: 20:20)4 times of 60kg/hm2. Spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water in the period2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2Each time 1.
And (3) a small ridging period: furrow application compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O＝15:5:18)600kg/hm2And 1800kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2Watering after earthing up, irrigation quantity is 420m3/hm2And spraying fluorescent false with waterPseudomonas 75L/hm2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2。
And (3) during the stage of growth: irrigating for 5 times at intervals of 6d, wherein the irrigation amount is 420m3/hm2Spraying macroelement water soluble fertilizer (N: P) with water2O5:K2O＝16:8:26)90kg/hm2。
And (3) a large hilling period: furrow application compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O＝15:5:25)1200kg/hm2And 1800kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2Watering after earthing up, the irrigation quantity is 495m3/hm2And spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2。
Rhizome expansion period: irrigating 11 times at intervals of 5d, wherein the irrigation amount is 495m each time3Spraying macroelement water soluble fertilizer (N: P) with water2O5:K2O＝15:10:38)120kg/hm2。
Comparative example
The conventional cultivation method for farmers is provided, wherein the fertilizer and water management adopts furrow irrigation and broadcast application, no microbial agent and bio-organic fertilizer are added in the ginger growth process, and the rest treatment is the same as that of the example 1. The fertilizer and water management is as follows:
and (3) sowing time: furrow application compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O＝17:17:17)375kg/hm2The amount of water poured is 825m3/hm2。
And (3) seedling stage: irrigating for 2 times, and the irrigation quantity is 525m each time3/hm2And humic acid rooting solution is applied with water, 30kg/hm each time2。
And (3) seedling stage: irrigating for 7 times, each time with 450m3/hm2. The seaweed organic water soluble fertilizer is applied with water for 4 times, and each time is 45kg/hm2(ii) a Then water is added to the water-soluble fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O20: 20:20)3 times, 75kg/hm each time2。
And (3) a small ridging period: furrow application compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O＝15:5:18)750kg/hm2The amount of irrigation is 525m3/hm2。
And (3) during the stage of growth: irrigating for 4 times, and the irrigation quantity is 525m each time3/hm2And the compound fertilizer (N: P) is applied with water2O5:K2O＝16:8:22)300kg/hm2。
And (3) a large hilling period: composite fertilizer (N: P: K: 15:5:25) for furrow application 1500kg/hm2Amount of irrigation 675m3/hm2。
Rhizome expansion period: irrigating for 8 times, and the irrigation quantity per time is 675m3Applying compound fertilizer (N: P) with water2O5:K2O＝15:10:23)300kg/hm2And 48% potassium sulfate 75kg/hm2。
Experimental example 1
The parameter indexes of different cultivation methods of example 1, example 2, example 3 and comparative example are respectively compared, and the results are shown in the following table 1:
TABLE 1 comparison of indexes of various parameters of micro-sprinkling irrigation, water and fertilizer integrated cultivation and furrow irrigation cultivation of ginger
As shown in Table 1, the ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water and fertilizer integration technology has obvious effects of increasing yield, saving water and fertilizer, can obviously improve the utilization rate of the water and fertilizer, reduce labor cost and pesticide usage amount, and increase economic benefits. Compared with the conventional cultivation method of a comparative example, the method has the advantages that:
(1) yield and efficiency increase: the yield increasing effect is obvious by applying the micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integration technology, and the yield is increased by 18.12 percent, 25.37 percent and 30.55 percent respectively in the embodiment 1, the embodiment 2 and the embodiment 3 compared with the contrast; the economic benefit is increased by 31.66%, 52.58% and 67.29%.
(2) Water and fertilizer conservation: compared with ditch irrigation, the water consumption and the fertilizer consumption are obviously reduced, the utilization rate of water and fertilizer is improved, and the water is saved by 4.59-17.27% in the whole growth period; saving 35.49% -38.43% of fertilizer, improving the yield of the fertilizer by 83.13% -112.13%;
(3) the labor cost is reduced: the large water flood irrigation depends on manpower, the labor intensity is high, the efficiency is low, the micro-sprinkling irrigation water and fertilizer integrated irrigation is adopted, and the labor cost is reduced by 35.71-41.67 percent compared with the contrast;
(4) the pesticide dosage is reduced: by adopting the micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integration technology, the water-fertilizer coupling is beneficial to the absorption of crops, the plants grow strongly, the incidence rate of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the pesticide consumption is obviously reduced, the pesticide can be saved by 14.82-25.78% compared with the contrast, and the control effect is obvious.
Experimental example 2
In order to study the influence of the microbial inoculum on the growth of the ginger, 3 test points are respectively selected in a certain town of Tangshan City, and the water-fertilizer integrated cultivation management is carried out in the treatment area according to the method in the embodiment 2. The control area is also subjected to water and fertilizer integrated cultivation management according to example 2, but no microbial agent is added in the growth process. And (4) investigating the ginger morbidity after the heavy hilling, adopting a 5-point sampling method, investigating 200 plants at each point, counting the disease types and the number of the diseased plants, and calculating the morbidity. Incidence (%) is the number of diseased strains/total investigated strains × 100. The yield was measured at harvest and the results are shown in tables 2 and 3 below.
TABLE 2 influence of microbial Agents addition treatment on ginger morbidity
TABLE 3 Effect of microbial inoculum treatment on ginger yield
The test results show that the morbidity of the ginger bacterial wilt, the stalk base rot and the anthracnose of 3 test points treated by adding the microbial agent is respectively reduced by 70.43 percent, 78.35 percent and 42.32 percent compared with the comparative example, and the average yield is improved by 15.76 percent compared with the comparative example, which indicates that the proper addition of the microbial agent in the ginger planting process can play roles in preventing diseases, reducing the morbidity and improving the yield, and particularly has better prevention effect on the stalk base rot and the ginger bacterial wilt.
Experimental example 3
In order to research the influence of the bio-organic fertilizer on the growth of the ginger, a part of the bio-organic fertilizer is added and applied to a certain test field in Tangshan CityAnd (5) fertilizer testing. The tested soil is sandy loam, the organic matter content is 0.91 percent, the pH value is 7.2, and the EC value is 0.3mS cm-124.57mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, 45.39mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus and 130.40mg/kg of quick-acting potassium. The tested bio-organic fertilizer contains organic matter more than or equal to 45 percent, effective viable count more than or equal to 2 hundred million/g, N + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, the fertilizer is a compound fertilizer, N: p2O5：K2O15: 5: 18. totally 4 fertilizing treatments are arranged, and the area of a community is 36.4m2Random block design, 3 times of repetition and consistent other field management measures. The fertilization modes and the fertilization amounts of the treatments are shown in Table 4. Yield was measured after harvest and the results are shown in tables 5-6.
TABLE 4 fertilization method and amount of each treatment
TABLE 5 influence of different fertilization methods on ginger yield and its composition
TABLE 6 influence of different fertilization methods on ginger quality
As can be seen from tables 5 and 6, the yield of ginger can be remarkably improved by additionally applying the bio-organic fertilizer, wherein the treatment yield increasing effects of T1, T2 and T3 are remarkable and are increased by 23.18%, 30.29% and 54.83% respectively compared with the control. After the biological organic fertilizer is treated by T2, T3 and T4 and applied, and the fertilizer is reduced, the content of nitrate and crude fiber in ginger is reduced, the content of soluble sugar and vitamin C is increased, and the nutritional quality is improved compared with the contrast. The yield and quality results are integrated, and in each treatment, T380 percent of fertilizer plus application of 5400kg/hm2The effect of the biological organic fertilizer is optimal, and then T290 percent of fertilizer and additional application of 4500kg/hm are carried out2The bio-organic fertilizer is treated with 100 percent of fertilizer and added with 3600kg/hm for T1 again2Biological organic fertilizer, and T470 percent fertilizer plus additional application of 6300kg/hm2The yield of the bio-organic fertilizer treatment is not obviously different from that of the control. Therefore, the fertilizer with the control amount of 80-100% is applied in the sowing period, the small hilling period and the large hilling period, and 3600-5600 kg/hm is additionally applied at the same time2The biological organic fertilizer can promote the growth of the ginger, improve the yield and the total yield of the single plant of the ginger and improve the nutritional quality of the ginger.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A water and fertilizer integrated efficient cultivation method based on ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, pretreatment: treating ginger seeds with a seed coating agent;
s2, variable-temperature germination acceleration: accelerating germination of ginger seeds, wherein the initial accelerating germination temperature is 26-28 ℃, when ginger sprouts, the temperature is reduced to 22-24 ℃, and the temperature is reduced to 17-18 ℃ before sowing;
s3, land preparation and fertilization: after base fertilizer is applied, mechanically rotary tillage is carried out, so that the soil is deeply loosened by more than 35 cm; then ditching and ridging are carried out. Finally, uniformly spreading 300kg/hm of ternary compound fertilizer in the ditch2～375kg/hm21200kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2～1800kg/hm2；
S4, sowing and buckling a shed: before sowing, breaking the ginger seeds into 80-120 g ginger blocks, and reserving 1 strong bud on each ginger seed. When sowing, the ginger seeds are arranged in the furrow, and each 667m2Planting 4900-5400 plants; then covering soil, covering an arched shed, and covering a shed film;
s5, field management: after sowing, keeping the temperature, and controlling the temperature to be 15-30 ℃; controlling the temperature of the seedlings to be 18-32 ℃ after the seedlings come out of the soil, timely punching holes to release air when the weather rises, and building a sunshade net to shade; removing the arched shed in the last ten days of the month, and performing small ridging with the ridging thickness of 10 cm; carrying out large ridging in late 7 months, wherein the ridging thickness is 15 cm;
s6, fertilizer and water management: adopting a micro-sprinkling irrigation system to carry out water and fertilizer integrated irrigation;
seedingStage (2): after sowing, the water is thoroughly poured, and the water filling amount is 675m3/hm2Spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2；
And (3) seedling stage: irrigating for 3 times with 300m of water per time3/hm2～360m3/hm2And 30kg/hm of humic acid rooting liquid is sprayed with water2；
And (3) seedling stage: irrigating for 8 times, each time with 300m3/hm2～360m3/hm2(ii) a Spraying the seaweed organic water soluble fertilizer with water for 4 times at the early stage, and 30kg/hm each time2(ii) a Spraying 45kg/hm of macroelement water-soluble fertilizer with water every time2～60kg/hm2. Spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water in the period2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis21 time each;
and (3) a small ridging period: combining with small hilling, applying compound fertilizer 600kg/hm in furrow2～750kg/hm21200kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2～1800kg/hm2And spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2；
And (3) during the stage of growth: irrigating for 5 times, each time with 360m irrigation3/hm2～420m3/hm2And spraying 75kg/hm of macroelement water-soluble fertilizer along with water2～90kg/hm2；
And (3) a large hilling period: combining ridging and furrow application of 1200kg/hm compound fertilizer2～1500kg/hm21200kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2～1800kg/hm2And spraying pseudomonas fluorescens 75L/hm with water2And 0.75kg/hm of bacillus subtilis2；
Rhizome expansion period: irrigating for 11 times, with 435m of irrigation water per time3/hm2～495m3/hm2Spraying 105kg/hm of macroelement water-soluble fertilizer along with water2～120kg/hm2。
2. The ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein S1 specifically is: diluting 25% thiacloprid ∙ Gero ∙ Shuangling suspension to 5 times of solution, and uniformly spraying ginger seeds.
3. The ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein S2 specifically is: the temperature of the early stage of germination is 26-28 ℃ and lasts for 7-9 days; when the ginger sprouts, the temperature is reduced to 22-24 ℃, the relative humidity is 75-80%, the temperature is maintained to 5-7 days before sowing, and then the temperature is reduced to 17-18 ℃.
4. The ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein 67500kg/hm of fully decomposed farmyard manure is spread before soil preparation in S321800kg/hm of bio-organic fertilizer2And 600kg/hm of calcium superphosphate2(ii) a Then ditching and ridging at a distance of 65-68 cm, wherein the furrow width is 15cm, and the furrow depth is 30 cm; the N, P, K molar ratio in the ternary compound fertilizer is 17:34: 34.
5. The ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bio-organic fertilizer belongs to a microbial fertilizer, and contains organic matter not less than 45% and N + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the number of effective viable bacteria is more than or equal to 2.0 hundred million/g.
6. The ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sowing time in S4 is from 3 months bottom to 4 months early, the sowing is carried out according to the plant spacing of 18 cm-20 cm, soil is timely covered after the sowing, and the soil covering thickness is 4 cm-5 cm.
7. The ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation water-fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the temperature of seedlings in S5 is maintained at 18-32 ℃ after emergence; when the temperature in the greenhouse reaches 35 ℃, primary ventilation is carried out, when the temperature in the greenhouse reaches 35 ℃ again, the ventilation quantity is increased, and holes are punched on the side surface of the greenhouse film for ventilation.
8. The ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation and water-fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific operation of building the sunshade net in S5 is as follows: and when the emergence rate reaches 10% -20% at the bottom of 4 months and at the beginning of 5 months, building a sunshade net with the shading rate of 40% for shading.
9. The ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation and water-fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in S6, irrigation is performed once every 7 d-8 d in a seedling stage, once every 6 d-7 d in a rooting stage, and once every 5 d-6 d in a rhizome expansion stage.
10. The ginger micro-sprinkling irrigation and water-fertilizer integration-based efficient cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of N, P, K in the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer in the seedling stage of S6 is 20:40: 40; n, P, K molar ratio in the compound fertilizer in the small hilling period is 15:10: 36; n, P, K molar ratio of the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer in the rooting stage is 16:16: 52; n, P, K molar ratio in the compound fertilizer in the large hilling period is 15:10: 50; the N, P, K molar ratio in the macroelement water soluble fertilizer in the rhizome expansion period is 15:20: 76.
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