CN111659369A - 多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,具体为:首先,将醇溶剂、乙腈、有机硅源和钛源混合,得到溶液A;再将蒸馏水、醇溶剂、乙腈和碱液混合,搅拌,得到溶液B;将溶液A以一定速率加入溶液B中,加完溶液A后继续搅拌,洗涤,烘干,研磨,得到粉体,之后将粉体进行热处理,得到多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料;在无外加碳源条件下,利用乙腈抑制有机钛源和硅源的不完全水解产物,将其作为碳源,乙腈可在前期添加少量氨水的条件下水解产生大量的氨水,降低氨水的用量,添加的SiO2可有效抑制高温条件下TiO2的晶粒的长大。另外,本发明工艺简单,绿色无毒,制备时间短,成本低,易放大体系生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于材料制备技术领域,具体涉及多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法。
背景技术
随着社会经济的快速发展,水污染问题一直困扰着人类,尤其是水中的染料、农药、抗生素等有机污染物大多结构稳定,很难进行生物降解,对人类生活及生物生存极为不利,为解决这一问题,科学家一直致力于开发去除水中有机污染物的有效方法以及合适的催化材料。其中,TiO2由于其化学和热稳定性,高折射率,无毒、成本低等特点在光降解领域、染料敏化太阳能电池、自清洁涂层和太阳能水分解方面已被广泛研究。但是由于TiO2宽带隙,光生能载体即电子和空穴很容易发生复合,极大地限制了其光催化应用。
为了调整TiO2的能带结构,研究者将TiO2与其他窄带隙半导体、金属、非金属复合。其中碳材料和TiO2复合具有其独特的优势:例如,制备方法相对简单、成本低、稳定性好,能有效地减小TiO2的带隙。此外,碳的引入可以促进电荷从TiO2内部转移表面,增加TiO2的导电性。目前有大量的研究报道了TiO2/C复合材料,例如中国专利(申请号:201811576854.9,公开号:CN108067214A)公开了一种碳掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂的制备方法,利用聚乙二醇(PEG)为分散剂,制出改性MOF-Al的金属有机骨架材料,且利用改性MOF-Al的金属有机骨架材料为模板制备了TiO2/C纳米复合材料。其不仅具有高比表面积、高孔容的特征,而且光催化活性高;Tang Y.B.等报道了用一种简单有效的分子接枝的方法合成石墨烯(GS)和TiO2纳米粒子复合薄膜,有效地提高了TiO2的光催化和水解氢的性能(Incorporation ofgraphenes in nanostructured TiO2 films via molecular grafting for dye-sensitized solar cell application,ACS nano,2010,4,3482-3488)。Zhang L.W.等人报道了将P25和葡萄糖在453K的条件下水热,制备新型TiO2/C复合光催化剂的方法(Efficient TiO2 photocatalysts from surface hybridization of TiO2 particleswith graphite-like carbon,Adv.Funct.Mater.,2008,18,2180-2189)。类似这样的报道还有很多,但是大多都是需要预制碳材料或者额外引入碳源和表面修饰剂,而且制备工艺复杂,成本高,很难放大体系生产。为此,中国专利(申请号为:201611115449.8,公开号:CN106673118B)提出一种无需添加外来碳源、采用溶剂热与热处理结合的方法制备锐钛矿TiO2/C复合材料的方法,但溶剂热往往需要高温高压的环境和反应釜等设备,对其大规模应用有一定的限制。Lettmann等采用酸催化溶胶凝胶法制备了TiO2/C复合材料,然而制备时间较长(Visible Light Photodegradation of 4-Chlorophenol with a Coke-Containing Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst.Appl.Catal B:Environ,2001,32(4):215-227)。多孔材料内部分布有大量的方向性或随机分布的孔洞,能够提供更多的活性位点,广泛应用于工业催化领域。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,在无外加碳源条件下,制备出高催化活性的多孔TiO2/SiO2/C纳米复合材料。
本发明所采用的技术方案是,多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,具体按照以下步骤实施:
步骤1:将体积比为3~4:1:0.1~1:0.4~4的醇溶剂、乙腈、有机硅源和钛源混合均匀,得到溶液A;
步骤2:将体积比为75~120:240~410:100~200:6~8的蒸馏水、醇溶剂、乙腈和碱液混合,搅拌0.5h-4h,得到溶液B;
步骤3:在20~60℃的温度下,将溶液A以一定速率加入溶液B中,加完溶液A后继续搅拌2~6h,得到混合液;
步骤4:依次采用蒸馏水和乙醇对混合溶液进行离心洗涤,烘干,研磨,得到粉体,之后将粉体放入高温炉内进行热处理,随炉冷却,得到多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料。
本发明的特点还在于,
步骤1和步骤2中,醇溶剂均为乙醇、甲醇或者异丙醇。
步骤1中,有机硅源为正硅酸甲酯或者正硅酸乙酯。
步骤1中,钛源为钛酸四丁酯、异丙醇钛或者钛酸乙酯。
步骤2中,碱液为氨水或者乙二胺。
步骤3中,溶液A的滴加速率为1~4ml/h。
步骤4中,烘干温度为50~80℃,烘干时间为8-15h。
步骤4中,热处理时,升温速率为1~20℃/min,热处理温度为450~850℃,热处理时间为1~3h;热处理的气氛为真空、氮气或者氩气。
本发明的有益效果是,
在无外加碳源条件下,利用乙腈抑制有机钛源和硅源的不完全水解产物,将其作为碳源,其次,乙腈可在前期添加少量氨水的条件下水解产生大量的氨水,避免氨水的直接加入,惰性气氛下热处理可实现原位碳复合TiO2,且引入大量的氧空位,添加的SiO2可有效抑制高温条件下TiO2的晶粒的长大,并具有多孔结构,具有大的比表面积。另外,本发明工艺简单,绿色无毒,制备时间短,成本低,易放大体系生产。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中复合材料的微观形貌图;
图2为本发明实施例1和实施例4中复合材料的XRD图谱;
图3为本发明实施例1中复合材料的宏观形貌图;
图4为本发明实施例4中复合材料的微观形貌图;
图5为本发明实施例4中复合材料的宏观形貌图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式和附图对本发明进行详细说明。
本发明多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,具体按照以下步骤实施:
步骤1:将体积比为3~4:1:0.1~1:0.4~4的醇溶剂、乙腈、有机硅源和钛源混合均匀,得到溶液A;
醇溶剂为乙醇、甲醇或者异丙醇;
有机硅源为正硅酸甲酯或者正硅酸乙酯;
钛源为钛酸四丁酯、异丙醇钛或者钛酸乙酯;
步骤2:将体积比为75~120:240~410:100~200:6~8的蒸馏水、醇溶剂、乙腈和碱液混合,搅拌0.5h-4h,得到溶液B;
醇溶剂为乙醇、甲醇或者异丙醇;
碱液为氨水或者乙二胺;
步骤3:在20~60℃的温度下,将溶液A以一定速率加入溶液B中,加完溶液A后继续搅拌2~6h,得到混合液;
溶液A的滴加速率为1~4ml/h;
步骤4:依次采用蒸馏水和乙醇对混合溶液进行离心洗涤,烘干,研磨,得到粉体,之后将粉体放入高温炉内进行热处理,随炉冷却,得到多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料;
烘干温度为50~80℃,烘干时间为8-15h;
热处理时,升温速率为1~20℃/min,热处理温度为450~850℃,热处理时间为1~3h;热处理的气氛为真空、氮气或者氩气。
本发明利用溶胶-凝胶法与热处理结合的方法制备多孔TiO2/SiO2/C纳米复合材料。其方法具有以下优点:
1、乙腈可以抑制有机钛和有机硅源水解,其残留的有机组分为TiO2/SiO2/C纳米复合材料提供碳源,在前期添加少量氨水的条件下,乙腈可水解生成羧酸和氨水,避免大量氨水的直接加入;
2、在缺氧热处理过程中SiO2可有效地TiO2晶粒的快速长大,引入一定缺陷,并形成了多孔结构,具有大的比表面积;
3、设备工艺简单,耗时短,易于工业化生产。
实施例1:TiO2/SiO2/C复合材料
首先将4ml无水乙醇、1ml乙腈、1ml正硅酸乙酯和4ml钛酸四丁酯混合配制成溶液A;在将30ml蒸馏水、96ml无水乙醇、40ml乙腈和2.4ml氨水配制成溶液B,并搅拌30min;在40℃水浴条件下将溶液A每隔1h滴加1ml至溶液B中,加完溶液A,搅拌4h;随后将产物离心,将离心后的产物用水和无水乙醇各洗2次;随后在60℃鼓风干燥烘箱中干燥10h;通过研磨得到白色粉末,最后将其置于氮气做保护气氛的管式炉中,以5℃/min的升温速率升至300℃,在以3℃/min的升温速率升至650℃热处理2小时,冷却至室温再研磨得到灰色TiO2/SiO2/C纳米复合材料,其微观形貌如图1所示,由图可知,样品是球形的,尺寸在80nm左右,全部由小的纳米颗粒堆积而成,颗粒与颗粒之前存在空隙,具有明显多孔材料的特征。其XRD图谱如图2所示,与标准的PDF卡片对比后,所有衍射峰对应于锐钛矿相,未出现SiO2,说明SiO2以非晶相存在于复合物中。宏观微观形貌如图3所示,由图可知,与煅烧之前截然不同,其样品宏观表现出来的颜色为灰色,说明在热处理过程中,水解不完全的有机物被碳化。
实施例2:TiO2/SiO2/C复合材料
首先将4ml无水乙醇、1ml乙腈、1ml正硅酸乙酯和4ml钛酸四丁酯混合配制成溶液A;在将30ml蒸馏水、96ml无水乙醇、50ml乙腈和2.4ml氨水配制成溶液B,并搅拌1h;在40℃水浴条件下将溶液A每隔1h滴加1ml至溶液B中,加完溶液A,搅拌4h;随后将产物离心,将离心后的产物用水和无水乙醇各洗2次;随后在60℃鼓风干燥烘箱中干燥10h;通过研磨得到白色粉末,最后将其置于氮气做保护气氛的管式炉中,以5℃/min的升温速率升至300℃,在以3℃/min的升温速率升至650℃热处理2小时,冷却至室温再研磨得到灰色TiO2/SiO2/C纳米复合材料。
实施例3:TiO2/SiO2/C复合材料
首先将4ml无水乙醇、1ml乙腈、1ml正硅酸乙酯和4ml钛酸四丁酯混合配制成溶液A;在将30ml蒸馏水、96ml无水乙醇、60ml乙腈和2.4ml氨水配制成溶液B,并搅拌1h,在40℃水浴条件下将溶液A每隔1h滴加1ml至溶液B中,加完溶液A,搅拌4h;随后将产物离心,将离心后的产物用水和无水乙醇各洗2次;随后在60℃鼓风干燥烘箱中干燥10h;通过研磨得到白色粉末,最后将其置于氮气做保护气氛的管式炉中,以5℃/min的升温速率升至300℃,在以3℃/min的升温速率升至650℃热处理2小时,冷却至室温再研磨得到灰色TiO2/SiO2/C纳米复合材料。
对比实施例4:TiO2/SiO2复合材料
首先将4ml无水乙醇、1ml乙腈、1ml正硅酸乙酯和4ml钛酸四丁酯混合配制成溶液A;在将30ml蒸馏水、96ml无水乙醇、40ml乙腈和2.4ml氨水配制成溶液B,并搅拌30min,40℃水浴条件下将溶液A每隔1h滴加1ml至溶液B中,加完溶液A,搅拌4h;将产物离心,将离心后的产物用水和无水乙醇各洗2次;在60℃鼓风干燥烘箱中干燥10h;所得白色粉末,置于空气气氛中,以5℃/min的升温速率升至300℃,在以3℃/min的升温速率升至650℃热处理2小时,冷却至室温再研磨得到白色TiO2/SiO2纳米复合材料。其微观形貌如图4所示,由图可知,其形貌与实施例1的形貌类似,也是由小颗粒相互堆积而成大约85nm左右球状,颗粒与颗粒之前形成空隙。其XRD图谱如图2所示,所有衍射峰对应于锐钛矿相,说明SiO2以非晶相存在于复合物中。宏观微观形貌如图5所示,由图可知,该样品煅烧后显示出的颜色与煅烧前一致,都呈现白色,进一步印证了空气条件下煅烧有机物完全氧化。
Claims (8)
1.多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,具体按照以下步骤实施:
步骤1:将体积比为3~4:1:0.1~1:0.4~4的醇溶剂、乙腈、有机硅源和钛源混合均匀,得到溶液A;
步骤2:将体积比为75~120:240~410:100~200:6~8的蒸馏水、醇溶剂、乙腈和碱液混合,搅拌0.5h-4h,得到溶液B;
步骤3:在20~60℃的温度下,将溶液A以一定速率加入溶液B中,加完溶液A后继续搅拌2~6h,得到混合液;
步骤4:依次采用蒸馏水和乙醇对混合溶液进行离心洗涤,烘干,研磨,得到粉体,之后将粉体放入高温炉内进行热处理,随炉冷却,得到多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤1和步骤2中,醇溶剂均为乙醇、甲醇或者异丙醇。
3.根据权利要求1所述的多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤1中,有机硅源为正硅酸甲酯或者正硅酸乙酯。
4.根据权利要求1所述的多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤1中,钛源为钛酸四丁酯、异丙醇钛或者钛酸乙酯。
5.根据权利要求1所述的多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤2中,碱液为氨水或者乙二胺。
6.根据权利要求1所述的多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤3中,溶液A的滴加速率为1~4ml/h。
7.根据权利要求1所述的多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤4中,烘干温度为50~80℃,烘干时间为8-15h。
8.根据权利要求1所述的多孔二氧化钛/二氧化硅/碳纳米复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤4中,热处理时,升温速率为1~20℃/min,热处理温度为450~850℃,热处理时间为1~3h;热处理的气氛为真空、氮气或者氩气。
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