CN111656936A - Litchi recommended fertilization method and litchi nutrient system - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a recommended fertilization method for litchi and a litchi nutrient system, and relates to the technical field of crop cultivation. The recommended fertilizing method for litchi provided by the invention comprises the following steps: determining a target yield; determining the yield reaction of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; and determining the nitrogen application amount, the phosphorus application amount and the potassium application amount. The recommended fertilizing method of litchi fully considers the demand of litchi on nutrients, the interaction among the nutrients, the agronomic parameters and the relationship among the nutrients, can provide reasonable fertilizing suggestions for litchi early maturing varieties in different areas of China, improves the yield of litchi, reduces the production cost, relieves the low utilization rate of fertilizer and environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization, is applicable to both the conditions with and without soil test, and is particularly suitable for the national conditions of small farmers as main bodies in China.

Description

Litchi recommended fertilization method and litchi nutrient system

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of crop cultivation, in particular to a litchi fertilization recommending method and a litchi nutrient system.

Background

In recent years, many researches have been made on methods for recommending fertilization and nutrient management by Chinese researchers according to soil and plant tests, such as soil testing and formulated fertilization, a target yield method, a soil fertility grading method, a fertilizer effect function method and the like. The recommended fertilization methods play an active role in improving the yield and the fertilizer utilization rate, but some of the methods need to consume a large amount of manpower/material resources and competence, and some of the methods even can not effectively develop the special litchi management units in China, so that the method is difficult to effectively test the relevant indexes of each litchi orchard of each farmer in time. However, the perfect method for recommending fertilization and nutrient management needs to consider not only the nutrient demand of crops and the interaction among nutrients, but also the agronomic parameters including target yield, yield response, soil basic nutrient supply, nutrient utilization rate, unit nutrient absorption and nutrient harvest index and the relationship among the nutrients, and the important considerations for formulating nutrient management strategies, guaranteeing food safety and reducing environmental pollution.

The litchi planting in China is mainly distributed in nine parts of tropical zone and subtropical zone, the litchi varieties are more, the yield and nutrient absorption of litchi of different breeding types are obviously different, and the soil fertility and the litchi variety are different, so that the soil basic nutrient absorption characteristics are also different. The yield and nutrient uptake data for a single test point have not been able to meet the current nutrient management and recommended fertilization needs. Therefore, the recommended fertilization method suitable for litchis in different areas in China is urgently needed to be constructed and put forward, so that the recommended fertilization technology of litchis in China is improved and perfected.

In view of the above, the present invention is particularly proposed.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a litchi recommended fertilization method, which fully considers the nutrient demand of litchi, the interaction among nutrients, the agronomic parameters and the relationship among the nutrients, can provide accurate and reasonable fertilization suggestions for litchi early-maturing varieties in different areas of China, reduces the production cost while improving the litchi yield, and relieves the environmental pollution caused by low fertilizer utilization rate and excessive fertilization.

The second purpose of the invention is to provide a litchi nutrient system, which is based on computer software and adopts a question-and-answer interface to simplify a complex fertilization principle into a nutrient management system which is convenient for farmers and technical popularization departments and farmers to use.

In order to solve the technical problems, the following technical scheme is adopted:

in a first aspect, the invention provides a recommended fertilization method for litchi, which comprises the following steps:

determining a target yield;

determining the yield reaction of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium;

determining nitrogen application amount, phosphorus application amount and potassium application amount;

wherein, the nitrogen application (kg N/ha) ═ production reaction 1000/(-0.0604) (-production reaction²+3.4315 production reaction + 0.7933);

phosphorus amount (kg P)₂O₅(ha) ═ production response 14.69+ (target production 0.735-quaternary phosphorus residual);

potassium application amount (kg K)₂O/ha) ═ production response 43.56+ (target production 2.723-quaternary potassium residual effect).

As a further technical solution, the target yield is a habitual fertilization yield 1.303;

as a further technical solution, if the (target yield 0.735-quaternary phosphorus residual efficiency) is less than or equal to 0, then calculate as "0";

as a further technical scheme, if the (target yield: 2.723-quaternary potassium residual effect) is less than or equal to 0, then calculate as "0".

As a further technical solution, the determining of the yield response comprises:

a, determining yield reaction according to a nutrient-reducing test, wherein the yield reaction is fertilization plot yield-nutrient-reducing plot yield;

b, determining a yield reaction according to the supply grade of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients of the soil, wherein the yield reaction is a target yield and a yield reaction coefficient;

as a further technical scheme, the reaction coefficient relation between the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grade and the nitrogen phosphorus potassium yield is as follows:

the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade is low: the nitrogen production reaction coefficient is 0.443-0.490, preferably 0.467; in the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade: the nitrogen yield reaction coefficient is 0.297 to 0.329, preferably 0.313; the soil has high nitrogen nutrient supply grade: the nitrogen yield reaction coefficient is 0.140-0.154, preferably 0.147;

the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grade is low: the phosphorus yield reaction coefficient is 0.369-0.407, preferably 0.388; in the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grades: the phosphorus yield reaction coefficient is 0.237-0.261, preferably 0.249; the soil has high phosphorus nutrient supply grade: the phosphorus yield reaction coefficient is 0.112-0.124, preferably 0.118;

the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is low: the reaction coefficient of potassium yield is 0.367 to 0.405, preferably 0.386; in the soil potassium nutrient supply grades: the reaction coefficient of potassium yield is 0.213-0.235, preferably 0.224; the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is high: the reaction coefficient of potassium yield is 0.141-0.155, preferably 0.148;

preferably, the method of a is used to determine the yield response.

As a further technical scheme, the method for determining the supply grade of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the soil comprises the following steps:

a, determining the supply grade of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients of soil according to the soil test grade:

the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade is low: the soil organic matter is less than or equal to 1 percent, and the soil quick-acting nitrogen is less than or equal to 60 mg/kg; in the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade: 1-2% of soil organic matter and 60-90mg/kg of soil quick-acting nitrogen; the soil has high nitrogen nutrient supply grade: the soil organic matter is more than or equal to 2 percent, and the soil quick-acting nitrogen is more than or equal to 90 mg/kg;

the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grade is low: the soil available phosphorus is less than or equal to 10 mg/kg; in the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grades: 10-20mg/kg of soil quick-acting phosphorus; the soil has high phosphorus nutrient supply grade: the soil available phosphorus is more than or equal to 20 mg/kg;

the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is low: the soil quick-acting potassium is less than or equal to 50 mg/kg; in the soil potassium nutrient supply grades: the soil quick-acting potassium is 50-100 mg/kg; the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is high: the soil quick-acting potassium is more than or equal to 100 mg/kg;

b, determining the supply grade of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients of the soil according to the texture, the color and the organic matter content of the soil:

the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grade is low: sandy soil, red soil or brick red soil;

in the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grades: red, reddish yellow or loam or sandy loam with 1-2% organic matter content;

the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grade is high: yellow or loam or sandy loam with the organic matter content more than or equal to 2 percent;

preferably, the method a is adopted to determine the supply level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in soil.

As a further technical solution, the fertilization comprises applying an elemental fertilizer, which follows the following principles:

the nitrogen application amount is more than or equal to 360kg N/ha, and the fertilizer is applied for 4 times;

270kg N/ha < the nitrogen application amount is less than or equal to 360kg N/ha, the soil texture is sandy, and the fertilizer is applied for 4 times;

270kg N/ha < the nitrogen application amount is less than or equal to 360kg N/ha, the soil texture is sandy loam or loam, and the fertilizer is applied for 3 times;

fertilizing the fertilizer 3 times with nitrogen amount not more than 270kg N/ha;

preferably, the nitrogen application ratio is determined according to the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade:

the soil has high nitrogen nutrient supply grade: if the fertilizer is applied for 2 times, 50 percent and 50 percent of the picked fertilizer and the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 3 times, the postharvest fertilizer, the pre-flower fertilizer and the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied according to 40 percent, 20 percent and 40 percent; if the fertilizer is applied for 4 times, applying 35%, 10%, 20% and 35% of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer, flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer;

in the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade: if the fertilizer is applied for 2 times, 55 percent and 45 percent of the picked fertilizer and the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 3 times, 55%, 15% and 35% of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flowering fertilizer and flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 4 times, applying the postharvest fertilizer, the pre-flower fertilizer, the flower-withering fruit-strengthening fertilizer and the fruit-strengthening fertilizer according to 40%, 10%, 20% and 30%;

the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade is low: if the fertilizer is applied for 2 times, the harvested fertilizer and the fertilizer for the metabolic flowers and the fruits are applied according to 60 percent and 40 percent; if the fertilizer is applied for 3 times, 60 percent, 10 percent and 30 percent of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer and fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 4 times, applying 45%, 10%, 20% and 25% of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer, flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer;

the phosphorus is used as a fertilizer after being picked and is applied at one time;

the potassium application amount is more than or equal to 360kg K₂O/ha, or the soil texture is sandy soil, fertilizing is carried out for 4 times, and postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer, flower-withering fruit-strengthening fertilizer and fruit-strengthening fertilizer are applied according to 30%, 10%, 35% and 25%;

the potassium application amount<360kg K₂O/ha, fertilizing for 3 times, and applying postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer and flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer according to 40%, 10% and 50%;

wherein the fertilizer application time after picking is 7-8 months, the fertilizer application time before flowering is 2-3 months, the fertilizer application time for the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits is 4 months, and the fertilizer application time for the fertilizer for strengthening fruits is 5 months.

As a further technical solution, the fertilization comprises applying compound fertilizer, and the applying compound fertilizer follows the following principle:

the compound fertilizer is as follows: N-P-K, preferably N-P₂O₅-K₂O；

The compound fertilizer base fertilizer is based on the priority of meeting the phosphorus requirement, and the using amount of the compound fertilizer base fertilizer is equal to the phosphorus applying amount/phosphorus proportion in the compound fertilizer, and the compound fertilizer base fertilizer is used as the fertilizer after being picked for one-time application;

the nitrogen amount brought by the compound fertilizer is equal to the base fertilizer amount of the compound fertilizer and the nitrogen proportion in the compound fertilizer;

the amount of potassium brought by the compound fertilizer is equal to the amount of base fertilizer of the compound fertilizer and the ratio of potassium in the compound fertilizer;

topdressing of a nitrogen fertilizer: if the nitrogen carrying amount of the compound fertilizer is more than or equal to 15kg N/ha, the compound fertilizer is recommended to be replaced;

15kg of N/ha < nitrogen carrying amount of the compound fertilizer-the nitrogen application amount is less than 15kg of N/ha, no nitrogen fertilizer needs to be supplemented;

15kg of N/ha is less than or equal to the nitrogen application amount, namely the nitrogen carrying amount of the compound fertilizer is less than or equal to 60kg of N/ha, and urea is used as a flower and fruit-metabolizing fertilizer to supplement the residual nitrogen fertilizer;

the nitrogen application amount-the introduced nitrogen amount of the compound fertilizer is more than 60kg N/ha, the urea is applied for 3 times, and the proportion of the first fertilization, the second fertilization and the third fertilization is determined according to the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade; if the nitrogen application amount is the first fertilization proportion-compound fertilizer nitrogen intake amount is more than 10kg N/ha, the fertilizer amount after harvesting is (the nitrogen application amount is the first fertilization proportion-compound fertilizer nitrogen intake amount)/0.46, the fertilizer amount before flowers is (the nitrogen application amount is the second fertilization proportion)/0.46, and the fertilizer amount for the fruits of the flowers-growing is (the nitrogen application amount is the third fertilization proportion)/0.46; if the nitrogen application amount is equal to or less than 10kg N/ha, the post-harvest fertilizer amount is equal to 0, the pre-blossom fertilizer amount is equal to (the nitrogen application amount is equal to) the second fertilization proportion/(the second fertilization proportion + the third fertilization proportion)/0.46, and the post-harvest fertilizer amount is equal to (the nitrogen application amount is equal to) the third fertilization proportion/(the second fertilization proportion + the third fertilization proportion)/0.46;

and (3) potassium fertilizer additional application: the potassium carrying amount of the compound fertilizer-the potassium applying amount is more than or equal to 10kg K₂O/ha, suggesting to replace the compound fertilizer;

-10kg K₂O/ha<amount of potassium brought into compound fertilizer-said potassium application amount<10kg K₂O/ha, no need of potassium fertilizer supplement;

the potassium applying amount-the potassium carrying amount of the compound fertilizer is more than or equal to 10kg K₂O/ha, and applying the residual potash fertilizer after flower withering.

As a further technical solution, the fertilization also comprises the application of other element fertilizers, and according to the elements lacking in the soil, the recommended fertilization method is as follows:

the soil is lack of calcium, and a calcium fertilizer is applied during clearing, before flowering, after flower withering and during fruit expansion;

preferably, lime is applied on the basis of garden cleaning, and the application amount is preferably 730-770 kg/ha;

preferably, a calcium nitrate solution is sprayed before flowering, after flower withering and in a fruit expanding period, the concentration of the calcium nitrate solution is preferably 0.3-0.5% (w/v), the spraying frequency is preferably 2-3, and the time interval is preferably 5-7 days;

and/or, the soil is lack of magnesium, and magnesium fertilizer is applied after harvesting, before flowering and after flower withering;

preferably, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is applied after fruit picking, and the application amount is preferably 0.7-0.9kg per plant in terms of 50kg of fresh litchi fruits produced by the plant;

preferably, spraying a magnesium sulfate solution before young shoots are sprouted and leaves turn green, wherein the concentration of the magnesium sulfate solution is preferably 0.42-0.47% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 2-3;

and/or, the soil lacks boron, apply the boron fertilizer after gathering and before the flower blossoming and after thanks to the flower;

preferably, borax is applied after harvesting, preferably in an amount of 0.01-0.05kg per plant;

preferably, spraying a borax solution before and after flowering, wherein the concentration of the borax solution is preferably 0.05-0.1% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 1-2 times;

and/or, the soil is lack of zinc, and zinc fertilizer is applied before flowering and after flower withering;

preferably, before flowering, after flower withering and at fruit expansion period, spraying a heptahydrate zinc sulfate solution, wherein the concentration of the heptahydrate zinc sulfate solution is preferably 0.1-0.2% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 3 times;

and/or, the soil lacks molybdenum, apply molybdenum fertilizer before anthesis, after thanks to flower and fruit expansion period;

preferably, before flowering, after flower withering and during fruit expansion, spraying an ammonium molybdate solution, wherein the concentration of the ammonium molybdate solution is preferably 0.01-0.03% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is 2-3 times;

and/or applying manganese fertilizer to soil in the manganese deficiency period, before flowering, after flower withering and in the fruit expansion period;

preferably, a manganese sulfate solution is sprayed before flowering, after flower withering and in a fruit expanding period, the concentration of the manganese sulfate solution is 0.2-0.3% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 2-3 times.

As a further technical scheme, the method also comprises the determination of the fertilization position, and the fertilization position follows the following principle:

fertilizing after picking: an annular ditch or a radiation ditch is arranged on the diagonal line of the drip line, the width of the ditch is 25-35 cm, the depth of the ditch is 5-15 cm, and soil is covered after application, such as water is needed when the soil is dry;

fertilizing before flowering: after weeding after rain, fertilizer is scattered or sprayed in combination with water;

the fertilizer for the metabolic flower and the fruit is strong: the fertilizer is applied in the drip line by adopting a broadcasting application mode or an annular ditch or a radiation ditch is formed on the diagonal line of the drip line, the width of the ditch is 25-35 cm, the depth of the ditch is 5-15 cm, the soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied, and the ditching position and the harvested fertilizer are alternated.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a litchi nutrient system that is responsive to a recommended fertilization method for litchi.

Compared with the prior art, the litchi fertilization recommending method and the litchi nutrient system provided by the invention have the following beneficial effects:

the recommended fertilizing method for the litchi fruits provided by the invention comprises the steps of determining the target yield; yield reaction of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; nitrogen application amount, phosphorus application amount and potassium application amount, and finally obtaining an accurate and reasonable fertilization suggestion. The recommended fertilizing method of litchi fully considers the demand of litchi on nutrients, the interaction among the nutrients, the agronomic parameters and the relationship among the nutrients, can provide reasonable fertilizing suggestions for litchi early maturing varieties in different areas of China, reduces the production cost while improving the yield of litchi, relieves the low utilization rate of fertilizer and environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization, is applicable to both the conditions with and without soil test, and is particularly suitable for the national conditions of small farmers as main bodies in China.

The litchi nutrient system provided by the invention is applied to the litchi recommended fertilization method, and based on computer software, a question-and-answer interface is adopted, so that a complex fertilization principle is simplified into a nutrient management expert system which is convenient for farmers and technical popularization departments and farmers to use. The system is applicable to both the condition with soil test and the condition without soil test, is particularly suitable for the national situation of China mainly comprising small farmers, and is a simplified recommended fertilization method.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without creative efforts.

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between nitrogen displacement and yield of litchi fruits;

FIG. 2 is a graph showing the relationship between the phosphorus removal amount and the yield of litchi fruits;

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the amount of potassium removed from the litchi fruits and the yield;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between nitrogen displacement and yield of litchi fruits and branches;

FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the phosphorus removal amount and the yield of litchi fruits and branches;

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the potassium removal amount and the yield of litchi fruits and branches.

Detailed Description

Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to embodiments and examples, but those skilled in the art will understand that the following embodiments and examples are only illustrative of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention. Those who do not specify the conditions are performed according to the conventional conditions or the conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.

In the present invention, "%" denotes% by mass unless otherwise specified.

In a first aspect, the invention provides a recommended fertilization method for litchi, which comprises the following steps:

determining a target yield;

determining the yield reaction of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium;

determining nitrogen application amount, phosphorus application amount and potassium application amount;

wherein, the nitrogen application (kg N/ha) ═ production reaction 1000/(-0.0604) (-production reaction²+3.4315 production reaction + 0.7933);

phosphorus amount (kg P)₂O₅(ha) ═ production response 14.69+ (target production 0.735-quaternary phosphorus residual);

potassium application amount (kg K)₂O/ha) ═ production response 43.56+ (target production 2.723-quaternary potassium residual effect).

Litchi, sapindaceae, belongs to an evergreen arbor, is an important economic crop in China and is widely planted. The litchi planting in China is mainly distributed in nine provinces with tropical and subtropical climates, the varieties are more, the yield and nutrient absorption of litchi of different breeding types are obviously different, and the soil fertility and the litchi variety are different so that the soil basic nutrient absorption characteristics are also different. The yield and nutrient uptake data for a single test point have not been able to meet the current nutrient management and recommended fertilization needs. Therefore, a recommended fertilization method suitable for different types of litchi in China is urgently needed to be constructed and put forward, so that the recommended fertilization technology of litchi in China is improved and perfected. In view of the above, the recommended fertilization method for litchi provided by the invention specifically comprises the following steps:

the target production is first determined. And obtaining the litchi yield under the habit measures of the peasants by obtaining the information of the peasants, and using the litchi yield to estimate the target yield. Typically, the target yield is a yield increase of 30% on a farmer level basis.

Then determining the yield reaction of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The yield response is the difference between the yield without a certain nutrient treatment and the yield for the two treatments with the nutrient application sufficient. If the yield difference between the nitrogen treatment and the non-nitrogen treatment is the yield response of the nitrogen fertilizer application. In practice, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium yield responses are obtained by the difference between the yields of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium treatments with sufficient supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and the yields of the treatments without nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Then determining the nitrogen application amount, the phosphorus application amount and the potassium application amount. The plant elements mainly comprise nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium hydroxide, wherein the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium hydroxide can be easily obtained by absorbing carbon dioxide in the air and water in the soil, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements depend on the soil. Therefore, for plants, the factor limiting the growth and development of the plants is the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements in the soil. Under normal conditions, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements in soil cannot meet the growth requirements of crops, and in order to improve the yield of the crops, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium need to be supplemented in a fertilizing mode. However, this does not mean that more fertilizer is applied better, more fertilizer is applied at a higher cost and even hinders the growth of the crops, and therefore, the amount of fertilizer applied needs to be selected appropriately.

The invention estimates the relationship between the fresh litchi fruit yield and nutrient absorption by adopting a QUEFTS model based on a large amount of research data, as shown in figures 1-6 (25 t, 30t and 35t in the figures respectively indicate that the target fresh fruit yield reaches 25 tons, 30 tons and 35 tons), comprehensively considers nutrient balance, obtains the optimal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient demand under different target yields, and determines nutrient absorption quantitative parameters directly related to yield reaction and nutrient management.

In the present invention, the nitrogen fertilizer dosage is determined according to the yield response and the agronomic efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer:

nitrogen application (FN, kg N/ha) yield response (t/ha)/agronomic efficiency (kg/kg) 1000

1000 (— 0.0604)/(-yield reaction)²+3.4315 × yield reaction +0.7933)

Wherein the agronomic efficiency is (fertilization treatment yield-non-fertilization treatment yield)/fertilization amount.

The phosphorus application amount is mainly considered according to yield response, fruit removal amount (maintaining soil balance) and quaternary phosphorus residual effect:

phosphorus amount (kg P)₂O₅Perha yield reaction part + (fruit removal-residual effect of quaternary phosphorus)

Yield reaction 14.69+ (target yield 0.735-quaternary phosphorus residual effect)

The yield response part was calculated as follows:

yield reaction part (yield reaction RIE)_PPhosphorus conversion factor/RE

Yield reaction 0.6410.641/0.10 2.292

Yield reaction 14.69

Fruit removal was calculated as follows:

fruit removal (target yield) RIE_P*HI_PPhosphorus conversion factor 0.735. target production

Among them, phosphorus nutrient Requirement (RIE)_P) The phosphorus nutrient absorption/economic yield is 0.641; phosphorus nutrient Harvest Index (HI)_P) The absorption of the fruit phosphorus nutrient/(absorption of the fruit phosphorus nutrient + absorption of the branch phosphorus nutrient) is 0.5; the nutrient recovery Rate (RE) is (nutrient absorption of the fruit added with the branch after fertilization treatment-nutrient absorption of the fruit added with the branch without fertilization treatment)/the fertilizing amount is 0.10; phosphorus conversion factor: converting simple substance P into P₂O₅It needs to be multiplied by 2.292, i.e. 2.292P-P₂O₅(ii) a The RIEP/RE phosphorus conversion factor (14.69) is the amount of nutrients required to increase per unit of increase in production response. Considering that 100 percent of the phosphorus returned is removed, and the proportion of phosphorus nutrients in the branches and leaves returned to the field is 0.

In the present invention, the recommended fertilization method for litchi fruits considers that 10% of the balance of the phosphorus in the upper season is taken as the nutrient participated by the crops in the upper season into the litchi fruits in the lower season. And deducting the recommended litchi usage amount, and counting by 0 if the calculation result is a negative value. The quaternary phosphomycin residual efficiency is calculated as follows:

residual effect of last season phosphorus (total nutrient input amount of last season crop-nutrient removal amount of last season crop) × 0.1

The nutrient removal amount in the upper season is equal to the fruit removal amount of litchi in the upper season plus the branch and leaf removal amount of litchi in the upper season

Fruit removal for top season crop (top season yield RIE)_P*HI_PPhosphorus conversion factor

Top-season crop branch and leaf removal amount (top-season yield) RIE_P*(1-HI_P) Conversion coefficient of phosphorus (1-ratio of nutrients in branches and leaves to return to field)

The potassium application amount is mainly considered according to yield reaction, return of fruit removal amount (maintaining soil balance) and quaternary potassium residual effect:

yield reaction part + (fruit removal-residual effect of last season potassium)

Yield reaction 43.56+ (target yield RIE)_K*HI_KConversion factor of potassium-residual effect of last quaternary potassium element)

Yield reaction 43.56+ (target yield 2.723-quaternary potassium residual effect)

Among them, potassium nutrient Requirement (RIE)_K) Potassium nutrient absorption/economic yield of 4.52; potassium nutrient Harvest Index (HI)_K) The fruit potassium nutrient absorption/(fruit potassium nutrient absorption + branch potassium nutrient absorption) is 0.5; potassium conversion factor: converting simple substance K into K₂O, needs to be multiplied by 1.205, i.e. 1.205K-K₂O; considering that 100 percent of potassium returned is removed, and the ratio of potassium nutrients in the branches and leaves returned to the field is 0.

In the present invention, the recommended fertilization method for litchi fruits takes into account that 15% of potassium balance in the upper season is taken into litchi fruits in the lower season as a nutrient for participation of crops in the upper season. And deducting the recommended litchi usage amount, and counting by 0 if the calculation result is a negative value. The quaternary potassium residual efficiency is calculated as follows:

residual effect of last season potassium (total nutrient input amount of last season crop-nutrient removal amount of last season crop) × 0.15

The nutrient removal amount in the upper season is equal to the fruit removal amount of litchi in the upper season plus the branch and leaf removal amount of litchi in the upper season

Fruit removal for top season crop (top season yield RIE)_K*HI_KConversion factor of potassium

Top-season crop branch and leaf removal amount (top-season yield) RIE_K*(1-HI_K) Conversion coefficient of potassium (1-ratio of branch and leaf nutrients returned to field)

The recommended fertilizing method for litchi is established by taking the relationship among an agronomic database, soil basic nutrient supply, yield reaction and agronomic efficiency established based on a large number of years and multipoint fertilizer field tests as a theoretical basis, considering nutrients brought by a crop rotation system, straw returning conditions, irrigation water and dry and wet settlement and combining plot information. Specifically, by determining a target yield; yield reaction of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; nitrogen application amount, phosphorus application amount and potassium application amount, and finally obtaining an accurate and reasonable fertilization suggestion. The recommended fertilization method of the litchi fully considers the demand of the litchi on nutrients, the interaction among the nutrients, the agronomic parameters and the relationship among the parameters, can provide reasonable fertilization suggestions for litchi early-maturing varieties in different areas of China, such as Feizixiao litchi, improves the yield of the litchi, reduces the production cost, relieves the low utilization rate of the fertilizer and relieves the environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization.

In some preferred embodiments, the target yield is a habitual fertilization yield of 1.303. The farmer habit fertilization yield refers to the yield level under the measures of the farmer habit. In the present invention, fertilization is recommended to increase yield by 30.3% on a farmer level basis.

In some preferred embodiments, if the (target yield 0.735-quaternary phosphorus residual efficiency) is less than 0, then calculated as "0".

In some preferred embodiments, if the (target yield 2.723-quaternary potassium residual effectiveness) is less than or equal to 0, then calculate as "0".

In some preferred embodiments, the determining of the yield response comprises:

and a, determining yield response according to a nutrient-reducing test, wherein the yield response is fertilization plot yield-nutrient-reducing plot yield.

b, determining a yield reaction according to the supply grade of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients of the soil, wherein the yield reaction is a target yield and a yield reaction coefficient;

in some preferred embodiments, the reaction coefficient of the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grade and the nitrogen phosphorus potassium yield is as follows:

the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade is low: the nitrogen production reaction coefficient is 0.443-0.490, preferably 0.467; in the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade: the nitrogen yield reaction coefficient is 0.297 to 0.329, preferably 0.313; the soil has high nitrogen nutrient supply grade: the nitrogen yield reaction coefficient is 0.140-0.154, preferably 0.147;

the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grade is low: the phosphorus yield reaction coefficient is 0.369-0.407, preferably 0.388; in the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grades: the phosphorus yield reaction coefficient is 0.237-0.261, preferably 0.249; the soil has high phosphorus nutrient supply grade: the phosphorus yield reaction coefficient is 0.112-0.124, preferably 0.118;

the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is low: the reaction coefficient of potassium yield is 0.367 to 0.405, preferably 0.386; in the soil potassium nutrient supply grades: the reaction coefficient of potassium yield is 0.213-0.235, preferably 0.224; the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is high: the reaction coefficient of potassium yield is 0.141-0.155, preferably 0.148;

preferably, the method of a is used to determine the yield response.

In the invention, two yield reaction obtaining methods are provided and are respectively obtained based on a nutrient reduction test and the soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient supply grade, the yield reaction value obtained by the former method is more accurate, and therefore the first method is preferentially adopted.

In some preferred embodiments, the method for determining the supply grade of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the soil comprises the following steps:

a, determining the supply grade of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients of soil according to the soil test grade:

the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade is low: the soil organic matter is less than or equal to 1 percent, and the soil quick-acting nitrogen is less than or equal to 60 mg/kg; in the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade: 1-2% of soil organic matter and 60-90mg/kg of soil quick-acting nitrogen; the soil has high nitrogen nutrient supply grade: the soil organic matter is more than or equal to 2 percent, and the soil quick-acting nitrogen is more than or equal to 90 mg/kg;

the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grade is low: the soil available phosphorus is less than or equal to 10 mg/kg; in the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grades: 10-20mg/kg of soil quick-acting phosphorus; the soil has high phosphorus nutrient supply grade: the soil available phosphorus is more than or equal to 20 mg/kg;

the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is low: the soil quick-acting potassium is less than or equal to 50 mg/kg; in the soil potassium nutrient supply grades: the soil quick-acting potassium is 50-100 mg/kg; the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is high: the soil quick-acting potassium is more than or equal to 100 mg/kg.

b, determining the supply grade of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients of the soil according to the texture, the color and the organic matter content of the soil:

the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grade is low: sandy soil, red soil or brick red soil;

in the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grades: red, reddish yellow or loam or sandy loam with 1-2% organic matter content;

the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grade is high: yellow or loam or sandy loam with the organic matter content more than or equal to 2 percent;

preferably, the method a is adopted to determine the supply level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in soil.

In the invention, 2 methods for determining the supply grade of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in soil are provided, wherein in the first method, the contents of organic matters, quick-acting nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in the soil are obtained through testing the soil, and then the supply grade of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the soil is determined; and the second method determines the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient supply grade of the soil according to the texture, color and organic matter content of the soil. Of the two methods, the first method is preferred because the former method is more accurate in determining the soil nutrient supply level.

The elemental fertilizer is a generic term for chemical fertilizers (nitrogen fertilizers, phosphorus fertilizers, or potassium fertilizers) having only one nutrient, such as urea, calcium superphosphate, potassium sulfate, and the like. The compound fertilizer is a fertilizer containing at least two elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, such as diammonium phosphate. Because the nutrient elements contained in the two types of fertilizers are different, different fertilizing modes need to be designed.

In some preferred embodiments, the fertilizing comprises applying an elemental fertilizer, which follows the following principles:

the nitrogen application amount is more than or equal to 360kg N/ha, and the fertilizer is applied for 4 times;

270kg N/ha < the nitrogen application amount is less than or equal to 360kg N/ha, the soil texture is sandy, and the fertilizer is applied for 4 times;

270kg N/ha < the nitrogen application amount is less than or equal to 360kg N/ha, the soil texture is sandy loam or loam, and the fertilizer is applied for 3 times;

fertilizing the fertilizer 3 times with nitrogen amount not more than 270kg N/ha;

preferably, the nitrogen application ratio is determined according to the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade:

the soil has high nitrogen nutrient supply grade: if the fertilizer is applied for 2 times, 50 percent and 50 percent of the picked fertilizer and the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 3 times, the postharvest fertilizer, the pre-flower fertilizer and the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied according to 40 percent, 20 percent and 40 percent; if the fertilizer is applied for 4 times, applying 35%, 10%, 20% and 35% of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer, flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer;

in the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade: if the fertilizer is applied for 2 times, 55 percent and 45 percent of the picked fertilizer and the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 3 times, 55%, 15% and 35% of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flowering fertilizer and flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 4 times, applying the postharvest fertilizer, the pre-flower fertilizer, the flower-withering fruit-strengthening fertilizer and the fruit-strengthening fertilizer according to 40%, 10%, 20% and 30%;

the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade is low: if the fertilizer is applied for 2 times, the harvested fertilizer and the fertilizer for the metabolic flowers and the fruits are applied according to 60 percent and 40 percent; if the fertilizer is applied for 3 times, 60 percent, 10 percent and 30 percent of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer and fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 4 times, applying 45%, 10%, 20% and 25% of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer, flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer;

the phosphorus is used as a fertilizer after being picked and is applied at one time;

the potassium application amount is more than or equal to 360kg K₂O/ha, or the soil texture is sandy soil, fertilizing is carried out for 4 times, and postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer, flower-withering fruit-strengthening fertilizer and fruit-strengthening fertilizer are applied according to 30%, 10%, 35% and 25%;

the potassium application amount<360kg K₂O/ha, fertilizing for 3 times, and applying postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer and flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer according to 40%, 10% and 50%;

wherein the fertilizer application time after picking is 7-8 months, the fertilizer application time before flowering is 2-3 months, the fertilizer application time for the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits is 4 months, and the fertilizer application time for the fertilizer for strengthening fruits is 5 months.

The fertilizer application percentage is the mass percentage of the fertilizer.

According to the application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the soil texture and different nutrient substance requirements of the litchi in each growth and development stage, the fertilizing amount, the fertilizing time and the fertilizing times are further optimized and adjusted, and the litchi can fully absorb the fertilizer by applying the proper fertilizer at the proper time, so that the waste of the fertilizer is avoided.

In some preferred embodiments, the fertilizing comprises applying a compound fertilizer, which follows the following principles:

the compound fertilizer is as follows: N-P-K, preferably N-P₂O₅-K₂O；

The compound fertilizer base fertilizer is based on the priority of meeting the phosphorus requirement, and the using amount of the compound fertilizer base fertilizer is equal to the phosphorus applying amount/phosphorus proportion in the compound fertilizer, and the compound fertilizer base fertilizer is used as the fertilizer after being picked for one-time application;

the nitrogen amount brought by the compound fertilizer is equal to the base fertilizer amount of the compound fertilizer and the nitrogen proportion in the compound fertilizer;

the amount of potassium brought by the compound fertilizer is equal to the amount of base fertilizer of the compound fertilizer and the ratio of potassium in the compound fertilizer;

topdressing of a nitrogen fertilizer: if the nitrogen carrying amount of the compound fertilizer is more than or equal to 15kg N/ha, the compound fertilizer is recommended to be replaced, and the compound fertilizer comprises but is not limited to monoammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate and monopotassium phosphate;

15kg of N/ha < nitrogen carrying amount of the compound fertilizer-the nitrogen application amount is less than 15kg of N/ha, no nitrogen fertilizer needs to be supplemented;

15kg of N/ha is less than or equal to the nitrogen application amount, namely the nitrogen carrying amount of the compound fertilizer is less than or equal to 60kg of N/ha, and urea is used as a flower and fruit-metabolizing fertilizer to supplement the residual nitrogen fertilizer;

the nitrogen application amount-the introduced nitrogen amount of the compound fertilizer is more than 60kg N/ha, the urea is applied for 3 times, and the proportion of the first fertilization, the second fertilization and the third fertilization is determined according to the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade; if the nitrogen application amount is the first fertilization proportion-compound fertilizer nitrogen intake amount is more than 10kg N/ha, the fertilizer amount after harvesting is (the nitrogen application amount is the first fertilization proportion-compound fertilizer nitrogen intake amount)/0.46, the fertilizer amount before flowers is (the nitrogen application amount is the second fertilization proportion)/0.46, and the fertilizer amount for the fruits of the flowers-growing is (the nitrogen application amount is the third fertilization proportion)/0.46; if the nitrogen application amount is equal to or less than 10kg N/ha, the post-harvest fertilizer amount is equal to 0, the pre-blossom fertilizer amount is equal to (the nitrogen application amount is equal to) the second fertilization proportion/(the second fertilization proportion + the third fertilization proportion)/0.46, and the post-harvest fertilizer amount is equal to (the nitrogen application amount is equal to) the third fertilization proportion/(the second fertilization proportion + the third fertilization proportion)/0.46;

and (3) potassium fertilizer additional application: the potassium carrying amount of the compound fertilizer-the potassium applying amount is more than or equal to 10kg K₂O/ha, replacement of compound fertilizer and compound fertilizer bag is recommendedIncluding but not limited to monoammonium phosphate, potassium nitrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate;

-10kg K₂O/ha<amount of potassium brought into compound fertilizer-said potassium application amount<10kg K₂O/ha, no need of potassium fertilizer supplement;

the potassium applying amount-the potassium carrying amount of the compound fertilizer is more than or equal to 10kg K₂O/ha, and applying the residual potash fertilizer after flower withering.

According to the properties of the compound fertilizer, the base fertilizer of the compound fertilizer is applied, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are added, and the fertilizing amount, the fertilizing time and the fertilizing times are further optimized and adjusted, so that the litchi can fully absorb the applied fertilizer.

In some preferred embodiments, the fertilizing further comprises applying other element fertilizers, and according to the elements lacking in the soil, the recommended fertilizing method is as follows:

the soil is lack of calcium, and a calcium fertilizer is applied during clearing, before flowering, after flower withering and during fruit expansion;

preferably, lime is applied on the basis of garden cleaning, and the application amount is preferably 730-770 kg/ha;

preferably, a calcium nitrate solution is sprayed before flowering, after flower withering and in a fruit expanding period, the concentration of the calcium nitrate solution is preferably 0.3-0.5% (w/v), the spraying frequency is preferably 2-3, and the time interval is preferably 5-7 days;

and/or, the soil is lack of magnesium, and magnesium fertilizer is applied after harvesting, before flowering and after flower withering;

preferably, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is applied after fruit picking, and the application amount is preferably 0.7-0.9kg per plant in terms of 50kg of fresh litchi fruits produced by the plant;

preferably, spraying a magnesium sulfate solution before young shoots are sprouted and leaves turn green, wherein the concentration of the magnesium sulfate solution is preferably 0.42-0.47% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 2-3;

and/or, the soil lacks boron, apply the boron fertilizer after gathering and before the flower blossoming and after thanks to the flower;

preferably, borax is applied after harvesting, preferably in an amount of 0.01-0.05kg per plant;

preferably, spraying a borax solution before and after flowering, wherein the concentration of the borax solution is preferably 0.05-0.1% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 1-2 times;

and/or, the soil is lack of zinc, and zinc fertilizer is applied before flowering and after flower withering;

preferably, before flowering, after flower withering and at fruit expansion period, spraying a heptahydrate zinc sulfate solution, wherein the concentration of the heptahydrate zinc sulfate solution is preferably 0.1-0.2% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 3 times;

and/or, the soil lacks molybdenum, apply molybdenum fertilizer before anthesis, after thanks to flower and fruit expansion period;

preferably, before flowering, after flower withering and during fruit expansion, spraying an ammonium molybdate solution, wherein the concentration of the ammonium molybdate solution is preferably 0.01-0.03% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is 2-3 times;

and/or applying manganese fertilizer to soil in the manganese deficiency period, before flowering, after flower withering and in the fruit expansion period;

preferably, a manganese sulfate solution is sprayed before flowering, after flower withering and in a fruit expanding period, the concentration of the manganese sulfate solution is 0.2-0.3% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 2-3 times.

In the process of litchi growth and development, the most required nutrient elements are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and besides, some nutrient elements which are less required but are also urgently required by litchi growth and development, such as calcium, magnesium, boron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese and the like. The deficiency of these elements in the soil also severely affects litchi yield. According to the invention, scientific and reasonable fertilization modes are respectively designed for the soil lacking the elements, so that the content of nutrient elements in the soil can be effectively improved, and the yield of the litchi is increased.

In some preferred embodiments, the method further comprises determining the fertilization position, and the fertilization position follows the following principle:

fertilizing after picking: an annular ditch or a radiation ditch is arranged on the diagonal line of the drip line, the width of the ditch is 25-35 cm, the depth of the ditch is 5-15 cm, and soil is covered after application, such as water is needed when the soil is dry;

fertilizing before flowering: after weeding after rain, fertilizer is scattered or sprayed in combination with water;

the fertilizer for the metabolic flower and the fruit is strong: the fertilizer is applied in the drip line by adopting a broadcasting application mode or an annular ditch or a radiation ditch is formed on the diagonal line of the drip line, the width of the ditch is 25-35 cm, the depth of the ditch is 5-15 cm, the soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied, and the ditching position and the harvested fertilizer are alternated.

The nutrients are applied to the proper positions, so that the litchi is favorable for absorbing and utilizing the fertilizer. According to the invention, by considering the distribution condition of litchi root systems, different fertilizing positions are adopted for fertilizing in different periods, so that the litchi root systems are easy to absorb, and meanwhile, the production cost can be reduced.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a litchi nutrient system applying the litchi recommended fertilization method.

The litchi nutrient system provided by the invention is applied to the litchi recommended fertilization method, and based on computer software, a question-and-answer interface is adopted, so that a complex fertilization principle is simplified into a nutrient management system which is convenient for an agricultural technology popularization department and farmers to use. The system is applicable to both the condition with soil test and the condition without soil test, is particularly suitable for the national situation of China mainly comprising small farmers, and is a simplified recommended fertilization method.

The invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples and comparative examples, but it should be understood that these examples are for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way.

Example 1

According to the litchi recommended fertilization method provided by the invention, simple substance fertilizers are adopted to fertilize litchi at test point 1 of Zhengjiang and Lianjiang.

Example 2

According to the litchi recommended fertilization method provided by the invention at test point 2 of Zhengjiang and Lianjiang provinces, litchi is fertilized by adopting a compound fertilizer.

Example 3

According to the recommended litchi fertilization method provided by the invention, simple substance fertilizers are adopted to fertilize litchi at the famous whitening test point 1.

Example 4

According to the litchi recommended fertilization method provided by the invention, the litchi is fertilized by adopting an elemental fertilizer at Guangzhou Zengcheng test point 1.

Example 5

The yield of each strain of the peasant habit Fertilization (FP) of the peasants is 30kg, and the planting density of the orchard is 555 strains/ha (namely the row spacing of the strains is 4m by 4.5 m). The yield of fertilization treatment (YNPK) was 17t/ha, the yield of nitrogen reduction treatment (YPK) was 12t/ha, the yield of phosphorus reduction treatment (YNK) was 15t/ha, and the yield of potassium reduction treatment (YNP) was 11.5 t/ha. The total phosphorus application amount of the fertilizer for the top-season crops is 60kg/ha, and the total potassium application amount is 400 kg/ha.

A target yield is determined. The target yield is FP × 1.303-30 × 555/1000 × 1.303-21.7 t/ha.

And determining the yield reaction of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients. Nitrogen Yield Reaction (YRN) ═ YNPK-YPK ═ 5t/ha, phosphorus Yield Reaction (YRP) ═ YNPK-YNK ═ 2t/ha, and potassium Yield Reaction (YRK) ═ YNPK-YNP ═ 5.5 t/ha.

The amount of applied nitrogen FN-A × 1000/(-0.0604 × A)²+3.4315×A+0.7933)＝5×1000/(-0.0604×5²+3.4315×5+0.7933)＝304kg/ha。

Residual phosphorus (60-16.65 × 0.641.641 0.641 × 2.292) × 0.1.1-3.55 kg/ha, and phosphorus application amount FP₂O₅2 × 14.69.69 + (21.7 × 0.735.735-phosphorus residual effect) ═ 2 × 14.69+ (21.7 × 0.735.735-3.55) ═ 42 kg/ha.

Residual potassium (400-16.65 × 4.52.52 4.52 × 1.205.205) × 0.15.15-46.40 kg/ha, and potassium-applying amount of FK₂O＝5.5×43.56+(21.7×2.723-46.40)＝252kg/ha。

Comparative example 1

The difference from the embodiment 1 is that the fertilizer is applied by adopting a mode that farmers are used to fertilize.

Comparative example 2

The difference from example 1 is that no fertilizer was applied.

Comparative example 3

The difference from the example 2 is that the fertilizer is applied by adopting a mode that farmers are used to fertilize.

Comparative example 4

The difference from example 2 is that no fertilizer was applied.

Comparative example 5

The difference from the example 3 is that the fertilizer is applied by adopting a mode that farmers are used to fertilize.

Comparative example 6

The difference from example 3 is that no fertilizer was applied.

Comparative example 7

The difference from the example 4 is that the fertilizer is applied by adopting a mode that farmers are used to fertilize.

Comparative example 8

The difference from example 4 is that no fertilizer was applied.

Comparison of fertilizing amount

The nitrogen-donating phosphorus potassium amounts of examples 1 to 4 and comparative examples 1, 3, 5 and 7 were counted and compared, and the results are shown in table 1.

TABLE 1 comparison of the fertilizer-saving benefits of examples 1-4 and comparative examples 1, 3, 5, 7

The results show that the nitrogen application amounts of examples 1+2, 3 and 4 are 206kg N/ha, 391kg N/ha and 50kg N/ha respectively, and the weight loss is 44.7%, 67.0% and 19.5% respectively, compared with comparative examples 1+3, 5 and 7. Similarly, the potassium application amount of the examples 1+2, 3 and 4 is greatly reduced compared with the comparative examples 1+3, 5 and 7, and the reduction is respectively 56.0 percent, 73.4 percent and 9.8 percent. The phosphate fertilizers of comparative examples 1+3, 5 and 7 are used in much higher amounts than those recommended for examples 1+2, 3 and 4, the latter being reduced by 90.8%, 95.0% and 80.0% respectively. In conclusion, farmers are used to apply chemical fertilizers with serious excessive dosage in current litchi gardens, especially the application of phosphate fertilizers, so that the crops with high economic benefit such as fruits are fully reflected, and the supply of nutrients far exceeds the actual demand of the crops without cost investment for obtaining higher yield. On one hand, the excessive fertilizer is wasted in nutrient resources, and on the other hand, the excessive fertilizer may bring great potential threat to ecological environment pollution of the litchi orchard. Therefore, from this perspective, there is a greater space for weight loss in litchi nutrient management.

Comparing yield with economic benefit

The yield benefit, fertilizer cost and economic benefit of examples 1-4 and comparative examples 1-7 were counted and the yield to input ratio was calculated and the results are shown in table 2.

TABLE 2 comparison of economic benefit to production to input ratio for examples 1-4 and comparative examples 1-7

As can be seen from Table 2, the total difference between the yield and the benefit of the examples 1, 2 and 4 and the comparative examples 1, 3 and 7 is small, while the fertilizer cost of the examples 1, 2, 3 and 4 is reduced by 72.7%, 66.8% and 34.0% compared with the fertilizer cost of the comparative examples 1, 3, 5 and 7 respectively. Comparing the economic benefits of examples 1, 2, 3 and 4 with those of comparative examples 1, 3, 5 and 7, it can be seen that the economic benefits of the former are respectively increased by 6.8%, 91.0%, -29.7% and 13.0%, and the production and input ratios are respectively increased by 20.7%, 10.7%, 6.4% and 14.2%. From the results, the recommended litchi fertilization method provided by the invention is improved in yield-to-input ratio (yield benefit/fertilizer cost) compared with the fertilization treatment habit of farmers.

Comparison of fertilizer utilization

The nitrogen recovery, nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer bias productivity of examples 1-4 and comparative examples 1, 3, 5, 7 were counted and the results are shown in table 3.

Table 3 comparison of nitrogen fertilizer utilization of examples 1-4 and comparative examples 1, 3, 5, 7

Note: nutrient recovery Rate (RE) is (nutrient absorption of the fruit added with the branch after fertilization treatment-nutrient absorption of the fruit added with the branch without fertilization treatment)/fertilization amount is multiplied by 100; agronomic Efficiency (AE) — (fertilizer application fresh fruit yield-no fertilizer application fresh fruit yield)/fertilizer application amount; nutrient partial productivity (PFP) is the yield of fresh fruits/fertilizer application amount in fertilization treatment.

By analytical comparison, it can be found that the REN and AEN of example 1 are increased by 9.1% and 18.7kg/kg, respectively, compared to comparative example 1. The REN and AEN of example 2 were increased by 5.5% and 4.4kg/kg, respectively, compared to comparative example 3. Compared with the nitrogen fertilizers of comparative examples 1, 3, 5 and 7, the nitrogen fertilizers of examples 1 to 4 have consistent productivity, and are respectively improved by 29.1kg/kg, 18.6kg/kg, 20.0kg/kg and 21.2 kg/kg. Therefore, the litchi recommended fertilization method provided by the invention can effectively improve the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity to a great extent, and the nitrogen recovery rate and the nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization rate are also obviously improved, so that the litchi recommended fertilization method is worthy of recommendation and application.

In conclusion, by comparing the recommended litchi nutrient fertilization method provided by the invention with the fertilization amount, economic benefit and fertilizer utilization rate of the habitual fertilization treatment of farmers, the results show that the recommended litchi nutrient fertilization method can greatly save the fertilizer consumption and improve the utilization rate of a nitrogen fertilizer on the premise of ensuring that the yield is not reduced, so that the economic benefit and the yield ratio of litchi farmers are improved, and the income of the litchi farmers is increased.

Claims (10)

1. The recommended fertilizing method for litchi is characterized by comprising the following steps:

determining a target yield;

determining the yield reaction of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium;

determining nitrogen application amount, phosphorus application amount and potassium application amount;

wherein, the nitrogen application (kg N/ha) ═ production reaction 1000/(-0.0604) (-production reaction²+3.4315 production reaction + 0.7933);

phosphorus amount (kg P)₂O₅(ha) ═ production response 14.69+ (target production 0.735-quaternary phosphorus residual);

potassium application amount (kg K)₂O/ha) ═ production response 43.56+ (target production 2.723-quaternary potassium residual effect).

2. The recommended fertilization method for litchi chinensis claimed in claim 1, wherein the target yield is a habitual fertilization yield of 1.303;

and/or, if said (target yield 0.735-quaternary phosphorus residual efficiency) is less than or equal to 0, then calculated as "0";

and/or, if said (target yield: 2.723-quaternary potassium residual effect) is less than or equal to 0, then calculated as "0".

3. The recommended fertilization method for litchi chinensis recited in claim 1, wherein the determination of the yield response comprises:

a, determining yield reaction according to a nutrient-reducing test, wherein the yield reaction is fertilization plot yield-nutrient-reducing plot yield;

and b, determining a yield reaction according to the supply grade of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients of the soil, wherein the yield reaction is the target yield and the yield reaction coefficient.

4. The recommended fertilization method for litchi chinensis claimed in claim 3, wherein the reaction coefficient relationship between the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grade and the nitrogen phosphorus potassium yield is as follows:

the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade is low: the nitrogen production reaction coefficient is 0.443-0.490, preferably 0.467; in the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade: the nitrogen yield reaction coefficient is 0.297 to 0.329, preferably 0.313; the soil has high nitrogen nutrient supply grade: the nitrogen yield reaction coefficient is 0.140-0.154, preferably 0.147;

the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grade is low: the phosphorus yield reaction coefficient is 0.369-0.407, preferably 0.388; in the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grades: the phosphorus yield reaction coefficient is 0.237-0.261, preferably 0.249; the soil has high phosphorus nutrient supply grade: the phosphorus yield reaction coefficient is 0.112-0.124, preferably 0.118;

the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is low: the reaction coefficient of potassium yield is 0.367 to 0.405, preferably 0.386; in the soil potassium nutrient supply grades: the reaction coefficient of potassium yield is 0.213-0.235, preferably 0.224; the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is high: the reaction coefficient of potassium yield is 0.141-0.155, preferably 0.148;

preferably, the method of a is used to determine the yield response.

5. The recommended fertilization method for litchi chinensis claimed in claim 4, wherein the determination method for the supply level of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the soil comprises the following steps:

a, determining the supply grade of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients of soil according to the soil test grade:

the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade is low: the soil organic matter is less than or equal to 1 percent, and the soil quick-acting nitrogen is less than or equal to 60 mg/kg; in the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade: 1-2% of soil organic matter and 60-90mg/kg of soil quick-acting nitrogen; the soil has high nitrogen nutrient supply grade: the soil organic matter is more than or equal to 2 percent, and the soil quick-acting nitrogen is more than or equal to 90 mg/kg;

the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grade is low: the soil available phosphorus is less than or equal to 10 mg/kg; in the soil phosphorus nutrient supply grades: 10-20mg/kg of soil quick-acting phosphorus; the soil has high phosphorus nutrient supply grade: the soil available phosphorus is more than or equal to 20 mg/kg;

the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is low: the soil quick-acting potassium is less than or equal to 50 mg/kg; in the soil potassium nutrient supply grades: the soil quick-acting potassium is 50-100 mg/kg; the soil potassium nutrient supply grade is high: the soil quick-acting potassium is more than or equal to 100 mg/kg;

b, determining the supply grade of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients of the soil according to the texture, the color and the organic matter content of the soil:

the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grade is low: sandy soil, red soil or brick red soil;

in the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grades: red, reddish yellow or loam or sandy loam with 1-2% organic matter content;

the soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium nutrient supply grade is high: yellow or loam or sandy loam with the organic matter content more than or equal to 2 percent;

preferably, the method a is adopted to determine the supply level of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in soil.

6. The recommended fertilization method for litchi chinensis claimed in claim 1, wherein the fertilization comprises an elemental fertilizer which follows the following principles:

the nitrogen application amount is more than or equal to 360kg N/ha, and the fertilizer is applied for 4 times;

270kg N/ha < the nitrogen application amount is less than or equal to 360kg N/ha, the soil texture is sandy, and the fertilizer is applied for 4 times;

270kg N/ha < the nitrogen application amount is less than or equal to 360kg N/ha, the soil texture is sandy loam or loam, and the fertilizer is applied for 3 times;

fertilizing the fertilizer 3 times with nitrogen amount not more than 270kg N/ha;

preferably, the nitrogen application ratio is determined according to the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade:

the soil has high nitrogen nutrient supply grade: if the fertilizer is applied for 2 times, 50 percent and 50 percent of the picked fertilizer and the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 3 times, the postharvest fertilizer, the pre-flower fertilizer and the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied according to 40 percent, 20 percent and 40 percent; if the fertilizer is applied for 4 times, applying 35%, 10%, 20% and 35% of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer, flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer;

in the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade: if the fertilizer is applied for 2 times, 55 percent and 45 percent of the picked fertilizer and the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 3 times, 55%, 15% and 35% of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flowering fertilizer and flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 4 times, applying the postharvest fertilizer, the pre-flower fertilizer, the flower-withering fruit-strengthening fertilizer and the fruit-strengthening fertilizer according to 40%, 10%, 20% and 30%;

the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade is low: if the fertilizer is applied for 2 times, the harvested fertilizer and the fertilizer for the metabolic flowers and the fruits are applied according to 60 percent and 40 percent; if the fertilizer is applied for 3 times, 60 percent, 10 percent and 30 percent of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer and fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits are applied; if the fertilizer is applied for 4 times, applying 45%, 10%, 20% and 25% of postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer, flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer;

the phosphorus is used as a fertilizer after being picked and is applied at one time;

the potassium application amount is more than or equal to 360kg K₂O/ha, or the soil texture is sandy soil, fertilizing is carried out for 4 times, and postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer, flower-withering fruit-strengthening fertilizer and fruit-strengthening fertilizer are applied according to 30%, 10%, 35% and 25%;

the potassium application amount<360kg K₂O/ha, fertilizing for 3 times, and applying postharvest fertilizer, pre-flower fertilizer and flowering and fruit-strengthening fertilizer according to 40%, 10% and 50%;

wherein the fertilizer application time after picking is 7-8 months, the fertilizer application time before flowering is 2-3 months, the fertilizer application time for the fertilizer for withering flowers and strengthening fruits is 4 months, and the fertilizer application time for the fertilizer for strengthening fruits is 5 months.

7. The recommended fertilization method for litchi chinensis claimed in claim 1, wherein the fertilization comprises applying a compound fertilizer, and the application of the compound fertilizer follows the following principle:

the compound fertilizer is as follows: N-P-K, preferably N-P₂O₅-K₂O；

The compound fertilizer base fertilizer is based on the priority of meeting the phosphorus requirement, and the using amount of the compound fertilizer base fertilizer is equal to the phosphorus applying amount/phosphorus proportion in the compound fertilizer, and the compound fertilizer base fertilizer is used as the fertilizer after being picked for one-time application;

the nitrogen amount brought by the compound fertilizer is equal to the base fertilizer amount of the compound fertilizer and the nitrogen proportion in the compound fertilizer;

the amount of potassium brought by the compound fertilizer is equal to the amount of base fertilizer of the compound fertilizer and the ratio of potassium in the compound fertilizer;

topdressing of a nitrogen fertilizer: if the nitrogen carrying amount of the compound fertilizer is more than or equal to 15kg N/ha, the compound fertilizer is recommended to be replaced;

15kg of N/ha < nitrogen carrying amount of the compound fertilizer-the nitrogen application amount is less than 15kg of N/ha, no nitrogen fertilizer needs to be supplemented;

15kg of N/ha is less than or equal to the nitrogen application amount, namely the nitrogen carrying amount of the compound fertilizer is less than or equal to 60kg of N/ha, and urea is used as a flower and fruit-metabolizing fertilizer to supplement the residual nitrogen fertilizer;

the nitrogen application amount-the introduced nitrogen amount of the compound fertilizer is more than 60kg N/ha, the urea is applied for 3 times, and the proportion of the first fertilization, the second fertilization and the third fertilization is determined according to the soil nitrogen nutrient supply grade; if the nitrogen application amount is the first fertilization proportion-compound fertilizer nitrogen intake amount is more than 10kg N/ha, the fertilizer amount after harvesting is (the nitrogen application amount is the first fertilization proportion-compound fertilizer nitrogen intake amount)/0.46, the fertilizer amount before flowers is (the nitrogen application amount is the second fertilization proportion)/0.46, and the fertilizer amount for the fruits of the flowers-growing is (the nitrogen application amount is the third fertilization proportion)/0.46; if the nitrogen application amount is equal to or less than 10kg N/ha, the post-harvest fertilizer amount is equal to 0, the pre-blossom fertilizer amount is equal to (the nitrogen application amount is equal to) the second fertilization proportion/(the second fertilization proportion + the third fertilization proportion)/0.46, and the post-harvest fertilizer amount is equal to (the nitrogen application amount is equal to) the third fertilization proportion/(the second fertilization proportion + the third fertilization proportion)/0.46;

and (3) potassium fertilizer additional application: the potassium carrying amount of the compound fertilizer-the potassium applying amount is more than or equal to 10kg K₂O/ha, suggesting to replace the compound fertilizer;

-10kg K₂O/ha<amount of potassium brought into compound fertilizer-said potassium application amount<10kg K₂O/ha, no need of potassium fertilizer supplement;

the potassium applying amount-the potassium carrying amount of the compound fertilizer is more than or equal to 10kg K₂O/ha, and applying the residual potash fertilizer after flower withering.

8. The recommended fertilization method for litchi chinensis claimed in claim 1, wherein the fertilization further comprises the application of other element fertilizers, and according to the elements lacking in soil, the recommended fertilization method is as follows:

the soil is lack of calcium, and a calcium fertilizer is applied during clearing, before flowering, after flower withering and during fruit expansion;

preferably, lime is applied on the basis of garden cleaning, and the application amount is preferably 730-770 kg/ha;

preferably, a calcium nitrate solution is sprayed before flowering, after flower withering and in a fruit expanding period, the concentration of the calcium nitrate solution is preferably 0.3-0.5% (w/v), the spraying frequency is preferably 2-3, and the time interval is preferably 5-7 days;

and/or, the soil is lack of magnesium, and magnesium fertilizer is applied after harvesting, before flowering and after flower withering;

preferably, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is applied after fruit picking, and the application amount is preferably 0.7-0.9kg per plant in terms of 50kg of fresh litchi fruits produced by the plant;

preferably, spraying a magnesium sulfate solution before young shoots are sprouted and leaves turn green, wherein the concentration of the magnesium sulfate solution is preferably 0.42-0.47% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 2-3;

and/or, the soil lacks boron, apply the boron fertilizer after gathering and before the flower blossoming and after thanks to the flower;

preferably, borax is applied after harvesting, preferably in an amount of 0.01-0.05kg per plant;

preferably, spraying a borax solution before and after flowering, wherein the concentration of the borax solution is preferably 0.05-0.1% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 1-2 times;

and/or, the soil is lack of zinc, and zinc fertilizer is applied before flowering and after flower withering;

preferably, before flowering, after flower withering and at fruit expansion period, spraying a heptahydrate zinc sulfate solution, wherein the concentration of the heptahydrate zinc sulfate solution is preferably 0.1-0.2% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 3 times;

and/or, the soil lacks molybdenum, apply molybdenum fertilizer before anthesis, after thanks to flower and fruit expansion period;

preferably, before flowering, after flower withering and during fruit expansion, spraying an ammonium molybdate solution, wherein the concentration of the ammonium molybdate solution is preferably 0.01-0.03% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is 2-3 times;

and/or applying manganese fertilizer to soil in the manganese deficiency period, before flowering, after flower withering and in the fruit expansion period;

preferably, a manganese sulfate solution is sprayed before flowering, after flower withering and in a fruit expanding period, the concentration of the manganese sulfate solution is 0.2-0.3% (w/v), and the spraying frequency is preferably 2-3 times.

9. The recommended fertilization method for litchi chinensis Sonn as claimed in any one of claims 1-8, further comprising determination of fertilization position, wherein the fertilization position follows the following principle:

fertilizing after picking: an annular ditch or a radiation ditch is arranged on the diagonal line of the drip line, the width of the ditch is 25-35 cm, the depth of the ditch is 5-15 cm, and soil is covered after application, such as water is needed when the soil is dry;

fertilizing before flowering: after weeding after rain, fertilizer is scattered or sprayed in combination with water;

the fertilizer for the metabolic flower and the fruit is strong: the fertilizer is applied in the drip line by adopting a broadcasting application mode or an annular ditch or a radiation ditch is formed on the diagonal line of the drip line, the width of the ditch is 25-35 cm, the depth of the ditch is 5-15 cm, the soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied, and the ditching position and the harvested fertilizer are alternated.

10. A litchi nutrient system applying the recommended fertilization method for litchi chinensis Sonn of any one of claims 1-9.

Images